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Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Early Selj¯Uqhistory Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Early Selj¯uqHistory This book investigates the early history of the Selj¯uqTurks, founders of one of the most important empires of the mediaeval Islamic world, from their origins in the Eurasian steppe to their conquest of Iran, Iraq and Anatolia. The first work available in a western language on this important episode in Turkish and Islamic history, this book offers a new understanding of the emergence of this major nomadic empire. Focusing on perhaps the most important and least understood phase, the transformation of the Selj¯uqsfrom tribesmen in Central Asia to rulers of a great Muslim Empire, the author examines previously neglected sources to demonstrate the central role of tribalism in the evolution of their state. The book also seeks to understand the impact of the invasions on the settled peoples of the Middle East and the beginnings of Turkish settlement in the region, which was to transform it demographically forever. Arguing that the nomadic, steppe origins of the Selj¯uqs were of much greater importance in determining the early development of the empire than is usually believed, this book sheds new light on the arrival of the Turks in the Islamic world. A significant contribution to our understanding of the history of the Middle East, this book will be of interest to scholars of Byzantium in addition to Middle Eastern studies and anthropology. A.C.S. Peacock is currently Assistant Director of the British Institute at Ankara, Turkey. Previous publications include Mediaeval Islamic Historiography and Political Legitimacy (2007) and, as editor, The Frontiers of the Ottoman World (2009). Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Routledge studies in the history of Iran and Turkey Edited by Carole Hillenbrand University of Edinburgh This series publishes important studies dealing with the history of Iran and Turkey in the period 1000–1700 AD. This period is significant because it heralds the advent of large numbers of nomadic Turks from Central Asia into the Islamic world. Their influence was felt particularly strongly in Iran and Turkey, territories which they permanently transformed. The series presents translations of medieval Arabic and Persian texts which chronicle the history of the medieval Turks and Persians, and also publishes scholarly monographs which handle themes of medieval Turkish and Iranian history such as historiography, nomadisation and folk Islam. Mediaeval Islamic Historiography and Political Legitimacy Bal’ami’s Tarikhnama A.C.S. Peacock History of the Seljuq Turks The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri Translated by Kenneth Allin Luther, edited by Edmund Bosworth The Annals of the Saljuq Turks Selections from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh of Ibn al-Athir D.S. Richards Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran A Persian renaissance George Lane The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks Poetry as a source for Iranian history G.E. Tetley Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Iranian Elites and Turkish Rulers A history of Isfahan in the Saljuq period David Durand-Guédy Early Seljuq History A new interpretation A.C.S. Peacock Early Selj¯uqHistory A new interpretation A.C.S. Peacock Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2010 A.C.S. Peacock Typeset in Times New Roman by Glyph International Printed and bound in Great Britain by The MPG Books Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Peacock, A. C. S. (Andrew C. S.) p. cm. – (Routledge studies in the history of Iran and Turkey; 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Seljuks. I. Title DS27.P33 2010 956.014–dc22 2009034985 ISBN 10: 0-415-54853-5 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0-203-85695-3 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-54853-3 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-85695-6 (ebk) Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 For Liz Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Contents List of figures viii List of abbreviations ix Acknowledgements x A note on transliteration xi Introduction: the early Selj¯uqsin mediaeval and modern historiography 1 1 The origins and early history of the Selj¯uqs:Western Eurasia and Transoxiana, c. 900–1025 16 2 The tribes and the Selj¯uqdynasty 47 3 Warfare, conquest and migration: the Selj¯uqsin Central Asia, Iran and Iraq to 1055 72 4 The Selj¯uqsand Islam 99 5 The nature and impact of the Turkish invasions: Anatolia and the Middle East, 1029–71 128 Conclusion 165 Bibliography 169 Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Index 185 List of figures 0.1 Map of the Selj¯uqempire at the end of Alp Arsl¯an’sreign 2 1.1 The Eurasian steppe and Islamic Central Asia in the second half of the tenth century 22 1.2 Diagram of the postulated relationship between sources reliant on the Malikn¯ama 32 1.3 Major waves of migrations of Selj¯uqsand associated Türkmen 39 2.1 Family tree of the Selj¯uqdynasty 64 5.1 Anatolia: major cities and provinces mentioned in the text 130 5.2 Main invasion routes into Anatolia and Caucasia and major towns and fortifications in eastern Anatolia mentioned in the text 136 5.3 Major Selj¯uqcampaigns and concentrations of summer and winter pastures 147 Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 List of abbreviations AEMAe Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition EIr Encyclopedia Iranica IA˙ Islam˙ Ansiklopedisi IJMES International Journal of Middle East Studies JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society REArm Révue des Études Arméniennes REB Révue des Études Byzantines REI Révue des Études Islamiques WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenländes ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the British Institute at Ankara, which facilitated research for this book, especially Chapter 5. The Institute librarian, Yaprak Eran, and administrator, Gülgün Girdivan, deserve special mention for their help. I am also grateful to Bilkent University Library, the Türk Tarih Kurumu and the School of Oriental and African Studies, who all assisted in supplying obscure materials. Penny Copeland drew the accompanying maps. David Durand-Guédy in Tehran supplied me with a copy of the relevant portions of Is.fah¯an¯ı’s Nus.rat al-Fatra, for which I am very grateful, as well as otherwise unobtainable Iranian publications. I am much indebted to him for his assistance. Deborah Tor kindly provided me with copies of some of her work on Selj¯uqhistory in advance of publication, and commented on some sections of this book. I am indebted to the series editor, Carole Hillenbrand, for including the book in Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey, and the team at Routledge for seeing it through the press. All errors are of course my own. As ever, I am most grateful to my family for their support, and especially to my wife Liz, to whom this book is dedicated. Ankara, March 2009 Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 A note on transliteration The usual conventions for transliterating Arabic and Persian which should be self-explanatory to anyone acquainted with those languages have been applied. However, eleventh-century Turkish names in Arabic script present a more difficult problem. To transliterate using only the classical Arabic vowels a, i, u risks rendering them incomprehensible and masks their pronunciation to all but the experienced Turcologist. The transliterations favoured in modern Turkey are not wholly satisfactory either. Somewhat reluctantly, I have adopted a compromise in which Turkish vowels are approximately represented, combined with – as far as possible – a transliteration of the Arabic. For this reason the form Selj¯uqis preferred to the arabising Salj¯uq,or the reconstructed Turkish form Seljük, which has not caught on even among the vowel-harmony purists of Turkey. Selj¯uqmay be an awkward hybrid, but it at least represents roughly how the word was pronounced and written. I trust critics will appreciate a perfect solution was elusive. Personal names are also somewhat confusing. Chaghr¯ı,for instance, was also known as D¯a’¯ud.I have referred to early Selj¯uqsultans by the names they are best- known today, Chaghr¯ı,T. ughril, and Alp Arsl¯an,but when quoting from primary sources which use different names or titles for them, I have retained these adding the more common form in brackets. Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 11:59 17 March 2017 Introduction The early Selj¯uqsin mediaeval and modern historiography The subject of this book is the rise of a group of Turks from their origins as an obscure tribe living in the west Eurasian steppes to rulers of an empire that dominated the Middle East and Central Asia.
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