Fabulous Ferns

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fabulous Ferns Monilophytes Fabulous Ferns The Monilophyte Lineage From Pryer et al. 2001 Leptosporangiate ferns Monilophytes Equisetaceae Eusporangiate ferns Psilotaceae Seed plants Lycophytes 1 Megaphylls Micro- vs. Mega-phyll Evolution • Leaf gap • Microphyll: single, • More than 1 branched vein unbranched vein with no leaf gap (left side) • Telome theory of megaphyll • Megaphyll: Vein evolution branching multiple times with a leaf gap (right side) • Review microphyll evolution from Lycophyte lecture Telome Theory of Megaphyll Eusporangium Evolution • Leaves (megaphylls) of arthrophytes, ferns & seed plants evolved from branch systems (telomes) by overtopping, planation & webbing Found in most plant lineages 2 Leptosporangium Eusporangium Leptosporangium • Relatively large • Relatively small • Thick-walled • Thin-walled (1 cell- (several cell-layers) layer thick) • Many spores (100s- • (Usually) 64 spores 1,000s) • No specialized • Dehisce via annulus dehiscence mechanism • Stalked • No stalk • Form from just 1 • Form from several initial cell initial cells Only in the “true ferns,” Polypodiophyta Location of Vascular Tissue The Stele • Evolutionary progression in complexity & • Arrangement (pattern) of vascular tissue location of vascular tissue (esp. stems) • Root & stem morphology usually different • Related to megaphyll development from each other – Large, numerous leaf traces = many large leaf gaps – How we can tell a rhizome is a modified stem, not • Location of stele = equilibrium between a root location of strengthening & conducting cells • Useful for distinguishing between different • Ideal location for strengthening tissue is just taxonomic groups beneath the surface of a cylindrical structure • Roots, which do not produce leaves, have at the center of the axis the most simple stelar types & the stele is in – Least likely to break when stems are bent by wind the center of the axis – Mostly an Actinostele 3 Stele Types: Protostele Stele Types: Siphonosteles xylem phloem xylem phloem • Simplest type of stele • Xylem & phloem form • Solid core of xylem concentric cylinders surrounded by a cylinder of around central pith phloem cortex • Ectophloic Osmunda • 3 general variations siphonostele: phloem pith • Haplostele: solid cylinder restricted to outer of xylem surface of xylem • Actinostele: radiating cog- Psilotum • Amphiphloic like ridges of xylem siphonostele • Plectostele: cylindrical (solenostele): phloem xylem core with masses of phloem interspersed within found both external & internal to xylem Fern stem Lycopodium Siphonostele Types Psilotophyta: Psilotum • Fault of leaves! – Don’t blame me Psilotophyta • Dictyostele: stele appears Psilotopsida as discrete strands or Psilotales bundles in cross section Psilotaceae Psilotum • Eustele: discrete strands, Tmesipteris xylem inner & phloem outer (dicots) • Atactostele: bundles scattered, xylem/phloem random facing – Monocots 4 Psilophyta Sporophyte Morphology • Until recently, though to be most primitive, • Naked stems extant lineage of vascular plants • Dichotomous branching • 2 genera • Rhizomes & rhizoids – Psilotum (pantropical) – No true leaves or roots – Tmesipteris (New Zealand) • Homosporous – Enations • Cultivated in Japan for 400-500 years as an • Similar to Rhyniophytes, but: ornamental – Enations (leaf-like flaps of tissue) • Whiskferns – Sporangia axillary (not terminal) – Sporangia fused into synangium Synangium Gametophytes • 3 fused sporangia (in Psilotum) • Small • In axils of enations (axillary) • Subterranean • Lack chlorophyll – Mycotrophic – Depend on fungal partners for nutrition 5 Psilotum Stems Primitive Lineage? • Many believe that Psilotum (& Tmesipteris) closest living relatives to Rhyniophytes. • BUT there are alternative hypotheses • Psilotophyta are highly modified group of ferns which have lost many fern-like characters Protostele (Actinostele) – Why? Large fossil gap; gametophyte similarities • Chemical & morphological features suggest affinity with “eusporangiate” Tmesipteris Ophioglossophyta Ophioglossophyta • Similar to Psilotum, but with leaf-like Ophioglossopsida structures Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae • Enations or flattened stem? Botrychium Ophioglossum – Vascular tissue (rules against enation) Botrychium • Only 2 sporangia in synangium Ophioglossum 6 Ophioglossophyta The Players • Dimorphic fronds • Ophioglossum – Sporangia borne on fertile fronds – Adder’s-tongue ferns – Other segment is flattened & vegetative • Ophioglossum reticulatum has largest • Leaves are megaphylls known chromosome # (2n = 1,260!) • True roots – 84-ploid! • Homosporous – Haplopappus gracilis = lowest #, 2n = 4 • Gametophytes • Botrychium – Subterranean – Grape ferns; rattlesnake ferns – Lack chlorophyll – Mycotrophic Equisetophyta: Equisetum Equisetum Equisetophyta • Horsetails, scouring rushes Equisetopsida • Near-cosmopolitan Equisetales • Many fossil taxa Equisetaceae – Up to large trees Equisetum • Dates back to Triassic • Toxins include nicotine & thiaminase (breaks down thiamine) • May help with Alzheimer’s 7 Equisetum Stem Equisetum Stem • Jointed at nodes • 3 series of canals – Point of • Central (inner) attachment for – Aeration leaves & lateral • Carinal (middle) branches) – Associated with • Ridged (or ribbed) xylem & phloem • Accumulate silica – Opposite ridges in epidermis – Aids conduction • Vallecular (outer) • Photosynthetic – Alternate with – Leaves reduced ridges; function? Strobilus & Sporangiophore Spores • Elaters • Sporangia in strobilus – Modifications of outer • But in sporangiophores spore wall – Stem tissue, not • Dispersal sporophylls – Uncurl when dry – Peltate (umbrella-shaped) – Coiled when wet • Homosporous 8 Gametophyte Pteridophyta: “True” Ferns Polypodium • Photosynthetic • Unisexual – but plant homosporous! • Sex due to environmental cues, e.g., light intensity, quality (e.g., red light) • Some female gametophytes exude a chemical that turns neighboring ones male Phylogenetically Speaking Leptosporangiate Fern Taxonomy Polypodiophyta Polypodiopsida Polypodiales Polypodiaceae sensu lato Many genera; Various families (we’ll put them just in this one for now) Osmundaceae Osmunda Marsileaceae Marsilea Azolla Salvinia 9 Polypodiophyta General Morphology • Date to Devonian (like lycophytes & • Leptosporangiate eusporangiate Monilophytes) • Dictyostele • Abundant in Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) • Leaves simple to compound • Modern fern genera date back to Tertiary & – Very variable across fern groups Cretaceous (not as old as extant lycophyte genera) – Megaphylls • Largest group of extant cryptogams (> • Circinate vernation 12,000 spp.) • Sporophyte dominant • Morphologically diverse – Free-living • Variety of habitats – Still require water for fertilization Circinate vernation Reproductive Morphology • Distinctive uncoiling of young leaves • Mostly homosporous – Also in cycads (convergence) • Sporophylls = megaphylls anatomically • Fiddleheads (or croziers) • Sporangia mostly in sori – Prior to uncoiling – Underside of leaves – That brown stuff that most people think is fungus or dirt 10 Fern Sporangia Exindusiate • Sorus: clusters of sporangia • Indusium: covering of sorus E.g., Phymatosorum • Annulus: specialized Indusium completely lacking dehiscence mechanism – Ring of thickened cells – Contract sharply when dry – Scatter spores E.g., Platysereus Exindusiate Peltate Sorus Reniform Sorus Reniform: kidney-shaped Peltate indusium E.g., Cyrtonium Peltate: umbrella-shaped E.g., Nephrolepis 11 False Indusium Gametophyte • Prothallus generally heart-shaped • Dorso-ventrally flattened False indusium E.g., Adiantium False indusium Pteridophyte Life Cycle OK, So Where Are We? Finished with these ones 12 Osmundaceae Osmundaceae • Basal lineage – Lack of sorus – Primitive annulus – Molecular data • E.g., royal fern, cinnamon fern • Dimorphic leaves – Separate fertile/sterile (cinnamon) Osmunda regalis (royal fern) – Both on one (royal) Osmunda cinnamomea (cinnamon fern) Heterosporous Water Ferns Marsileaceae • ONLY heterosporous “true” fern lineage • Water clovers – Marsileaceae & Salviniaceae (sister groups) • Cosmopolitan in warm temperate & • Not particularly fern-like to look at tropical areas • Sporocarps: specialized adaptations to living in water – Modified sporophylls with tightly clustered sori; sporophyll fronds are hardened – Morphology varies across groups Marsilea 13 Marsilea Sporocarp Sporocarps: Sorophore • Paired at sterile leaf base • Sorophore: gelatinous backbone • Burst when hydrated – Swells when hydrated • Each sorus with micro- & mega – Sporangia attached sporangia Sorophore • Can keep spores viable up to 100 years – Adaptations for growth in arid Sporangium regions? • Dispersed by waterfowl • Sporangia lacking annulus Sporocarp (burst) Sporocarps Spores & Gametophytes Salviniaceae • Megasporangia with just 1 megaspore • Salvinia – Megagametophyte with 1 archegonium – Floating ferns • Microsporangia with 16-64 microspores – Microspores burst as sperm released • Gametophytes minute, endosporic • Azolla – Mosquito ferns 14 Salvinia Salvinia molesta • Rootless • Giant Salvinia, from SE Brazil • 3 leaves • WORLDWIDE NOXIOUS WEED! – 2 floating, leaf-like – 1 pendant, root-like • Produce sporocarps Salvinia molesta • Aggressive weed with wide ecological tolerance • Very rapid growth • A single plant has been described to cover 40 square miles in 3 months! • Rapidly expanding populations can overgrow & replace native plants • Resulting dense surface cover prevents light Azolla & atmospheric oxygen from entering water • Decomposing material drops to bottom, consuming dissolved oxygen needed by fish & other aquatic life 15 Azolla: Mosquito Ferns • 1 leaf with 2 lobes • Upper lobe houses Anabaena – Filamentous blue-green alga – Fixes atmospheric nitrogen • Was important in past rice crops – Fertilizer for rice plants – Still used in many places for same reason 16.
Recommended publications
  • 1 Ophioglossidae (PDF, 873
    Ophioglossidae 1 Polypodiopsida Ophioglossidae – Gabelblattgewächse (Polypodiopsida) Zu den Ophioglossidae werden 2 rezente Ordnungen gestellt, die Psilotales (Gabelfarne) und die Ophioglossales (Natternzungenartigen). Die Ophioglossidae sind eine sehr alte Landpflanzengruppe. Die Blätter sind, anders als dies für viele makrophylle Farnpflanzen typisch ist, zu Beginn nicht eingerollt. Ein gemeinsames Merkmal der Psilotales mit den Ophioglossales sind eusporangiate Sporangien, d. h. die Sporangienwand weist mehrere Zellschichten auf (Unterschied lepto- sporangiate Farne, hier einschichtig). Bei einigen Arten der Psilotales fehlt eine echte Wurzel. Alle Arten sind mykotroph (Ernährung mittels Pilzsymbiose im Boden, Mykorrhiza). 1. Ordnung: Psilotales (Gabelfarne) 1.1 Systematik und Verbreitung Die Ordnung der Psilotales enthält nur 1 Familie, die Psilotaceae mit nur 2 Gattungen und 17 Arten (Psilotum 2 und Tmesipteris 15 Arten). Die Familie ist überwiegend tropisch verbreitet. 1.2 Morphologie 1.2.1 Habitus Die Arten der Psilotales sind ausschließlich krautige Pflanzen mit einem kräftigen, unterirdischen Kriechspross (Rhizom), das zahlreiche Rhizoide ausbildet. Echte Wurzeln fehlen. Die vollständige Reduktion der Wurzel wird hier als sekundäres, abgeleitetes Merkmal angesehen. Wie der Gametophyt ist auch der Sporophyt mykotroph, was erst die morphologische Reduktion der Wurzel erlaubte. Die oberirdischen sparrig dichotom verzweigten Sprossachsen weisen eine (angedeutete) Siphonostele mit einem holzigen Mark auf. Die unterirdischen Rhizome haben hingegen eine Protostele. 1.2.2 Blatt Arten aus den Psilotales haben ausschließlich schraubig angeordnete Mikrophylle. Bei Psilotum sind nur die Sporophylle Gabelblätter (im Unterschied zu den sterilen © PD DR. VEIT M. DÖRKEN, Universität Konstanz, FB Biologie Ophioglossidae 2 Polypodiopsida Blättern). Die Photosynthese erfolgt daher hauptsächlich über die chlorophyllreichen Sprossachsen (Rutenstrauch-Prinzip). Abb. 1 & 2: Psilotum nudum, dichotom verzweigte Sprossachse (links); Querschnitt einer Sprossachse (rechts).
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plants (About 425 Mya)
    LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview: The Greening of Earth • For more than the first 3 billion years of Earth’s history, the terrestrial surface was lifeless • Cyanobacteria likely existed on land 1.2 billion years ago • Around 500 million years ago, small plants, fungi, and animals emerged on land © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Since colonizing land, plants have diversified into roughly 290,000 living species • Land plants are defined as having terrestrial ancestors, even though some are now aquatic • Land plants do not include photosynthetic protists (algae) • Plants supply oxygen and are the ultimate source of most food eaten by land animals © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 29.1 1 m Concept 29.1: Land plants evolved from green algae • Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of land plants © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Morphological and Molecular Evidence • Many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of algal clades, mainly algae • However, land plants share four key traits with only charophytes – Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes – Peroxisome enzymes – Structure of flagellated sperm – Formation of a phragmoplast © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 29.2 30 nm 1 m • Comparisons of both nuclear and chloroplast genes point to charophytes as the closest living relatives of land plants • Note that land plants are not descended from modern charophytes, but share a common ancestor with modern charophytes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • PLANT ANATOMY Lecture 15 - Stele and Bundle Types
    Jim Bidlack - BIO 5354/4354 PLANT ANATOMY Lecture 15 - Stele and Bundle Types I. Types of steles (stellar types); stele refers to the central vascular network if the shoot and the root (includes outermost phloem and everything to the inside of it) A. Protostele 1. No pith and usually no separate vascular bundles 2. First pattern (phylogenetically) that appeared in vascular plants 3. Predominant pattern found in roots of almost all plants and shoots of lower vascular plants 4. Types of protostele a) Haplostele - xylem is a circular mass b) Actinostele - xylem margin is not smooth; it "undulates" c) Plectostele - xylem not one mass; series of plates B. Siphonostele 1. Has a pith and can have separate vascular bundles (primary growth) 2. More advanced plants 3. Found in shoots of seed plants and in roots having a broad stele (monocots) 4. Types of siphonostele a) Amphiphloic - phloem found on both sides of the xylem 1) Solenostele - very few or little leaf gaps widely separated (continuous cylinder) 2) Dictyostele - leaf gaps are abundant b) Ectophloic - phloem found only to outside of the xylem 1) Eustele (dicots) - one ring of vascular bundles surround a pith 2) Atactostele (monocots) - scattered bundle arrangement II. Stellar patterns at the node (Nodal pattern) A. Different because this is where leaves and buds are attached B. Area above & behind the leaf or bud is the leaf gap C. Area showing where the leaf (bundle(s)) attaches to stem is called leaf trace D. Examples of patterns: 1. Unilacunar, 1 trace; unilacunar, 3 trace; trilacunar, 3 trace III.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory 8: Ginkgo, Cycads, and Gnetophytes
    IB 168 – Plant Systematics Laboratory 8: Ginkgo, Cycads, and Gnetophytes This is the third and final lab concerning the gymnosperms. Today we are looking at Ginkgo, the Cycads, and the Gnetophytes, the so-called non-coniferous gymnosperms. While these groups do not have cones like the true conifers, many do produce strobili. Order Ginkgoales: leaves simple (with dichotomously branching venation); dimorphic shoots; water-conducting cells are tracheids; dioecious; generally two ovules produced on an axillary stalk or "peduncle"; microsporangiate strobili loose and catkin-like; multi-flagellate sperm. Ginkgoaceae – 1 genus, 1 sp., cultivated relict native to China Tree, tall, stately with curving branches attached to a short trunk. Leaves fan shaped, deciduous, attached in whorls to the end of "short shoots" growing from the longer branches ("long shoots"); veins of the leaves dichotomously branched; dioecious; paired ovules at the end of a stalk and naked, hanging like cherries; seeds enclosed in a fleshy whitish-pink covering. Ginkgo Order Cycadales: pinnately-compound leaves, whorled, attached spirally at the stem apex; main stem generally unbranched; circinate vernation in some representatives; water-conducting cells are tracheids; dioecious; both male and female cones are simple structures; seeds generally large and round, unwinged; numerous microsporangia per microsporophyll; multi-flagellate sperm. Cycadaceae – 1 genus, 17 spp., Africa, Japan, and Australia Stems palm-like and rough, usually not branched; leaves fern-like, pinnately compound, thick and leathery; attached spirally at the stem apex, young pinnae with circinate vernation, leaf bases remaining after the leaves drop; dioecious; whorls of wooly-covered micro- and megasporophylls alternate with whorls of scales and foliage leaves at the stem apex; ovules born along the sporophyll margins; seed almond or plum like; ovules borne along the margin of the leaf- like megasporophyll.
    [Show full text]
  • Scouring-Rush Horsetail Scientific Name: Equisetum Hyemale Order
    Common Name: Scouring-rush Horsetail Scientific Name: Equisetum hyemale Order: Equisetales Family: Equisetaceae Wetland Plant Status: Facultative Ecology & Description Scouring-rush horsetail is an evergreen, perennial plant that completes a growing season in two years. At maturity, scouring-rush horsetail usually averages 3 feet in height but can be range anywhere from 2 to 5 feet. It can survive in a variety of environments. One single plant can spread 6 feet in diameter. It has cylindrical stems that averages a third of an inch in diameter. Noticeably spotted are the jointed unions that are located down the plant. The stems are hollow and don’t branch off into additional stems. Also, scouring- rush horsetail has rough ridges that run longitudinal along the stem. Although not covered in leaves, tiny leaves are joined together around the stem which then forms a black or green band, or sheath at each individual joint on the stem. This plant has an enormous root system that can reach 6 feet deep and propagates in two ways: rhizomes and spores. Incredibly, due to the fact that this plant is not full of leaves, it is forced to photosynthesize through the stem rather than leaves. Habitat Scouring-rush horsetail is highly tolerant of tough conditions. It can survive and thrive in full sun or part shade and can successfully grow in a variety of soil types. It can also grow in moderate to wet soils, and can survive in up to 4 inches of water. Distribution Scouring-rush horsetail can be found throughout the United States, Eurasia, and Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretory Tissues (Gesneriaceae)
    Acta Bot. Neerl. 46(4), December 1997, p.413-420 Secretory tissues of the flower of Sanango racemosum (Gesneriaceae). I. Light microscopy Sara Maldonadoi* and Marisa Oteguiif * Institute de Recursos Bioldgicos, INTA 1712, Villa Udaondo, Castelar, Argentina; fFacultad de Ciencias La 1900 La Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de Plata, Plata, Argentina SUMMARY Sanango racemosum (Ruiz & Pav.) Barringer has a dry stigma without a free-flowing secretion fluid but with a hydrated proteinaceous pellicle. The stigmatic surface is covered with unicellular, bottle-shaped papillae. At maturity, a viscous emulsion is accumulated between the cuticle and the pecto-cellulosic wall of the papillae, causing it to become detached from the surface of the papilla cell walls. The style has a central solid core of transmitting tissue. The cells of the transmitting tissue are rich in starch and exhibit thick lateral walls rich in pectic substance. The nectary disk is a ring elongated into a cup, with five lobes at the top. One of the most conspicuous histological features of the disk is the abundance of starch in the secretory cells. The disk is supplied only by phloem; the stomata are found in the top of the lobes. A fluid substance is produced just before anthesis and secreted through the stomata with no visible decline in starch level. During anthesis and after fertilization, a rapid decline in starch is observed. The hypothesis that the disk has other functions besides that of a nectary is discussed. Key-words: disk, nectary, osmophore, Sanango, stigma, transmitting tissue. INTRODUCTION The monotypic genus Sanango G. S. Bunting and J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taxonomic Position of the Psilotales in the Light of Our Knowledge of Devonian Plant Life*
    THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE PSILOTALES IN THE LIGHT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF DEVONIAN PLANT LIFE* F. P. JONKER Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht, The Netherlands ABSTRACT exclusively Devonian Psilophytales and of the latter the Rhyniaceae are regarded The order Psilotales, containing the two recent genera Psilatum and Tnzesiptel'is only, is usually usually as the closest relatives. Among classified by taxonomists and palaeo botanists those who take this st?nd I mention G. M. in the phylum Psiiophyta. This concept is, Smith (1955), Magdefra.u in Strasburger in spite of the synangia, based on the primitive (1971) and Lcmoigne (1968c). The concept general appearance reminding one of that of the of the last mentioned author will be dis• Devonian Rhyniaceae. Numerous attempts have been made to derive both genera, including their cussed further on. Darrah (1960) states synangia, from either the Rhvniaceae or from other that the status of the putative primitive Psilophyta. These attempts' sometimes led to the nature of the plant body in the Psilotaceae acceptance of a series of missing Jinks but this concept is, however, not supported bv palaeo· is controversial although there is a strong botanical data. tendency to accept the family as a pel'sis• In the opinion of the present reporter the order tent remnant of the Psilopsida. Andrews has kept a primitive general appearance of its (1961) states that Psilatum has been reaarded Devonian ancestors but in its synangia and in its monolete spores it is more advanced. by some botanists as a very simpl~ land In its anatomy, its microphyllous leaves, and in its plant, possibly a very ancient type that gametophyte perhaps, it shows more affiinity to the has managed to survive for several hundreds phylum Lycopodiophyta.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Stele Type in the Growth Rotation of Dalbergia Melanoxylon
    International Journal of Plant and Forestry Sciences Vol. 2, No. 3, May 2015, pp. 1 -10 Available online at http://ijpfs.com/ Research article Effect of Stele type in the growth rotation of Dalbergia melanoxylon. Dr. Washa B. Washa Mkwawa University College of Education Private Bag, MUCE Iringa Tanzania. E-mail: [email protected], +255 752 356 709 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Examination of the effect of stele type in Dalbergia melanoxylon growth was conducted. Examination of stems to observe stele type and tissue water potential of Barreveld Faux, Cupressus sempervirens and Dalbergia melanoxylon was carried between 2nd – 23rd April 2015 at Mkwawa University Laboratories. About 120 stained stem sections were examined for stele type while other 120 stem pieces were incubated in Nacl solution for water potential. Forty (40) stained sections indicated ectophloic siphonostele in Barreveld Faux and C. sempervirens while 40 sections of D. melanoxylon indicated atactostele. Calculated water potential of Barreveld Faux was -0.01158597 bars and that of C. sempervirens was -0.01257201 bars while that of D. melanoxylon was -0.00320463 bars. Results found that, low water potential in D. melanoxylon is a factor for its slow growth rotation and this is due to the atactostele type existing in D. melanoxylon. A hard Blackwood and valued wood in D. melanoxylon is brought by this stele type. In order to initiate rapid growth rotation in D. melanoxylon is recommended to conduct genetic recombination of the D. melanoxylon with other species which have an easily growing wood although this can lower the hardwood quality and value of the D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ferns and Fern Allies
    PTERIDOPHYTES Ferns and Fern Allies The Pteridophytes (seedless vascular plants) consist of 4 Divisions circa 1993 (Flora of NA, V. 1) due to their similarities (discussed below) in anatomy and morphology and their differences from higher seed plants*. World-wide there are about 25 families, 255+ 1- Lycopodiophyta (Club-Mosses) genera, and perhaps 10,000+ species. In North America there are about 77 genera and 440+ 2- Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns) species (Flora of North America, V.2). – see 3- Equisetophyta (Horsetails) next slide for more information. 4- Polypodiophyta (True Ferns) Reproduction is by spores (also by vegetative or asexual means) - no true flowers, fruits or seeds are present. They exhibit a life cycle of alternation of generations (sporophyte and gametophyte). The sporophyte generation is the larger phase that we commonly see in the field and produces haploid spores by meiosis. These spores disseminate mostly by wind (sometimes water), produce a Prothallus (gametophyte generation), a very small, free-living or independent phase, that produces both sperm (from antheridia) and eggs (from archegonia) – gametes or sex cells. The sperm swims to the egg on its own prothallus or on another (water must be present in most cases) and fertilization results with the production of the diploid generation from which a new sporophyte generation is produced. *Botanists today, due to DNA studies and many additional examples, believe that the Lycophytes branched early (forming a distinct Clade or branch of a phylogenetic tree) and the Pteridophytes form another later distinct Clade (or branch) that is closer to the seed plants (a revised classification is below).
    [Show full text]
  • Ferns Robert H
    Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Illustrated Flora of Illinois Southern Illinois University Press 10-1999 Ferns Robert H. Mohlenbrock Southern Illinois University Carbondale Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/siupress_flora_of_illinois Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Mohlenbrock, Robert H., "Ferns" (1999). Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 3. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/siupress_flora_of_illinois/3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Southern Illinois University Press at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Illustrated Flora of Illinois by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF ILLINOIS ROBERT H. MOHLENBROCK, General Editor THE ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF ILLINOIS s Second Edition Robert H. Mohlenbrock SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS Carbondale and Edwardsville COPYRIGHT© 1967 by Southern Illinois University Press SECOND EDITION COPYRIGHT © 1999 by the Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 02 01 00 99 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mohlenbrock, Robert H., 1931- Ferns I Robert H. Mohlenbrock. - 2nd ed. p. em.- (The illustrated flora of Illinois) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Ferns-Illinois-Identification. 2. Ferns-Illinois-Pictorial works. 3. Ferns-Illinois-Geographical distribution-Maps. 4. Botanical illustration. I. Title. II. Series. QK525.5.I4M6 1999 587'.3'09773-dc21 99-17308 ISBN 0-8093-2255-2 (cloth: alk. paper) CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.§ This book is dedicated to Miss E.
    [Show full text]
  • Subclase Equisetidae ¿Tienes Alguna Duda, Sugerencia O Corrección Acerca De Este Taxón? Envíanosla Y Con Gusto La Atenderemos
    subclase Equisetidae ¿Tienes alguna duda, sugerencia o corrección acerca de este taxón? Envíanosla y con gusto la atenderemos. Ver todas las fotos etiquetadas con Equisetidae en Banco de Imagénes » Descripción de WIKIPEDIAES Ver en Wikipedia (español) → Ver Pteridophyta para una introducción a las plantas Equisetos vasculares sin semilla Rango temporal: Devónico-Holoceno PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Los equisetos , llamados Equisetidae en la moderna clasificación de Christenhusz et al. 2011,[1] [2] [3] o también Equisetopsida o Equisetophyta, y en paleobotánica es más común Sphenopsida, son plantas vasculares afines a los helechos que aparecieron en el Devónico, pero que actualmente sobrevive únicamente el género Equisetum, si bien hay representantes de órdenes extintos que se verán en este artículo. Este grupo es monofilético, aun con sus representantes extintos, debido a su morfología distintiva. Son plantas pequeñas, aunque en el pasado una variedad de calamitácea alcanzó los 15 metros durante el pérmico.[4] Índice 1 Filogenia 1.1 Ecología y evolución 2 Taxonomía 2.1 Sinonimia Variedades de Equisetum 2.2 Sistema de Christenhusz et al. 2011 Taxonomía 2.3 Clasificación sensu Smith et al. 2006 2.4 Otras clasificaciones Reino: Plantae 3 Caracteres Viridiplantae 4 Véase también Streptophyta 5 Referencias Streptophytina 6 Bibliografía Embryophyta (sin rango) 7 Enlaces externos Tracheophyta Euphyllophyta Monilophyta Filogenia[editar] Equisetopsida o Sphenopsida Introducción teórica en Filogenia Clase: C.Agardh 1825 / Engler 1924 Equisetidae Los análisis moleculares y genéticos de filogenia solo Subclase: se pueden hacer sobre representantes vivientes, Warm. 1883 como circunscripto según Smith et al. (2006) (ver la Órdenes ficha), al menos Equisetales es monofilético (Pryer et Equisetales (DC.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Current Research In
    Int.J.Curr.Res.Aca.Rev.2017; 5(3): 80-85 International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review ISSN: 2347-3215 (Online) ҉҉ Volume 5 ҉҉ Number 3 (March-2017) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcrar.com doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2017.503.012 General Aspects of Pteridophyta – A Review Teena Agrawal*, Priyanka Danai and Monika Yadav Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding author Abstract Article Info Pteridophyta is a phylum of plants which is commonly known as ferns. About more Accepted: 28 February 2017 than 12,000 different species of ferns are distributed worldwide. They are distinguished Available Online: 10 March 2017 from flowering plants by not producing seeds & fruit. The members of Pteridophyta reproduce through spores. Ferns were some of the Earth‟s first land plants. They are Keywords vascular and have true leaves. In evolutionary history, the advent of vascular plants changed the way the world looked. Prior to the spread of vascular plants, the land had Pteridophyta, Ferns, only plants that were no more than a few centimeters tall; the origin of the vascular Vascular plants, system made it possible for plants to be much taller. As it became possible for plants to Evolutionary history. grow taller, it also became necessary – otherwise, they would get shaded by their taller neighbors. With the advent of vascular plants, the competition for light became intense, and forests started to cover the earth. (A forest is simply a crowd of plants competing for light). The earliest forests were composed of vascular non-seed plant, though modern forests are dominant by seed plant.
    [Show full text]