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SOME VERSIONS of the AESTHETE: KIERKEGAARD's EITHER I OR1 by Louis Mackey

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SOME VERSIONS of the AESTHETE: KIERKEGAARD's EITHER I OR1 by Louis Mackey SOME VERSIONS OF THE AESTHETE: KIERKEGAARD'S EITHER I OR1 by Louis Mackey Either/Or is the earliest of Kierkegaard's writings in the official canon of his "literature." The corpus as a whole is designed to coax its readers from their quotidian dullness into uneasy awareness of the ethical and religious dimensions of their freedom. To this end Kierkegaard proposed to meet his readers where they were; and where they were, he decided, was the aesthetic "stage on life's way." Therefore Either/Or, the first book of the series, presents dramatice a contrast between the aesthetic life-the life which the average man mostly lives-and the ethical life- a superior form of self-understanding. It is a bit surprising to follow the peregrinations of Victor Eremita and his subalterns in volume I of Either/Or, and then to be told that this romantico-ironic Never-Never Land is the spiritual habitation of Every- man. Nevertheless, an analysis of Either/Or I sustains Kierkegaard's claim that the aesthetic way of life as there presented is the "existence-sphere" of the ordinary man-of man, as Kierkegaard would say, in his immediacy. The word "immediacy" itself is a bit of jargon that Kierkegaard picked up from Hegel and the Hegelians. It would be tedious and pointless to pursue the technical meaning of this term in Hegel's system, but it is important to get the general sense of the word as a way into Kierkegaard's mind. It is common to equate immediate experience with direct experience, experience as it is simply given and simply had before the onset of reflec- tion. Sensation and feeling are immediate as opposed to thought; first thoughts are immediate as opposed to second guesses; life as it is before it doubles back on itself in the "mediation" of self-consciousness is "imme- diate existence." If nature be opposed to the reflexive operations of freedom, then a man's immediacy is what he is "by nature." Traditionally "aesthetic" has come to mean L'pertainingto beauty and the fine arts," but in Kierkegaard it retains its etymological sense of aisthesis, "sense perception." He defines what he calls the "aestheticn-as Editor's Note: Mr. Mackey is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rice University. (39) 40 RICE UNIVERSITY STUDIES a dimension of existence and as an overall design for living-by means of the immediate. "The aesthetic in a man is that by which he immediately is what he is."2 If we could discover what human nature is, then we could catch ourselves in our immediacy, and we would understand what Kierke- gaard means by the aesthetic. But the difficulty with immediacy is that it never is where it is asked about. Asking about immediacy is already an act of reflection once removed from the immediate. Just as a man cannot look himself straight in the eye, so immediacy cannot be got at directly (immediately); it can only be divined as the prelapsarian origin mirrored but never substantially present in every condition of self-awareness. This alienation of the self from its immediacy infects the phiIosophica1 attempt to comprehend human nature categorially, but it is more arresting in the case of the man who tries to be his immediacy. Kierkegaard's "A" is such a man. The anonymous dilettante whose dilations fill Either/Or I, A is offered as a representative aesthetic per- sonality. In view of the identity of the aesthetic with the immediate, one might expect him to be a sensual man, a man whose overriding aim is the direct satisfaction of his native wants. It is true that he Iive. for pleasure. And yet he is disenchanted enough to know that no human life is lived on the strength of impulse alone. No man can turn and live with animals, for the turning would imply a prior disengagement from the unconscious mass of beasthood. The placid and self-contained innocence of the brute is a dream of the poet, not the situation of man. True to the paradox of imme- diacy (that it never is where it is sought), desire and gratification are presented not as A's life but as the chief preoccupation of his life. A is a perfervid admirer of Mozart's Don Juan. In his essay "The Immediate Stages of the Erotic or the Musical Erotic" he praises Mozart's opera as a perfect work of art, "classic and immortal," on the grounds that it realizes a total fusion of form and ~ontent.~In Don Juan, as A hears it, the musical form is so happily and inseparably wedded to the passional content that together they body forth sexual desire in its imme- diacy. Don Juan's sensuality is pure undifferentiated desire. He craves woman, wholesale and without discrimination of age or beauty: pur chi? porti la gonella, voi sapete quel chd fh.' His passion is a "force of nature," unriven by reflection and undisturbed by moral misgivings. Mozart's music is the artistic analogue of this passion, an aural energy not yet articulated into the intelligible forms of speech. There are words, of course, but their very absurdity ("one thousand and three in Spain . .") negates their significance as language and hurls them back into the floodtide of sound. In Mozart's opera A finds immediacy immediately presented, the content KIERKEGAARD'S EZTHER/OR 4 1 of immediacy interfusing and interfused by immediate form. In this exquisite alchemy art (reflection) is nature (the immediate). Yet there is ambiguity in this achievement. Don Juan is after all art. It is to art that one must go if he wants to find the immediate given in its immediacy. Don Juan could never happen in real life: one thousand and three in Spain! Global sexuality-the eternal erection undrooping in the eternal orgasm-is a fictive biology of the heroes of imagination. Pure immediacy cannot be experienced as the content of an actual life; it can only be savored as fantasy. This contradiction is implicitly recognized in A's analysis of Don Juan. He is fascinated by the Don because he is a pure type, and by the opera because it is the pure presentation of a pure type. Mozart's masterpiece is the embodiment of the most abstract idea (sensuality) in the most abstract medium (music). Sensuality is "abstraction" because, as immediate, it is not yet parcelled out into specific preferences for discreet objects (pur chi? porti la gonella . ), and not yet constrained by moral necessity to accept the discipline of a part within an ordered whole. Sensuality simpliciter is only the abstract dynamic, the "exuberant joy," of life. Music is similarly abstract. Language-naming, defining, judging, and discoursing-is the spirit's vehicle for the tenor of the concrete. Music with its moving and interacting tonal patterns mimics the syntactic form of language but altogether lacks its semantic commitment: it is the abstract dynamic of spirit without the content of ~pirit.~By A's logic of inversion, that which appears to be most concrete-sensuality and its expression-evaporates into the airiest of abstractions. It is this logic that prompts A's genuflection in the presence of pure types purely enshrined in a pure medium. Men often voice a vague desire to enjoy life in all its forms and to experience everything. They are saying in their cruder way what A says with superior consistency: "I want to be life, not this life or that life, just vitality itself." But Kierkegaard's para- digmatic aesthete is also disenchanted by superior wisdom: he knows that this desire is unattainable. Too sophisticated to be a sensualist himself, he is reconciled to admiring, in its artful and only possible realization, that perfection which he cannot be. The man (Kierkegaard is saying) who endeavors to live wholly out of nature, the man who wishes to be only what he immediately is, will, if he is honest, be driven by the logic of immediacy to the antithesis of imme- diacy: bootless enthusiasm for a beautiful but impossible ideal. The internal nexus joining "aesthetic" in its etymological sense to "aesthetic" in its traditional connotation is hereby exposed: art is the transfiguration of nature by self-consciousness. 42 RICE UNIVERSITY STUDIES But A is not done yet. He is too thorough a dialectician and too determined an aesthete to repose in admiration at the expense of enjoy- ment. If he cannot make immediacy his life, he will make life itself an art. This reversal takes place already in the essay on Don Juan. No sooner has A declared the essential abstractness of the opera and its theme than he turns around to deliver an encomium of the infinite richness of every work of art. In a passage reminiscent of Kant's doctrine of Aesthetical Ideas, he speculates: because the unity of form and content in a consum- mate work of art precludes any definitive critical analysis, the work is an inexhaustible vein from which infinite reflections can be mined. No under- standing of the work is ever final; therefore the possibilities for understand- ing it are infinite. His rationale is quasi-Hegelian: because it is wholly abstract, immediacy is fecund with every possible concretion. That which lacks all determinacy is receptive to any and every determination. For if the most concrete, by reason of its density, is the most abstract, then the most abstract, by reason of its emptiness, is potentially the most concrete. This turn in his theory of art offers A a way out of his personal impasse. The aesthete (etymological sense) wants pleasures; the aesthete (tradi- tional connotation), knowing that he cannot have his pleasures by instinct, seeks to contrive them by craft.
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