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Marine Biology Biology of Flat Toadfish, Colletteichthys dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1837) of Cochin Estuary Thesis submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Biology ROJA SEBASTIAN Department of Marine Biology Microbiology and Biochemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi- 682 016, Kerala, India June 2011 I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Biology of Flat Toadfish, Colletteichthys dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1837) of Cochin Estuary”, is a genuine record of the research work done by me under the scientific supervision of Dr. K. Y. Mohammed Salih, Professor Rtd, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi- 16 and that this has not previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma or associateship in any University. Kochi – 682 016 Roja Sebastian 18th June 2011 Department of Marine Biology Microbiology and Biochemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi- 682 016, Kerala, India Dr. K.Y. Mohammed Salih Professor (Retd.) 18th June 2011 This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Biology of Flat Toadfish, Colletteichthys dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1837) of Cochin Estuary”, is an authentic record of the research work carried out by Smt. Roja Sebastian, under my scientific supervision and guidance in the School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Cochin University of Science and Technology and that no part thereof has been presented before for the award of any other degree, diploma or associateship in any University. Prof. Dr. K.Y. Mohammed Salih Supervising Guide Dedicated to the memories of My loving Daddy whose Love, Prayers, Sacrifice, Care & Support have enabled me to pursue and fulfill my dreams….... “Dad, your guiding hand on my shoulder will remain with me forever.." I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervising teacher, Dr. K. Y. Mohammed Salih, Professor Rtd., Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry for his keen interest, skillful guidance, valuable suggestions, kindness, affection and timely help during the entire study programme that led to preparation of this manuscript. My warm thanks are due to Prof. Dr. H S Ram Mohan, Dean and Director, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT. I am grateful to Dr. Chandramohanakumar, Registrar, CUSAT and Head, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry for providing me the necessary facilities to carry out the work successfully. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Babu Philip, Dr. A. V. Saramma, Dr. Rosamma Philip, Dr. Aneykutty Joseph, Dr. A. A. Mohammed Hatha, Dr. S. Bijoy Nandan and Dr. C. K. Radhakrishnan for their kind support and guidance that has been of great value in this study. I am greatly indebted to the Cochin University of Science and Technology, for providing financial support for my research work. I owe my most sincere gratitude to Naveen Sathyan for his untiring help during my difficult moments and for using his precious times to read this thesis and gave his critical comments about it. I wish to express my warm and sincere thanks to Mr. Nousher Khan for his immense help during the collection of samples. During this work I have collaborated with many colleagues for whom I have great regard, and I wish to extend my warmest gratefulness to all those who have helped me with my work. I am obliged to many of my colleagues who supported me and stood by me at times of trials. I wish to thank my friends Smitha C. K., Jini Jacob, P. R. Anilkumar, Naveen Sathyan and E. R. Chaithanya, for helping me get through the difficult times, and for all the emotional support, comraderie, entertainment, and caring they provided. I am truly beholden and thankful to Dr. Smitha Banu for helping me with biochemical calculations. I would like to extend my thanks to P. J. Manuel, Assistant librarian, CUSAT, for his support and his constant reassuring smile. I wish to thank Dr. R. Jeevanand, Lecturer, U.C. College, Aluva., for his guidance in statistical analysis. Words fail to express my appreciation and indebtedness to my late beloved father, mother, brother and sisters for their prayers, blessings and affection, who were a constant source of inspiration and always with me as a great support and motivation which made me realize the dream. The constant love and support of my niece, Flavia Lyn is sincerely acknowledged. Further more, I thank my in-laws for their prayers. My deepest gratitude and affection goes to my husband Naveen, for his friendship and unconditioned love even when having to cope with my emotional frustrations. I am greatly indebted to my kids, Hannah and Hanoch. They form the backbone and origin of my happiness. Their love and support without any complaint or regrets has enabled to complete my Ph.D thesis. I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one. Above all I bow my head before the God Almighty for bestowing upon me the courage to face the complexities of life and for the never ending blessings showered on me to carry out the work successfully. Chapter 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................01 - 13 1.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 01 1.2 Literature review --------------------------------------------------- 04 1.3 Objectives of the study -------------------------------------------- 11 1.4 General organization of the thesis ------------------------------ 11 Chapter 2 SYSTEMATICS OF COLLETTEICHTHYS DUSSUMIERI........... 15 - 29 2.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 15 2.1.1 Systematic Position ------------------------------------------ 16 2.1.2 Key to genera of Batrachoididae (subfamily: Halophryninae------------------------------------------------- 17 2.2 Description of the species ----------------------------------------- 21 2.3 Earlier reports------------------------------------------------------ 23 Chapter 3 MORPHOMETRICS ............................................................. 31 - 62 3.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 31 3.2 Materials and methods -------------------------------------------- 33 3.3 Results ---------------------------------------------------------------- 36 3.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------ 42 Chapter 4 FOOD AND FEEDING ........................................................... 63 - 99 4.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 63 4.2 Materials and methods -------------------------------------------- 66 4.3 Results ---------------------------------------------------------------- 68 4.3.1 General diet composition---------------------------------------- 69 4.3.2 Variation in diet composition of males and females --------70 4.3.3 Seasonal variation in the diet of males and females------------ 70 4.3.4 Feeding intensity------------------------------------------------- 73 4.3.4.1 Guts in different degrees of fullness------------------73 4.3.4.2 Gasto – Somatic Index (Ga.SI)------------------------75 4.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------ 76 Chapter 5 REPRODUCTION ...............................................................101 - 168 5.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 101 5.2 Materials and methods -------------------------------------------- 103 5.3 Results ---------------------------------------------------------------- 107 5.3.1 Gametogenesis---------------------------------------------------- 107 5.3.1.1 Spermatogenesis-----------------------------------------108 5.3.1.2 Oogenesis ------------------------------------------------ 110 5.3.2 Stages of maturation --------------------------------------------- 113 5.3.3 Monthly percentage of occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity ------------------------------------- 116 5.3.4 Pattern of progression of ova during different months--------- 117 5.3.5 Gonadosomatic index-------------------------------------------- 119 5.3.6 Length at first maturity ------------------------------------------119 5.3.7 Sex ratio ----------------------------------------------------------- 120 5.3.8 Fecundity ---------------------------------------------------------- 121 5.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------ 122 Chapter 6 AGE AND GROWTH...........................................................169 - 210 6.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------- 169 6.2 Otolith ---------------------------------------------------------------- 173 6.3 Materials and methods -------------------------------------------- 174 6.4 Results ---------------------------------------------------------------- 179 6.4.1 Relationship between total length and various parameters of otolith---------------------------------------------179 6.4.2 Growth check on otolith----------------------------------------- 180 6.4.3 Marginal increment analysis------------------------------------181 6.4.4 Back-calculated total length ------------------------------------ 182 6.4.5 Estimation of growth parameters ------------------------------182 6.5 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------
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