DOCSLIB.ORG

Razafinirinaemmai SN MAST 1 11

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Razafinirinaemmai SN MAST 1 11 REPUBLIQUE DE MADAGASCAR Tanindrazana - Fahafahana – Fandrosoana --------------------- Faculté des Sciences UNIVERSITE DE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR La Culture de MAHAJANGA ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE l’Excellence ----------------------- UNIVERSITE DE MAHAJANGA -------------------- FACULTE DES SCIENCES, DE TECHNOLOGIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ------------------ Département de BIOLOGIE VEGETALE Option : Valorisation de la Biodiversité Végétale (VBV) ‘‘LES VERTUS DES ARACHIDES (voanjo) : Cas de Arachis hypogaea Linné .’’ (Fabaceae) N° 0024 Mémoire de Master I Présenté et soutenu le 15 Juillet 2011 Par : Mademoiselle RAZAFINIRINA Emma Isabelle Membres du Jury Président : Monsieur Le Docteur MILADERA Johnson Christian Juge : Madame le Docteur RANARIJAONA Hery Lisy Tiana Rapporteur : Monsieur Le Docteur RAJAONARISON Jean François Année universitaire : 2009 – 2010 Pages SOMMAIRE …………………………………………………………………...…i LISTE DES TABLEAUX ET FIGURES ……..…………………………………... iv TERMINOLOGIE ……………………………………….……………………..... vi INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………. .........................E rreur ! Signet non défini. PREMIERE PARTIE : MATERIELS ET METHODES …….………………….….…….. 4 DEUXIEME PARTIE : RESULTATS ………………………..……………………………. 6 I- CARACTERISTIQUES DE Arachis hypogaea L………………….. ....................... 6 I.1- DESCRIPTION …………………………………………………………. ....... 6 A- APPAREIL VEGETATIF …………………………………………………. 6 B- APPAREIL REPRODUCTEUR …………………………………………. 10 C- MODE DE REPRODUCTION DE L’ESPECE CULTIVEE ………….. 11 D- FRUITS …………………………………………………………………. ... 11 I.2- CLASSIFICATIONS…………………………………………………. ........ 12 A- CLASSIFICATION BIOLOGIQUE ………………………………… ...... 12 B-CLASSIFICATION ET PRINCIPAUX CARACTERIQTIQUES ........... Erreur ! Signet non défini. 12 C-CLASSIFICATION COMMERCIALE …………………………………. 13 I.3- MODE DE VIE DE Arachis hypogaea L…….……………………..……. 1 3 I.4- REPARTITION DE Arachis hypogaea L. DANS LE MONDE ET A MADAGASCAR …………………………………………………………........................... 15 A- DANS LE MONDE.. ………………………………………………………. 15 B- A MADAGASCAR ……………………………………………………….. 15 I.5- EXTRACTION D’HUILE D’ARACHIDE ………………………… ............ 16 A-PROCEDES D’EXTRACTION ARTISANALE OU TRADITIONNELLE …………………………...……………………………………………. 16 B-PROCEDES D’EXTRACTION D’HUILE INDUSTRIELLE OU A GRANDE ECHELLE ……………………………………… .......................................... 17 II- CULTURE DE Arachis hypogaea L. …………………………………. .................. 20 II.1-ENGRAIS …………………………………….…………………………...…20 II.2-SEMIS ………………………………………………………………… ......... 21 II.3-LEVEE …………………………………………. ........................................... 22 II.4- FLORAISON ET MATURITE i.…….……………………………………… 23 II.5-RENDEMENT ET PRIX ………………………………………………..….. 23 II.6-PROBLEMES LIES A LA CULTURE DE Arachis hypogaea L. …… ..... 24 A- MALADIES FONGIQUES............................... ……………………..... 24 B- MALADIES VIRALES………………..…………………………….….….. 26 III.- VERTUS DE Arachis hypogaea L. ……………………….................. ............. 29 III.1- COMPOSITION ………………………………………………………….. 29 A- COMPOSITION DE LA GRAINE …...…………………………………...29 B- COMPOSITION DE L'HUILE DE Arachis hypogaea L…….……….... 30 III.2- PRODUITS OBTENUS ………………………………………………….. 31 A- A PARTIR DE LA COQUE ……………………………………………….31 B- A PARTIR DE LA GRAINE ………………...…………………………….31 C- A PARTIR DES FEUILLES ………………….…………………………..33 III.3- DOMAINE PHARMACOLOGIOQUE …………………………………… 33 A- DIABETE DE TYPE 2 …………………………………………………….33 B- CALCULS BILIAIRES ………………………………………………...…..33 C- CANCER……………………………………………………………..……33 D- MALADIE CARDIOVASCULAIRE……………………………...………34 E- Arachiis hypogaea L. ET PRISE DE POIDS : UN MYTH DEMENTI ..34 TROISIEME PARTIE : DISCUSSION …………………………………………………… 35 CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES …………………………………… ........................ 38 BIBLIOGRAPHIE …………………………………. .............................................................. 39 WEBOGRAPHIE …………......………………………………………………………….…. .41 ANNEXES………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 43 ANNEXES………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 43 RESUME……………………………………………………………………………………..49 ii TABLEAUX Page Tableau 1 : Classification et principales caractéristiques de Arachis hypogaea L ……………………………………………………………….….…13 Tableau 2 : Les régions de Madagascar et les types d’arachides qui y sont cultivés ………………………………………………………………………………..…….16 FIGURES Figure. 1 : Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae )……………………………………….…..3 Figure. 2 : Appareil végétatif de Arachis hypogaea L. : feuilles et tiges …..……6 Figure. 3 : Stipules de Arachis hypogaea L. : feuilles et tiges …………………..7 Figure. 4 : Inflorescence de Arachis hypogaea L………………………………….7 Figure. 5 : Coupe longitudinale d’une fleur de Arachis hypogaea L……………8 Figure 6 : Corolle de Arachis hypogaea …………………………………………….9 Figure. 7: Calice de Arachis hypogaea L. …………………………………………..9 Figure. 8 : Schéma de la racine de Arachis hypogaea L………………………..10 Figure. 9 : Coupe longitudinale de fleur de Arachis hypogaea L ………………11 Figure. 10 : Graines de Arachis hypogaea L………………………………………...12 Figure. 11 : Les différents types de décortiqueurs manuels à arachide ……….17 Figure. 12 : Plantules de Arachis hypogaea L………………………………………23 Figure. 13: Gousses de Arachis hypogaea L. contaminées par l’aflatoxine ….26 iii Anthère globuleuse : Anthère (botanique), du grec anthéros, fleuri. Partie supérieure de l'étamine qui se présente ordinairement sous la forme de petites bourses ou sacs presque toujours jaunes, et renfermant la matière fécondante des plantes, autrement appelée le pollen. Aile : Expansion membraneuse, mince, de largeur variable, bordant certains organes (fruits ou tiges) et facilitant leur dissémination. Androcée : C’est la partie mâle de la fleur, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des étamines. L'étamine comprend l'anthère, où sont situés les grains de pollen, et le filet, qui se trouve à être le soutien, la partie inférieure de l'anthère. Apex : Partie terminale d'un organe (tige, racine). Amalgame : mélange bizarre. Branche florale : Ramification des tiges d'un arbre, d'une plante portant des fleurs. Calice : Enveloppe extérieure de la fleur, formé de sépales libres ou soudés. Carène : Partie d'un organe ayant la forme d'une carène de vaisseau. Corolle : Enveloppe intérieure d'une fleur, formée de pétales généralement colorés. Coque : Enveloppe extérieure rigide de certains fruit. Cosmétique : Un produit cosmétique est une substance ou un mélange destiné à être mis en contact avec diverses parties superficielles du corps humain, notamment l'épiderme, les systèmes pileux et capillaires, les ongles, les lèvres, les organes génitaux externes, les dents et les muqueuses buccales, en vue, exclusivement ou principalement, de les nettoyer, protéger, parfumer, maintenir en bon état, de modifier leur aspect ou d'en ‘‘corriger’’ l'odeur. Les cosmétiques sont des produits iv d'hygiène et d'embellissement. Eperon : Prolongement en sorte de tube du calice ou de la corolle au-dessous de la fleur. Epi : Se dit d'une inflorescence simple de fleurs sessiles portées par un axe unique. Etamine : Organe mâle contenant ou portant le pollen. Etendard : Pétale libre, supérieur, généralement le plus grand. Fane: Feuille sèche tombée de l'arbre. Feuille de certaines plantes comme les carottes, … etc. Filet : Partie de l'étamine qui supporte l'anthère et qui est ordinairement plus ou moins déliée. Fleur bisexuée : Fleur qui possède des organes sexuels mâles et femelles Foliole : Chacune des divisions du limbe d'une feuille. Fourrage : Substance végétale fraîche, séchée ou fermentée, que l’on destine à l’alimentation du bétail Gousse : Fruit sec déhiscent s'ouvrant à maturité par deux fentes et révélant deux rangées de graines. Gynécée : Ensemble des pièces femelles d'une fleur, formé d'un ou de plusieurs pistils. Gynophore : Support né du réceptacle de la fleur et qui ne contient que les organes femelles. v Hypanthium : En botanique, un hypanthe (ou hypanthium) est le nom donné au réceptacle floral lorsque celui-ci est fusionné avec la base des verticilles floraux inférieurs (calice, corolle et androcée) et prend la forme d'une urne enveloppant les ovaires. Inflorescence : Ensemble de fleurs portées par un pédoncule commun. Oléagineux : Qui contient de l’huile. Plante herbacée : Plante possédant de rameaux et de tiges non ligneuses. Pétiole : Partie d'une feuille reliant le limbe à la tige qui la porte. Pétiolule : Pétiole des folioles sur une feuille composée. Plant : Jeune végétal nouvellement planté. Racine : Partie des végétaux qui les fixe au sol où ils puisent les matières à leur nutrition Rameau florifère : Rameaux qui portent des fleurs Réceptacle : Partie de la tige ou du pédoncule portant les différentes pièces florales. Résidu : Ce qui reste Stipule : Pièce d'aspect membraneux ou écailleux, à la base du pétiole d'une feuille. Stigmate : Extrémité (ou l'une des extrémités) du style (ou de l'un des styles) d'un pistil, destinée à recevoir les graines de pollen. Style : Partie étroite du pistil, reliant l'ovairevi à ou aux stigmates. Tige érigée : tige dressée Tige prostrée : Tige couchée sur le sol Tourteau : Masse pâteuse formée avec les résidus de divers oléagineux après extraction de l’huile et qui constitue un aliment pour le bétail Trituration: dénomination regroupant toutes les actions permettant l'obtention d'huile brute et de tourteau à partir de graines oléagineuses vii INTRODUCTION La flore malgache est riche et diversifiée. Elle possède un très grand nombre d’espèces endémiques avec un fort taux d’endémicité en matière de végétations. (http://fr.travel2mada.com/). D’après les estimations des chercheurs, Madagascar compte jusqu’à ce jour, environ 14 000 espèces végétales
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improved Conservation Plant Materials Released by NRCS and Cooperators Through December 2014
    Natural Resources Conservation Service Improved Conservation Plant Materials Released by Plant Materials Program NRCS and Cooperators through December 2014 Page intentionally left blank. Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Program Improved Conservation Plant Materials Released by NRCS and Cooperators Through December 2014 Norman A. Berg Plant Materials Center 8791 Beaver Dam Road Building 509, BARC-East Beltsville, Maryland 20705 U.S.A. Phone: (301) 504-8175 prepared by: Julie A. DePue Data Manager/Secretary [email protected] John M. Englert Plant Materials Program Leader [email protected] January 2015 Visit our Website: http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics Page Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Types of Plant Materials Releases ........................................................................................................................2 Sources of Plant Materials ....................................................................................................................................3 NRCS Conservation Plants Released in 2013 and 2014 .......................................................................................4 Complete Listing of Conservation Plants Released through December 2014 ......................................................6 Grasses ......................................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogen-Induced Addjski of the Wild Peanut, Arachis Diogoi, Potentiates
    http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in . This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Bag, P. (2018) Pathogen-induced AdDjSKI of the wild peanut, Arachisdiogoi, potentiates tolerance of multiple stresses in E. coli andtobacco Plant Science https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.033 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156687 Pathogen-induced AdDjSKI of the wild peanut, Arachis diogoi, potentiates tolerance of multiple stresses in E. coli and tobacco Sakshi Rampuria1*, Pushan Bag1, Conner J Rogan2, Akanksha Sharma1, Walter Gassmann3, P.B Kirti1, 1Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. 2Division of Biological Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. 3Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. *Correspondence: Sakshi Rampuria, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Tel.: +914023134545; Fax: +914023010120. P.B Kirti [email protected] Highlights Chloroplastic AdDjSKI enhances tolerance of E.coli against salinity, osmotic, acidic and alkaline stress conditions. AdDjSKI over expression lines in tobacco exhibits enhanced heat, salinity, drought and osmotic stress tolerance along with enhanced disease resistance against phytopathogenic fungi P.
    [Show full text]
  • Peanut Genome Initiative Final Report
    2012-2017 PGI Final Report Page | 1 Peanut Genome Initiative 2012-2017 Research Accomplishment Report to the U.S. Peanut Industry December 5, 2017 2012-2017 PGI Final Report Page | 2 Peanut Genome Initiative Research Final Report to the U.S. Peanut Industry October, 2017 Table of Contents Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………….. 3 Highlights of Research Accomplishments ……….………………………………. 6 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 7 Research Technical Accomplishment Reports …………..………………………… 9 Component 1: Sequencing and Assembly of Peanut Genomes ……….……….. 9 Component 2: Developing Maps and Markers for finding QTL ………….…… 8 Component 3: Developing Markers for Specific Genes in QTL ……………… 15 Component 4: Evaluating New Sequencing and Assembly Technologies ….… 17 Component 5: Identifying Breeding Lines with QTL for Key Traits ……..…. 18 Component 6: Creating On-line Tools for Genome Assisted Breeding ………. 23 Where Do We go From Here? …………..……………………………………… 29 Appendices: ………………………………………………………………..……… 34 Appendix 1: Examples of Funding Leading to Additional Grant and Project Support …………..……………………………………… 34 Appendix 2: Meetings Sponsored by PGI ……………………………………… 35 Appendix 3: Examples of Key Traits That Reside in a Given Wild Arachis Species ………………………………………….……… 36 Appendix 4: Research Publications by PGI members & Associates Relevant to PGP ……………………………………………….. 37 Appendix 5: Sponsors Who Have Provided Financial Support for the Peanut Genome Initiative ………………….…………………….. 50 Appendix 6: Members of the Peanut Genome Consortium ……..……………. 52 Appendix 7: Terms and Definitions ………………………………………….. 53 2012-2017 PGI Final Report Page | 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Unlocking the Door to a Limitless Future: The Peanut Genome Initiative (PGI) In 2012, the U.S. peanut industry charged The Peanut Foundation with initiating a research program to map the genetic code of the peanut plant. The Peanut Genome Initiative (PGI) was — and remains — the largest research project ever funded by our industry, with the $6M cost shared equally among growers, shellers and manufacturers.
    [Show full text]
  • Peanuts and Prestige on the Peruvian North Coast: the Archaeology of Peanuts at Huaca Gallinazo (V-59) and Huaca Santa Clara (V-67)
    PEANUTS AND PRESTIGE ON THE PERUVIAN NORTH COAST: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PEANUTS AT HUACA GALLINAZO (V-59) AND HUACA SANTA CLARA (V-67) by Lindi Jaclyn Masur B.A. (Hons), The University of Western Ontario, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2012 © Lindi Jaclyn Masur, 2012 i ABSTRACT This thesis explores the role that a single species of plant, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea), played in pre-Hispanic North Coast communities of the Andes. Through a literature review of ethnohistoric accounts, Moche iconographic interpretation, and nutritional analysis, I explore the symbolic importance of the peanut, as well as other special properties that may have contributed to peanuts’ luxury status in the pre-Hispanic North Coast. This study documents the peanut’s use not only as a comestible, but also as a prestige good used in competitive feasts and for veneration of the dead. I show how the peanut was used both practically and symbolically in order to create and reify status differences between elites and commoners, and how this trend extends into the South Coast. Finally, I provide evidence for peanuts’ prestige association through a case study of the archaeobotanical remains from Huaca Gallinazo (V-59) and Huaca Santa Clara (V-67), two important Early Intermediate Period sites located in the Virú Valley and that were part of the Virú polity. ii PREFACE This research was funded in part by a Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS – Master’s Award scholarship (award number #766-2011-4276) from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and a University of British Columbia Faculty of Arts Graduate Entrance Scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Areas and the Challenge of Conserving Crop Wild Relatives
    PARKS 2012 Vol 18.1 PROTECTED AREAS AND THE CHALLENGE OF CONSERVING CROP WILD RELATIVES Danny Hunter1*, Nigel Maxted2, Vernon Heywood3, Shelagh Kell2 and Teresa Borelli1 * Corresponding author, [email protected] 1 Bioversity International, Rome, Italy 2 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Crop wild relatives are a critical resource for sustaining future food security. It is widely recognized that many of the world’s protected areas contain CWR diversity. Despite this, it has not yet proved possible to undertake significant actions to conserve the CWR they contain. Many challenges and obstacles need to be addressed in order to improve this situation. Recent initiatives have started to address these challenges and uncovered some key lessons. Still, the need for action is urgent and the paper concludes by drawing attention to the need for a global approach to conserving priority and threatened CWR in the wild. INTRODUCTION worth noting that the same study found breeders’ use of CWR taxa was increasing year on year, even though it Crop wild relatives (CWR) - wild plant species closely was recognized that they were still far from being related to crops to which they may contribute beneficial systematically exploited. genes - constitute an enormous reservoir of genetic variation for crop improvement and are an important Some idea of the scale of benefits may be obtained from socio-economic resource. Genes from wild plants have published estimates referring to a selected number of provided crops with resistance to many pests and crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Parientes Silvestres De Los Cultivos Manual Para La Conservación in Situ
    Parientes Silvestres de los Cultivos Manual para la Conservación In Situ Editado por Danny Hunter y Vernon Heywood AGENCIA SUIZA PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA COOPERACION COSUDE Editado por Danny Hunter Parientes Silvestres de los Cultivos y Vernon Heywood Manual para la Conservación In Situ Parientes Silvestres de los Cultivos Manual para la Conservación In Situ Editado por Danny Hunter y Vernon Heywood Traducción: Alexandra Walter Este libro es una traducción autorizada de Crop wild relatives: a manual of in situ conservation - ISBN: 9781849711791, publicado por Earthscan (Londres, 2011). Fotos en la portada: Agricultores en un campo de quinua en Bolivia, © M. Pinto, Fundación PROINPA; Cucurbitaceas silvestres, Sri Lanka © A. Wijesekara; Arroz silvestre, Oryza nivara, Sri Lanka © R.S.S. Ratnayake ; Ciruelo silvestre, Prunus divaricata, Armenia © A. Lane Cita: Hunter D, Heywood V, editores. 2011. Parientes silvestres de los cultivos: manual para la conservación in situ. Bioversity International, Roma, Italia. 1ª. ed. ISBN 978-92-9043-886-1 © Bioversity International, 2012 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 00057 Maccarese Roma, Italia Bioversity International es el nombre bajo el cual opera el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos (IPGRI). Contenido Página Agradecimientos y contribuciones iv Prólogo xv Prefacio xvii Acrónimos xxii Primera Parte: Introducción 1 Introducción y antecedentes 3 2 Los parientes silvestres de los cultivos en los países del proyecto 39 3 ¿Qué es la conservación in situ de los PSC? 57 Segunda
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Dynamics and Seed Production of Arachis Pintoi and Arachis Repens in the Brazilian Cerrados
    Tropical Grasslands (2009) Volume 43, 139–150 139 Flowering dynamics and seed production of Arachis pintoi and Arachis repens in the Brazilian Cerrados M.A. CARVALHO1, E.A. PIZZARO JUNCAL2 Introduction and J.F.M. VALLS3 1Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation The genus Arachis is a member of family (Embrapa), Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF Fabaceae, tribe Aeschynomeneae and subtribe Stylosanthinae. It is endemic in South America - Brazil and, at present, 69 species have been described 2 Pasturas de America, Montevideo, Uruguay (Krapovickas and Gregory 1994). 3Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation Several species of Arachis have potential to (Embrapa), be incorporated into forage systems, notably Ara- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, chis glabrata (section Rhizomatozae), A. pintoi Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, DF - Brasil and A. repens (both section Caulorrhizae). These last 2 species, along with A. glabrata, appear as the most promising, since they produce large Abstract amounts of high quality forage and are prolific seeders (Valls and Simpson 1994). A. pintoi and Thirty-two accessions of the Caulorrhizae sec- A. repens (Krapovickas and Gregory 1994) are herbaceous, perennial plants, endemic in Brazil. tion of the genus Arachis were evaluated at 2 dif- They are considered multi-purpose legumes, ferent sites in the Brazilian Cerrados, in terms of being grown for forage, erosion control and orna- flowering period and intensity, seed yield and dis- mental purposes and as ground cover in orchards, tribution in the soil profile. Flowering occurred forests and low-tillage systems. between October and May with the accessions dif- The species of the Caulorrhizae section differ fering in the distribution, intensity and period of widely in terms of seed production.
    [Show full text]
  • Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4
    Plant Pathology Circular No. 395 Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. ____________________________________________________________________________________July/August 1999 Division of Plant Industry Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4 INTRODUCTION: Peanut stunt virus (PSV) has been reported to cause disease in a number of economically important plants worldwide. In the southeastern United States, PSV is widespread in forage legumes and is considered a major constraint to productivity and stand longevity (McLaughlin et al. 1992). It is one of the principal viruses associated with clover decline in the southeast (McLaughlin and Boykin 1988). In 2002, this virus (Fig. 1) was reported in the forage legume rhizoma or perennial peanut, Arachis glabrata Benth. (Blount et al. 2002). Perennial peanut was brought into Florida from Bra- zil in 1936. In general, the perennial peanut is well adapted to the light sandy soils of the southern Gulf Coast region of the U.S. It is drought-tolerant, grows well on low-fertility soils and is relatively free from disease or insect pest problems. The rela- tively impressive forage yields of some accessions makes the perennial peanut a promising warm-sea- son perennial forage legume for the southern Gulf Coast. Due to its high-quality forage, locally grown perennial peanut hay increasingly competes for the million plus dollar hay market currently satisfied by imported alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). There are ap- proximately 25,000 acres of perennial peanut in Ala- bama, Georgia and Florida combined. About 1000 acres are planted as living mulch in citrus groves. Fig. 1. A field of ‘Florigraze’ showing the yellowing symptoms of Peanut Popular forage cultivars include ‘Arbrook’ and Stunt Virus.
    [Show full text]
  • 09-Plantas Alimentícias.Indd
    Iheringia Série Botânica Museu de Ciências Naturais ISSN ON-LINE 2446-8231 Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul Lista preliminar das plantas alimentícias nativas de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil Ieda Maria Bortolotto, Geraldo Alves Damasceno-Junior & Arnildo Pott Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório de Botânica. Bairro Universitário, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. [email protected] Recebido em 27.IX.2014 Aceito em 17.V.2016 DOI 10.21826/2446-8231201873s101 RESUMO – Apresentamos o inventário preliminar das plantas alimentícias silvestres do Mato Grosso do Sul usadas na dieta humana ou com potencial para uso. Incluímos espécies que constam em publicações e em trabalhos inéditos dos autores, cujas coletas, realizadas no estado, estão incorporadas nos herbários CGMS, COR e CPAP. Adicionalmente, foram incluídas espécies de Arecaceae, coletadas no estado depositadas em outros Herbários e espécies dos gêneros Arachis, Dioscorea e Passifl ora que constam na Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil para o Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram encontradas 294 espécies, distribuídas em 160 gêneros e 67 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (49) e Myrtaceae (38), seguidas por Arecaceae (32) e Passifl oraceae (12). Esta é a primeira listagem de espécies alimentícias do estado. Palavras chaves: frutos comestíveis, Cerrado, Pantanal ABSTRACT – Preliminary list of native food plants of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil - We present a preliminary inventory of wild food plants found in Mato Grosso do Sul that are used in human diet or potentially useful. Species were compiled from publications and from data collected by the authors; specimens deposited in CGMS, COR and CPAP herbaria were also included.
    [Show full text]
  • (Arachis Hypogaea) and Its Most Closely Related Wild Species Using
    Annals of Botany 111: 113–126, 2013 doi:10.1093/aob/mcs237, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-abstract/111/1/113/182224 by University of Georgia Libraries user on 29 November 2018 Ma´rcio C. Moretzsohn1,*, Ediene G. Gouvea1,2, Peter W. Inglis1, Soraya C. M. Leal-Bertioli1, Jose´ F. M. Valls1 and David J. Bertioli2 1Embrapa Recursos Gene´ticos e Biotecnologia, C.P. 02372, CEP 70.770-917, Brası´lia, DF, Brazil and 2Universidade de Brası´lia, Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70.910-900, Brası´lia-DF, Brazil * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 25 June 2012 Returned for revision: 17 August 2012 Accepted: 2 October 2012 Published electronically: 6 November 2012 † Background and Aims The genus Arachis contains 80 described species. Section Arachis is of particular interest because it includes cultivated peanut, an allotetraploid, and closely related wild species, most of which are diploids. This study aimed to analyse the genetic relationships of multiple accessions of section Arachis species using two complementary methods. Microsatellites allowed the analysis of inter- and intraspecific vari- ability. Intron sequences from single-copy genes allowed phylogenetic analysis including the separation of the allotetraploid genome components. † Methods Intron sequences and microsatellite markers were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in section Arachis through maximum parsimony and genetic distance analyses. † Key Results Although high intraspecific variability was evident, there was good support for most species.
    [Show full text]
  • Peanut Science
    PEANUT SCIENCE VOLUME 31 JULy-DECEMBER 2004 NUMBER 2 Phenotypic and Molecular Evaluation of Interspecific Peanut (Arachis) Lines W.P.Anderson'>, G. Kocherr', C.C. Holbrook', and H.T. Stalker' ABSTRACT molecular markers to tag resistance genes for use in Peanut breeders are constantly in search of new conventional breeding programs and stack these genes sources of genes that confer tolerance or resistance to in highly productive peanut cultivars. biotic and abiotic stresses to improve the production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate peanut lines generated from interspecific crosses for Key Words: Root-knot nematode, RFLP, AFLP, amounts of wild species introgression, including genes for resistance to peanut root-knot nematodes, tomato disease resistance. spotted wilt virus and leaf spot diseases. Nine diploid Arachis species were crossed with peanut breeding lines and 130 different interspecific hybrid lines were Improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) culti­ developed. These lines were evaluated for the amount vars has historically been achieved by crossing elite by of introgression using RFLP analyses, plant elite genotypes. This procedure often results in genotypes morphology, and disease resistant phenotypes. Based withhigher yields, but may cause vulnerability to biotic on RFLPs, 41 lines showed measurable introgression and/or abiotic stresses. During the last few decades peanut and 12 hexaploid-derived lines were polymorphic for breeding programs have attempted to incorporate genes at least four probes. Greenhouse and field evaluations for increased tolerance or resistance to known diseases indicated that resistance was not present in the lines tested for tomato spotted wilt virus, early leaf spot, or of peanut.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of the Genus Arachis (Leguminosae)
    BONPLANDIA16 (Supi): 1-205.2007 BONPLANDIA 16 (SUPL.): 1-205. 2007 TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS ARACHIS (LEGUMINOSAE) by AntonioKrapovickas1 and Walton C. Gregory2 Translatedby David E. Williams3and Charles E. Simpson4 director,Instituto de Botánicadel Nordeste, Casilla de Correo209, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina, deceased.Formerly WNR Professor ofCrop Science, Emeritus, North Carolina State University, USA. 'InternationalAffairs Specialist, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC 20250,USA. 4ProfessorEmeritus, Texas Agrie. Exp. Stn., Texas A&M Univ.,Stephenville, TX 76401,USA. 7 This content downloaded from 195.221.60.18 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 00:12:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BONPLANDIA16 (Supi), 2007 Table of Contents Abstract 9 Resumen 10 Introduction 12 History of the Collections 15 Summary of Germplasm Explorations 18 The Fruit of Arachis and its Capabilities 20 "Sócias" or Twin Species 24 IntraspecificVariability 24 Reproductive Strategies and Speciation 25 Dispersion 27 The Sections of Arachis ; 27 Arachis L 28 Key for Identifyingthe Sections 33 I. Sect. Trierectoides Krapov. & W.C. Gregorynov. sect. 34 Key for distinguishingthe species 34 II. Sect. Erectoides Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 40 Key for distinguishingthe species 41 III. Sect. Extranervosae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 67 Key for distinguishingthe species 67 IV. Sect. Triseminatae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 83 V. Sect. Heteranthae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 85 Key for distinguishingthe species 85 VI. Sect. Caulorrhizae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 94 Key for distinguishingthe species 95 VII. Sect. Procumbentes Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 99 Key for distinguishingthe species 99 VIII. Sect.
    [Show full text]