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REPUBLIQUE DE MADAGASCAR Tanindrazana - Fahafahana – Fandrosoana --------------------- Faculté des Sciences UNIVERSITE DE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR La Culture de MAHAJANGA ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE l’Excellence ----------------------- UNIVERSITE DE MAHAJANGA -------------------- FACULTE DES SCIENCES, DE TECHNOLOGIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ------------------ Département de BIOLOGIE VEGETALE Option : Valorisation de la Biodiversité Végétale (VBV) ‘‘LES VERTUS DES ARACHIDES (voanjo) : Cas de Arachis hypogaea Linné .’’ (Fabaceae) N° 0024 Mémoire de Master I Présenté et soutenu le 15 Juillet 2011 Par : Mademoiselle RAZAFINIRINA Emma Isabelle Membres du Jury Président : Monsieur Le Docteur MILADERA Johnson Christian Juge : Madame le Docteur RANARIJAONA Hery Lisy Tiana Rapporteur : Monsieur Le Docteur RAJAONARISON Jean François Année universitaire : 2009 – 2010 Pages SOMMAIRE …………………………………………………………………...…i LISTE DES TABLEAUX ET FIGURES ……..…………………………………... iv TERMINOLOGIE ……………………………………….……………………..... vi INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………. .........................E rreur ! Signet non défini. PREMIERE PARTIE : MATERIELS ET METHODES …….………………….….…….. 4 DEUXIEME PARTIE : RESULTATS ………………………..……………………………. 6 I- CARACTERISTIQUES DE Arachis hypogaea L………………….. ....................... 6 I.1- DESCRIPTION …………………………………………………………. ....... 6 A- APPAREIL VEGETATIF …………………………………………………. 6 B- APPAREIL REPRODUCTEUR …………………………………………. 10 C- MODE DE REPRODUCTION DE L’ESPECE CULTIVEE ………….. 11 D- FRUITS …………………………………………………………………. ... 11 I.2- CLASSIFICATIONS…………………………………………………. ........ 12 A- CLASSIFICATION BIOLOGIQUE ………………………………… ...... 12 B-CLASSIFICATION ET PRINCIPAUX CARACTERIQTIQUES ........... Erreur ! Signet non défini. 12 C-CLASSIFICATION COMMERCIALE …………………………………. 13 I.3- MODE DE VIE DE Arachis hypogaea L…….……………………..……. 1 3 I.4- REPARTITION DE Arachis hypogaea L. DANS LE MONDE ET A MADAGASCAR …………………………………………………………........................... 15 A- DANS LE MONDE.. ………………………………………………………. 15 B- A MADAGASCAR ……………………………………………………….. 15 I.5- EXTRACTION D’HUILE D’ARACHIDE ………………………… ............ 16 A-PROCEDES D’EXTRACTION ARTISANALE OU TRADITIONNELLE …………………………...……………………………………………. 16 B-PROCEDES D’EXTRACTION D’HUILE INDUSTRIELLE OU A GRANDE ECHELLE ……………………………………… .......................................... 17 II- CULTURE DE Arachis hypogaea L. …………………………………. .................. 20 II.1-ENGRAIS …………………………………….…………………………...…20 II.2-SEMIS ………………………………………………………………… ......... 21 II.3-LEVEE …………………………………………. ........................................... 22 II.4- FLORAISON ET MATURITE i.…….……………………………………… 23 II.5-RENDEMENT ET PRIX ………………………………………………..….. 23 II.6-PROBLEMES LIES A LA CULTURE DE Arachis hypogaea L. …… ..... 24 A- MALADIES FONGIQUES............................... ……………………..... 24 B- MALADIES VIRALES………………..…………………………….….….. 26 III.- VERTUS DE Arachis hypogaea L. ……………………….................. ............. 29 III.1- COMPOSITION ………………………………………………………….. 29 A- COMPOSITION DE LA GRAINE …...…………………………………...29 B- COMPOSITION DE L'HUILE DE Arachis hypogaea L…….……….... 30 III.2- PRODUITS OBTENUS ………………………………………………….. 31 A- A PARTIR DE LA COQUE ……………………………………………….31 B- A PARTIR DE LA GRAINE ………………...…………………………….31 C- A PARTIR DES FEUILLES ………………….…………………………..33 III.3- DOMAINE PHARMACOLOGIOQUE …………………………………… 33 A- DIABETE DE TYPE 2 …………………………………………………….33 B- CALCULS BILIAIRES ………………………………………………...…..33 C- CANCER……………………………………………………………..……33 D- MALADIE CARDIOVASCULAIRE……………………………...………34 E- Arachiis hypogaea L. ET PRISE DE POIDS : UN MYTH DEMENTI ..34 TROISIEME PARTIE : DISCUSSION …………………………………………………… 35 CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES …………………………………… ........................ 38 BIBLIOGRAPHIE …………………………………. .............................................................. 39 WEBOGRAPHIE …………......………………………………………………………….…. .41 ANNEXES………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 43 ANNEXES………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 43 RESUME……………………………………………………………………………………..49 ii TABLEAUX Page Tableau 1 : Classification et principales caractéristiques de Arachis hypogaea L ……………………………………………………………….….…13 Tableau 2 : Les régions de Madagascar et les types d’arachides qui y sont cultivés ………………………………………………………………………………..…….16 FIGURES Figure. 1 : Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae )……………………………………….…..3 Figure. 2 : Appareil végétatif de Arachis hypogaea L. : feuilles et tiges …..……6 Figure. 3 : Stipules de Arachis hypogaea L. : feuilles et tiges …………………..7 Figure. 4 : Inflorescence de Arachis hypogaea L………………………………….7 Figure. 5 : Coupe longitudinale d’une fleur de Arachis hypogaea L……………8 Figure 6 : Corolle de Arachis hypogaea …………………………………………….9 Figure. 7: Calice de Arachis hypogaea L. …………………………………………..9 Figure. 8 : Schéma de la racine de Arachis hypogaea L………………………..10 Figure. 9 : Coupe longitudinale de fleur de Arachis hypogaea L ………………11 Figure. 10 : Graines de Arachis hypogaea L………………………………………...12 Figure. 11 : Les différents types de décortiqueurs manuels à arachide ……….17 Figure. 12 : Plantules de Arachis hypogaea L………………………………………23 Figure. 13: Gousses de Arachis hypogaea L. contaminées par l’aflatoxine ….26 iii Anthère globuleuse : Anthère (botanique), du grec anthéros, fleuri. Partie supérieure de l'étamine qui se présente ordinairement sous la forme de petites bourses ou sacs presque toujours jaunes, et renfermant la matière fécondante des plantes, autrement appelée le pollen. Aile : Expansion membraneuse, mince, de largeur variable, bordant certains organes (fruits ou tiges) et facilitant leur dissémination. Androcée : C’est la partie mâle de la fleur, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des étamines. L'étamine comprend l'anthère, où sont situés les grains de pollen, et le filet, qui se trouve à être le soutien, la partie inférieure de l'anthère. Apex : Partie terminale d'un organe (tige, racine). Amalgame : mélange bizarre. Branche florale : Ramification des tiges d'un arbre, d'une plante portant des fleurs. Calice : Enveloppe extérieure de la fleur, formé de sépales libres ou soudés. Carène : Partie d'un organe ayant la forme d'une carène de vaisseau. Corolle : Enveloppe intérieure d'une fleur, formée de pétales généralement colorés. Coque : Enveloppe extérieure rigide de certains fruit. Cosmétique : Un produit cosmétique est une substance ou un mélange destiné à être mis en contact avec diverses parties superficielles du corps humain, notamment l'épiderme, les systèmes pileux et capillaires, les ongles, les lèvres, les organes génitaux externes, les dents et les muqueuses buccales, en vue, exclusivement ou principalement, de les nettoyer, protéger, parfumer, maintenir en bon état, de modifier leur aspect ou d'en ‘‘corriger’’ l'odeur. Les cosmétiques sont des produits iv d'hygiène et d'embellissement. Eperon : Prolongement en sorte de tube du calice ou de la corolle au-dessous de la fleur. Epi : Se dit d'une inflorescence simple de fleurs sessiles portées par un axe unique. Etamine : Organe mâle contenant ou portant le pollen. Etendard : Pétale libre, supérieur, généralement le plus grand. Fane: Feuille sèche tombée de l'arbre. Feuille de certaines plantes comme les carottes, … etc. Filet : Partie de l'étamine qui supporte l'anthère et qui est ordinairement plus ou moins déliée. Fleur bisexuée : Fleur qui possède des organes sexuels mâles et femelles Foliole : Chacune des divisions du limbe d'une feuille. Fourrage : Substance végétale fraîche, séchée ou fermentée, que l’on destine à l’alimentation du bétail Gousse : Fruit sec déhiscent s'ouvrant à maturité par deux fentes et révélant deux rangées de graines. Gynécée : Ensemble des pièces femelles d'une fleur, formé d'un ou de plusieurs pistils. Gynophore : Support né du réceptacle de la fleur et qui ne contient que les organes femelles. v Hypanthium : En botanique, un hypanthe (ou hypanthium) est le nom donné au réceptacle floral lorsque celui-ci est fusionné avec la base des verticilles floraux inférieurs (calice, corolle et androcée) et prend la forme d'une urne enveloppant les ovaires. Inflorescence : Ensemble de fleurs portées par un pédoncule commun. Oléagineux : Qui contient de l’huile. Plante herbacée : Plante possédant de rameaux et de tiges non ligneuses. Pétiole : Partie d'une feuille reliant le limbe à la tige qui la porte. Pétiolule : Pétiole des folioles sur une feuille composée. Plant : Jeune végétal nouvellement planté. Racine : Partie des végétaux qui les fixe au sol où ils puisent les matières à leur nutrition Rameau florifère : Rameaux qui portent des fleurs Réceptacle : Partie de la tige ou du pédoncule portant les différentes pièces florales. Résidu : Ce qui reste Stipule : Pièce d'aspect membraneux ou écailleux, à la base du pétiole d'une feuille. Stigmate : Extrémité (ou l'une des extrémités) du style (ou de l'un des styles) d'un pistil, destinée à recevoir les graines de pollen. Style : Partie étroite du pistil, reliant l'ovairevi à ou aux stigmates. Tige érigée : tige dressée Tige prostrée : Tige couchée sur le sol Tourteau : Masse pâteuse formée avec les résidus de divers oléagineux après extraction de l’huile et qui constitue un aliment pour le bétail Trituration: dénomination regroupant toutes les actions permettant l'obtention d'huile brute et de tourteau à partir de graines oléagineuses vii INTRODUCTION La flore malgache est riche et diversifiée. Elle possède un très grand nombre d’espèces endémiques avec un fort taux d’endémicité en matière de végétations. (http://fr.travel2mada.com/). D’après les estimations des chercheurs, Madagascar compte jusqu’à ce jour, environ 14 000 espèces végétales
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    PEANUT SCIENCE VOLUME 31 JULy-DECEMBER 2004 NUMBER 2 Phenotypic and Molecular Evaluation of Interspecific Peanut (Arachis) Lines W.P.Anderson'>, G. Kocherr', C.C. Holbrook', and H.T. Stalker' ABSTRACT molecular markers to tag resistance genes for use in Peanut breeders are constantly in search of new conventional breeding programs and stack these genes sources of genes that confer tolerance or resistance to in highly productive peanut cultivars. biotic and abiotic stresses to improve the production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate peanut lines generated from interspecific crosses for Key Words: Root-knot nematode, RFLP, AFLP, amounts of wild species introgression, including genes for resistance to peanut root-knot nematodes, tomato disease resistance. spotted wilt virus and leaf spot diseases. Nine diploid Arachis species were crossed with peanut breeding lines and 130 different interspecific hybrid lines were Improvement of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) culti­ developed. These lines were evaluated for the amount vars has historically been achieved by crossing elite by of introgression using RFLP analyses, plant elite genotypes. This procedure often results in genotypes morphology, and disease resistant phenotypes. Based withhigher yields, but may cause vulnerability to biotic on RFLPs, 41 lines showed measurable introgression and/or abiotic stresses. During the last few decades peanut and 12 hexaploid-derived lines were polymorphic for breeding programs have attempted to incorporate genes at least four probes. Greenhouse and field evaluations for increased tolerance or resistance to known diseases indicated that resistance was not present in the lines tested for tomato spotted wilt virus, early leaf spot, or of peanut.
  • Taxonomy of the Genus Arachis (Leguminosae)

    Taxonomy of the Genus Arachis (Leguminosae)

    BONPLANDIA16 (Supi): 1-205.2007 BONPLANDIA 16 (SUPL.): 1-205. 2007 TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS ARACHIS (LEGUMINOSAE) by AntonioKrapovickas1 and Walton C. Gregory2 Translatedby David E. Williams3and Charles E. Simpson4 director,Instituto de Botánicadel Nordeste, Casilla de Correo209, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina, deceased.Formerly WNR Professor ofCrop Science, Emeritus, North Carolina State University, USA. 'InternationalAffairs Specialist, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC 20250,USA. 4ProfessorEmeritus, Texas Agrie. Exp. Stn., Texas A&M Univ.,Stephenville, TX 76401,USA. 7 This content downloaded from 195.221.60.18 on Tue, 24 Jun 2014 00:12:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BONPLANDIA16 (Supi), 2007 Table of Contents Abstract 9 Resumen 10 Introduction 12 History of the Collections 15 Summary of Germplasm Explorations 18 The Fruit of Arachis and its Capabilities 20 "Sócias" or Twin Species 24 IntraspecificVariability 24 Reproductive Strategies and Speciation 25 Dispersion 27 The Sections of Arachis ; 27 Arachis L 28 Key for Identifyingthe Sections 33 I. Sect. Trierectoides Krapov. & W.C. Gregorynov. sect. 34 Key for distinguishingthe species 34 II. Sect. Erectoides Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 40 Key for distinguishingthe species 41 III. Sect. Extranervosae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 67 Key for distinguishingthe species 67 IV. Sect. Triseminatae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 83 V. Sect. Heteranthae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 85 Key for distinguishingthe species 85 VI. Sect. Caulorrhizae Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 94 Key for distinguishingthe species 95 VII. Sect. Procumbentes Krapov. & W.C. Gregory nov. sect. 99 Key for distinguishingthe species 99 VIII. Sect.