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ABC PICTURES INTERNATIONAL IS MAKING THE WHOLE WORLD A BETTER PLACE TO LAUGH,CRY,TREMBLE, SMILE AND LOVE.

We're doing it with Premiere Package 1,exciting made-for-television movies being made available to the international market for the first time- and exclusively through ABC Pictures International. Now, your prime time programming can include hits like "Young Joe,The Forgotten KennedY;"'The Great Houdini:' "Curse of the Black Widow;' "Telethon;' "Thursday's Game;' "Kansas City Massacre" and lots more. We're doing it with outstanding programs for children, like the unique Children's Novels for Television. They're, the poignant, captivating, thrilling, marvelous kind of children's shows that even parents can enjoy. Premiere Package 1 and Children's Novels for Television. Just two of the new ideas from the entertainment people at ABC Pictures International.

ABC PICTURES INTERNATIONAL In Any Language, Everything Starts With ABC. For further infonnation contact ABC Pictures International: Art Schimmel at Headquarters, 2040 Avenue of the Stars, Century City, California 90067, Telephone: (213) 553-2000, Bob Dinsmore at New York Headquarters, 1 Lincoln Plaza, New York, N.Y. 10023, Telephone: (212) LT 1-7777. Doug Brunger at London Headquarters, Ambro Distributing Corp., 31 Soho Square,London,WIV, 6 Ap, Telephone: 01-439-8083. Cable: AMBROCAST NEW YORK-AMBROTEL LONDON. This Issue• Vol. 1. No. 8 JULY 1978

Network News page 9 Eurovision page 16 RCA TK-76 page 38

lJ~llrE:[)!)lr~lrE:!) !J Network news - more than a pretty face? Top 100 TV advertisers Top 50 US Shows - chart

lrtiE: \nI()FlI.[) ...... •...... •.....•...... 1ES Exchanging news worldwide Will union demands make ENG cost effective? Extreme caution - why French TV passed up Thomson's new ENG camera

E:lJFI()FJE: :!ES Scandinavia - A difference in style: Nordic screenings. Holland - The claim system Britain - Buying power of independent TV

~FFlIC~ ' 34 - Problems of development

FI~~~CE: 3ES Restless Viacom: television by proxy lrE:CH~()I.()GY 38 Quick response - RCA's TK-76 ENG camera A camera's view of a camera - photo story of the TK-76 assembly line Not just another camera: Jean-Pierre Beauviala's Aaton 16mm B&W camera

()TtiE:FI[)E:FJ~FllrME:~T!) World round-up 4 Tu betalk 6 World program me rati ngs 25 Station Report 33 Newsbri efs 46

WaiterI~TE:FlVIE:\nI Cronkite . 48

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 r~"------

Published by Alain-Charles Publishing Lld. JULY 1978 Co-pub!ishers Geoffrey A. R. Sweat man and Derek C. Fordham Letter from the Editor Editor Sam Passow Correspondents NEWSpact onthat the happens viewer. closer According to home toRobert generally Kearsley, tends toEditor-in-Chief have a greater im• of London - Chris Dunkley, Visnews, Hmost news editors operate a rule of thumb law by which one John Chittock, Jenny Nibbs, Judah Passow; man knocked down by a bus a mile away equates to five people shot two Paris - Jim Hodgetts, thousand miles away, which equates to 5,000 people killed in a typhoon BillDowell; 10,000 miles away." Amsterdam - Bill Third; Our issue this month is largely devoted to the changing face of TV news Madrid - George Hills; Dublin - Kevin O'Connor; - changes in format, content and technology. "Television news in the Lagos - John Chiahemen; United States," writes correspondent John Abrams in New York (page 9) Johannesburg - Don Briscoe; His in the midst of a remodelling which may in the long run, alter the form Tokyo - James Bailey; and presentation of network news forever." Sydney - John Hanrahan; In our search for a cover, we wanted to convey in the single dimension of New York - John Abrams. print the instant nature of the two-dimensional electronic image of TV Layout and Design news. We chose the ABC newsroom in London, because it is now part of a Jack Stockdale unique Evening News format which is clearly the first born child ofthe new Cover Designer Michael Carter broadcast journalism technology. It represents the first attempt by a US network to build a newscast specifically around the whole gamut of Elec• Advertisement Director Hattie Pond tronic News Gathering (ENG) facilities - cameras, recorders, editing Sales Executive techniques and satellite feeds. John Clutten There are many in the industry who dismiss ABC's new format as a Administrative Assistant gimmick, or even worse, as entertainment. There are also those who claim June Chamarette that the widespread use of the new ENG technology merely confirms that Circulation Manager we are more fascinated by events themselves than by their causes. We are Belinda Oliver more likely to cover those dramatic events which catch the electronic Sales Office: 27 Wilfred Street. camera's subjective eye, than the more sober issues of the day which London SW1 E 6PR perhaps have a greater effect on our lives, but are less interesting visually. England This is a problem which has plauged any medium trying to present news. © 01-8286107 Telex 28905 1978 TV World. All rights reserved. no part of this As Richard Salant, President of CBS News says, "the major professional publication may be reproduced in whole or part without the written permission of the publishers. issue facing journalism today, is to determine if the primary responsibility TV World is published monthly for executives in ofjournalistic news organisations is to give people what they want to know, TV organisations and affiliated industries around the world. or what they ought to know." In this issue we also look at the Eurovision news exchange (page 16), CONTROLLED CIRCULATION PAID AT NEW which occurs twice daily, and is the major swap shop of news and infor• VORK, N.V. USA MAILING AGENT mation in the world. We not only look at a typical day in the life of the news Expediters of the Printed Word Ltd. exchange, but also offer a statistical breakdown showing where the world's 527 Madison Ave. Suite 1217. New Vork, N.V 10017 news originated, and who received it. ENG's problems include not only how it will be used, but who will use it, Subscription rate - one year and in an article by Anthony Davis (page 22) we examine whether or not SUBSCRtPTION RATES union demands on pay and manning scales will make the new technology Austria Sch. 450 Australia A$20 cost-affective. Airmail A$48 Because many of our readers may find all this talk about the new Belgium Fr.850 Canada C$24 technology mind-boggling, we sent correspondent and photographer Judah Denmark Kr.130.00 Pas sow to the RCA plant in Camden, New Jersey, to get an insiders' view France Fr. 110.00 DM.65.00 (page 38) on the marketing and construction of their TK-76 ENG camera. Holland G. 70.00 But readers shouldn't stop there. The following article (page 44) by cor• Hong Kong HK$100.00 Airmail HK$200.00 respondent Jim Hodgetts in Paris looks at the controvertial Aaton 16mm Italy Lr. 15,000 camera which while not a pure ENG unit may fill a need for many broad• Japan Ven 6,000 New Zealand NZ$22.00 casters who aren't yet in a position to follow the American hardware lead. Airmail NZ$50.00 It also shows that not all trail-blazing developments come from large Norway Kr. 130.00 Portugal Esc. 750.00 organisations .. S$55.00 Airmail S$110.00 These are just a few of the more than 25 stories which make up this issue. Pes. 1.500 But perhaps this letter itself is a good example of the problem I outlined Sweden Kr. 110.00 Switzerland Fr. 72.00 earlier: trying to decide for your audience what they ought to know, from United Kingdom £12.00 the wealth of information available, given limitations of time and space. UM $~.OO Airmail $48.00 All other countries $24.00 surface mail Airmail add $24.00

TV World is printed in the UK by H. E. Warne Ltd, Sf. Austell. 4~Q~~ 2 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 TV Camera Report '78 Flexible Camera Systems for Studio Use and ENG/EFP

A complete product line distin• picture sharpness is enhanced with Camera guished by four basic features: Quality, horizontal and vertical aperture correc• VTR versatility, mobility, systems concept tion utilizing a Today's manufacturers of pro• dual delay line ~ fessional TV cameras are required to system with comb K~A~CA :; 4 b BatteIYSystem . BCN 5120 design their camera range for all ima• filter and coring. ginable applications. Bosch Femseh Easily interchan• meets this demand with highly versatile geable coaxial or camera SYSTEMS which cover the multi-wire kit op• whole spectrum of applications: from tions are available sophisticated studio cameras through News broadcast as required. mobile versions for electronic journa• with the KCK lism to modestly priced simpler models for economic productions. A light-weight alternative Bosch cameras allow a produc• KCK/R camera head is integrated into tion team to work as a complete crea• the KCK system tive unit in any conditions. The shoulder-mounted KCK/R Of considerable advantage for allows a cameraman the freedom of ENG use are the various power supply movement necessary for dynamic pro• KCK/KCK-R/KCN System options: battery belt, car battery and ductions. The KCK/R reporter camera mains power. head can be connected to the standard The entire electronics are pack• ~-fI--ll CCU via an interface electronics pack. ed into the light-weight camera head. Iris, white balance and black level are KCK ccu t automatically controlled. The portable, battery-operated BCN 5 (cassette) and ~~~7 ccuj BCN 20 (reel to reel) VTRs are ideally KCK-R Electronics suitable for full broadcast quality recor• ding of the K CA 90 output signals. ~ Applications in all three fields; VTR ENG, OB and studio productions result :~-[]~ KCN BCN 20 KCN Camera Processor in ultimate investment economy and (KCK-R) utilization.

A first-class highly automa• TCX, TXK: CCTV cameras with ted camera chain: KCK studio quality The KCK camera system is Bosch Fernseh's activities in the intended for tripod-mounted studio or field of medical, educational and indus• hand-held operation (using an optional trial TV have produced a complimen- Freedom of operation with the KCK/R portable camera head) and is also ideally suitable for OB van productions. This versatile Bosch reporter camera has the features of the KCK, but com• bines the operational flexibility of a portable camera with the advantages of a top-quality studio camera. In this case, too, the set-up and operating functions have been largely automated and coaxial or multi-wire operation is possible (max. 2000/800 m). Ideally suitable for allENG/EFP TCX applications: the KCA 90 tary range of lowpriced cameras. The This por• Outdoor production with the KCK TCX with its three 2/3" tubes and table battery-ope• accurate color reproduction also pro• The camera, compact CCU and rated camera sys• vides studio quality signals. operating control unit constitute a tem provides the superior-quality camera chain, avail• cameraman with able in all TV standards and color full freedom of systems. Numerous functions have movement. The been automated, such as black balance, KCA 90 is easily BOSCH white balance, iris and centring. integratable into Robert Bosch GmbH, The KCK uses the 3-tube sepa• OB and studio Geschaftsbereich F ernsehanlagen, rate luminance principle. 11/4" tubes systems and ope- Postfach 429, D-6100 Darmstadt, ensure high resolution. The excellent rations. KCA 90 Federal Republic of Germany WORLD ROUND-UP WHAT KIDS WATCH The only cases in which divestiture will be required involve 16 monopoly communities in which the only TELEVISION companies in Britain are now studying a newspaper owns the only television station, or, if there is survey which finds 45 per cent of children between the no television station, the only radio station. ages of seven and 10are staying up until 9 p.m. to watch the box. The ban on future combinations may have been academic. According to FCC figures, the share of tele• A further nine per cent stay up until 10 p.m. and one vision channels controlled by newspapers had been child in every 100 in this young age group watches until dropping steadily, from 40 per cent in 1950to 14 in 1969 II p.m. In the large sample considered, 79 per cent of and 10 in 1975. families were said to exercise "no control whatever" over the number of hours their children spent watching television. LIMITED MANDATE One child in three had dreams as a result of watching THE public-broadcasting industry, which had hoped for later evening programmes, particularly "Dracula" films legislation that would repeat the present five-year Fed• and "Starsky and Hutch". eral financing authorisation, will instead receive a three-year authorisation under House and Senate bills The survey was commissioned by Pye, the TV set which should be enacted later this month. manufacturers, to explore "the dangers and problems for children in the formative years." Results have already The bills contain a number of provisions that specify alarmed executives of the company. how the money should be spent. These provisions have The report throws new light on complaints from come under attack by certain officials of the Public teachers that many children, especially younger pupils, Broadcasting Service (PBS), who contend that the restr• are too tired and irritable to work for the first part of the ictions would place limits on the freedom of station licen• school morning. Amongthe examination age group of 15 sees and that they represent an encroachment by Gov• to 17year olds, 48 per cent viewed until 11p.m. or later. ernment on the industry. The survey of 1,600 schoolchildren, "one of the most The bills modify and supersede White House prop• all-embracing ever conducted," confirms reports that osals introduced in January. the average child now spends roughly 22 hours a week The Carter Administration had called for a five-year watching television. advance authorisation totalling more than $1 billion on It was found that two children in every three viewed the theory that such long-range financing would serve to for between 21 and 35 hours a week. Most seven to insulate the system from the political pressures that II-year-olds tended to watch for no more than 21 hours might occur under an annual authorisation process. - an average of three hours a night. But overall figures However, the Senate and House Communications suggest that the average for the whole range of children Subcommittees reasoned that the five-year period was aged between seven and 17is more than 25 hours a week. unwarranted in light of the industry's acknowledged The effect this }jas on homework is found to be drama• need for drastic changes in structure and procedures. tic. Some 45 per cent of children did homework before Those changes considered are likely to result from the watching, but 29 per cent said they "fit it in between recommendations of the Carnegie Commission on the programmes." Ten per cent replied that they' 'do it while Future of Public Broadcasting, whose report is due in watching" and 8 per cent left homework until whatever January. time the set was switched off. The Congressional committees have pointed out that a Most parents did not attempt to control total viewing three-year bill would have the effect of five-year legis• hours but did try to impose some form of switch-offtime, lation, because it would be enacted while two years until which children were free to watch as much as they remained under the pr~sent authorisation. wanted. Parents tried harder to forbid certain types of programme, including those featuring sex, crime and Both bills provide for $180 million in 1980 and $200 violence, and - for some under 10-year-olds - "Dr million in each of the next two years. But the House bill Who". would make funds subject to a match of $2 from non• Federal sources for every $1 received from the Gov• Children's least favourite programmes proved to be ernment; the Senate bill puts the match at $2.25 to $1. news bulletins (which may help to explain the political Under the present authorisation, the match is $2.50 to $1. ignorance among children disclosed in a survey last year), romantic dramas, and documentaries. The White House tends to favour the House version, but it is also the one most vigorously opposed by PBS SPHERE OF INFLUENCE executives. Their objections centre on such provisions as those THE United States Supreme Court has ruled unani• requiring that a "significant" amount of the approp• mously that newspapers can no longer acquire radio or riation be designated for national programming and that a television stations, a policy developed by the Federal "substantial" portion of that production be created by Communications Commission (FCC) to promote diver• independent producers. In its report on the bill, the sity of viewpoint and limit concentration of economic House subcommittee defined "significant" as about 25 power. per cent. The high court also said, however, tbat existing com• The Senate bill contains none of these provisions. binations of newspapers and broadcast outlets should be allowed to continue. This reversed a 19wer court order "None of these provisions is in itself intolerable," that required all newspapers to divest themselves of Ralph B. Rogers, outgoing chairman ofPBS, said, "but radio and television stations. collectively they point to a trend. I object to the principle 4 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 of the Congress of the United States operating the public-television system, setting the criteria and dic• tating how we should do business and whom we should do it with." MORE THAN A Lawrence K. Grossman, president of PBS, said: "I don't disagree that changes in the system are necessary. BRICOLAGE? But the great danger in this bill is that it's the missionaries who are going to devour us."

GONE FOR A SONG FOR YOUNGSTERS AND THESE might be tough days for the television industry, GENERAL AUDIENCE. but when a network wants something badly enough, it finds the money. The Columbia Broadcast System (CBS) has just paid MGM Sutdios $35 million for the televison rights to the film classic "Gone With The Wind". The deal gives the American network exclusive screen AMUSING, privileges to the movie for 20 years. The sale is reportedly the biggest fee ever paid by a ENTERTAINING, network for a feature film in the history oftelevison. The film, which stars Clark Gable, Vivian Leigh and Leslie Howard will probably be shown in the fall for the first of INSTRUCTIVE - its 20 contracted appearances. "Gone With The Wind" was first shown on television by the National Broadcast Company (NBC) in two parts Inspires Curiousity & in 1976, when it was viewed by 162million people over a two"night period. NBC is reported to have paid MGM $5 Creativity. million for that one-time contract. CBS will also air the five hour film in two parts, with a three hour segment one night followed by a two hour 4 SERIES FILMED BY ANDRE LANGE: segment the second night. The contract calls for CBS to pay MGM the $35 million in five annual instalment starting in September. WHO HAS THE BALL? Variety places "Gone With The Wind" seventh in its 19 EPISODES-20' EACH-COLOUR list of all-time film rental leaders, grossing $76.7 million for MGM since its release in 1939. Other films have NO COMMENTARY grossed more in recent years, but these were all hit productions of recent inflationary times. CBS also owns the rights to another classic film, "The 5 FINGERS OF YOUR HAND Wizard of Oz", which it has televised 13 times in 20 20 EPISODES-20' EACH-COLOUR years. That deal, too, was a substantial one for MGM NO COMMENTARY studios, which, until it acquired its hotel and casino operations, has had one of the lowest earning records of the major film producers. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) outbid PASTIME independent televison for the right to show the film, 17 EPISODES-20' EACH-COLOUR "The Sound of Music" , and paid more than $4m to show NO COMMENTARY the film nine times over a period of ten years, according to Peter Plouviez, general secretary of Equity. Speaking at the union's annual general meeting in AROUND THE WORLD London, he criticised the "competition of desperation" between the televison networks and called for a stop to 10 EPISODES-25' EACH-COLOUR rival executives flying back and forth across the Atlantic NO COMMENTARY with open cheques. He was equally worried by reports that a programme A MUST FOR TELECASTING had been lured away from the BBC after independent television offered to pay the star artists six times the high salary they were already receiving. Viewing cassettes and comprehensive description avail• able on request. The BBC said yesterday that they had bought the rights to the film and that it had cost" a lot of money" . It could not confirm the actual figure but commented that PEGASO FILM CENTER the Americans were pushing up the fees for such films. MAURIZIO CASTELLANO The BBC considered the money well spent. "We are VIA DARDAN ELL! 15 - tel. 3581115 very happy to have this particular film because of its ROMA long-standing appeal to family audiences."

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 5 r TUBE TALK American programme distrilJlltors are continlling their assalllt on a II'orld lIIar• ket II'hich is trying to hccome less depen• dent on US./i/rc hy III/\'eiling a nell' range (d'programmes - some (!t'\I'hich \I'erc not c\'cn sllO\I'n at this ycar's ,1111', TV WORLD scnt a qllestionnairc to somc (it' thc Icading US distrihlltors and thc JiJ/• IOll'ing listing shollld gi\'e programmc hllycrs an indication ot' II'lwt thcy II'ill lil(cly hc secing this (//l1l1l11n, MC A-TV INTERNATIONAL, 445 Park WNET's Women In Art Lexington's Hee Haw Honeys Avenue. New York. NY 10022, CON• TACT: Alex Black, CURRENT PRO• DUCT: Capra (drama 22x Ihr). Sword of Justice (drama 22x Ihr). Centennial (drama 25hr), Wheels (drama 10hr), The Bastard (drama 4hr),

LEXINGTON BROADCAST SERVICES, SOOThird Avenue. New York NY 10022, CONTACT: Roger Lefkon, PRODUCT: Hee Haw Honeys (LE 24x '/2hr),

WGBH-TV. 125 Western Avenue. Bos• Gold Key's Once Upon Brothers ton. Massachusetts 02134, CONTACT: Worldvision's The Love Boat Grimm Charles Schuerhoff. PRODUCT: Chachaji (doe 60 min). Bogata. One Day (doe 90 min). Young. Black & British (doc 60 min). Nova (doc 35 x Ihr), In Search Of The Real America (doc 13x lhhr),

WNET-TV, 356 West 5Sth Street. New York. NY 10019, CONTACT: Anne Pomex-Addison, PRODUCT: Dance In America (arts 2x90 min. 2x Ihr), The Originals: Women In Art (doe i x Ihr. 2x 'hhr). Vietnam: Picking Up The Pieces (doc Ihr), WNET's Dance In America Marvin Goodman's Sammy & Com• pany Special TAFT H-B INTERNATIONAL, Essex House, 160 Central Park South. New York. NY 10019, CONTACT: Willard Block, PRODUCT: Scooby 000 (ani•

mation 16x 'hhr). Captain Caveman 1I (animation 12x lhhr), Godzilla (animation 13x 'hhr), The Secret of Three Hungry Wives (drama 2hr), The Beasts Are In The Streets (drama 2hr),

SANDY FRANK FILM SYNDICATION INC, 635 Madison Avenue. New York. NY 10022, CONTACT: Sandy Frank, MCA's The Bastard Worldvision's Little House On The PRODUCT: Battle Of The Planets (ani• Prairie mation S5x 'hhr),

MG FILMS INC., 141 E. 56th Street. New York. NY 10022, CONTACT: John Ranck, PRODUCT: Hot Fudge (child 30x 'hhr), Spirit Of '76 (doc 26x 'hhr). Spirit Of Independence (animation 20Sx4'h min),

JOHN PEARSON INTERNATIONAL, 9477 Brighton Way. Beverly Hills. California. 90210, CONTACT: John Pearson, PRODUCT: Alan - A Tribute Marvin Goodman's Doug Henning's Taft H-B's The Beasts Are In The Streets To Elvis (LE Ihr). Televisa Musical Spe- World Of Magic

6 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 cials (LE 4x Ihr), First 100 Years Of Breaking In Recorded Music (LE 2hr), Young At Heart (drama 5x Ihhr), Johnny Cash • The N!'\\' York Til11!'s hopes to break into Spring Fever (LE Ihr). series television next January. It has its sights set on prime-time access play for 13 BANDERA ENTERPRISES INe. P.O. half-hour documentaries called "Por• Box 1107 Studio City, California 91604. traits of Power: Those Who Shaped the CONTACT: Don Flagg. PRODUCT: Twentieth Century". Thrillmaker Sports (sports 30x Ihhr). Production is a joint venture of the newly formed NYT Productions and the MARVIN GOODMAN ASSOCIATES Toronto Star's Nielsen-Ferns documen,• INC. 40 East 62 Street, New York, NY tary arm. But for historical perspective, 10021. CONTACT: Marvin Goodman. Taft H-B's The Gathering the Til11l's has gone in-house. PRODUCT: The Natalie Cole Special The series editor is military cor• (LE 52 min), Ringo (LE 52 min), The respondent Drew Middleton, who will be Bette Midler Special (LE 52 min), Doug handling segments on Adolf Hitler, Henning's World of Magic (LE 2x52 Winston Churchill and Charles De min), The Sammy Davis Jr. And Com• Gaulle. Harrison Salisbury, fOl'mer Mos• pany Specials (LE 12x30 min). cow and correspondent as well as assistant managing editor •.is responsible GOLD KEY INTERNATIONAL, 855 for Joseph Stalin and Mao Tse- Tung. North Cahuenga Blvd., Hollywood, Turner Catledge, former Washington cor• California 90038 . CONTACT: Ben Barry. respondent and executive editor, will PRODUCT: Once Upon Brothers Grimm have Franklin Roosevelt. (LE 102 min), Pinocchio (LE 76 min), The Following an introductory first Wait Wagner (LE Ihr), In The Attic (LE episode, each leader will be profiled in WNET's Vietnam: Picking Up The two half hours. There will be a common Ihr), Dick Tracy Serials (child 52x 112)11'). Pieces Abbott & Costello (animation 156x51h narrator (yet unnamed) throughout, and min,' or 39x Ihhr). the series writers also will offer on• camera comment. JERRY DEXTER PROGRAM SYN• The distribution method for the series DICATION, 205 South Beverly Drive. has not yet been decided; taking charge Beverly Hills, California 90212. CON• there will be the TVS Network. TACT: JetTY Dexter. PRODUCT: The Although the series isn't planned for Beach Boys In Concert At The Hol• airing until January, NYT Productions in lywood Bowl (LE 90 min), Bachman• a smaller way recently made its TV debut Turner Overdrive (LE Ihr), The Captain with "Fifty Fabulous Years: Film-makers & Tennille (LE 19x Ihr), Superstar Pro• Salute Oscar", a 90-minute syndicated file (doe 13x Ihhr). special TVS sold to 15 stations, including the Metromedia Group, in advance of this MCA's Wheels WORLDVISION ENTERTAINMENT, year's Academy Awards ceremony. 660 Madison Avenue, New York, NY I0021. CONTACT: Colin Campbell. Network Fever PRODUCT: KAZ (drama Ihrxseries). The Next Step Beyond (drama America's National Broadcasting Com• Ihhrx series), Dallas (drama Ihrx series), pany (N BC) has caught "Saturday Night Project UFO (drama Ihrxseries), The Fever". John Travolta, star of the film Love Boat (LE Ihrxseries), Eight Is that's currently grossing over $600,000 in Enough (LE Ihrx series), Little House ticket sales every day, has signed with the On The Prairie (drama Ihrxseries), US network to appear on the premier edi• Holocaust (drama 91hhrs). tion of David Frost's new "Headliners" interview series. MICHAEL JAY SOLOMON FILM Travolta, in his first television inter• INTERNATIONAL INC., 405 Park John Pearson's Televisia Musical Spe• view this year, reveals how his love of cial Avenue. New York,. NY 10022. CON• flying led to the purchase of a vintage 1943 TACT: Michael Jay Solomon. PRO• DC-3 aircraft. The plane has occupied DUCT: Thrillmaker Sports (doe much of the 23-year old's time when his 30x Ihhr). Death Valley Days (drama television, film and recording schedules 117xlhhr). have not conflicted. "I didn't want a new fancy jet," ABC PICTURES INTERNATIONAL, Travolta told Frost, "' I wanted 1330 Avenue of the Americas, New York. romance !" NY 10019. CONTACT: Robert Frost will also be interviewing the Bee Dinsmore. PRODUCT: Young Joe The Gees, the three Australian musicians Forgotten Kennedy (drama 97 min), Tele• whose sound track recording from thon (drama 97 min), The Great Houdinis "Saturday Night Fever" is currently the (drama 97 min), The Kansas City Mas• largest selling record album in music pub• sacre (drama 98 min). Worldvision's Kaz lishing history.

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 7 8 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 UNITED STATES

Network news-more than

TELEVISIONStates is in the midstnews of in a remodellingthe United which may in the long run alter the form and presentation of network news for• a pretty face? ever. The focus of the change is at the Ameri• news operation. WaIter Cronkite, the weeks, followed by NBC and ABC. A can Broadcasting Company (ABC-TV), 62-year-old anchorman of the top-rated typical ratings week, for example, was the upstart network that over the past few "CBS Evening News", is really a national March 6 through March 10 of this year, years has been transformed from poor institution. when CBS got a 28 share, NBC a 26 and relation to the dominant force in the Network news is a dinnertime diver• ABC an 18 share. industry and the runaway leader in the sion since affiliate stations carry either One of the few times that ABC led in primetime ratings race. the 6.30 p.m. live feeds or the videotape the ratings was one week in 1976 when As part of ABC's drive to be number rebroadcasts at 7 p.m. The audience Barbara Waiters joined Harry Reasoner one, not just at night but in all time tends to be older, and this is reflected by to co-anchor "The ABC Evening News". periods, , the innovative the kinds of products that advertise dur• Miss Waiters was hired away from guiding force behind the network's ing the half-hour broadcasts: beauty aids, NBC at a reported $1 million a year to impressive sports coverage, was upped in denture creams, aspirin, hemorrhoid pre• become the first permanent female May, 1977, to president of ABC News parations, household appliances, cough anchorperson on the weeknight network while still retaining the presidency of drops. newscasts. The widely publicised move ABC Sports. For the past nine years CBS has come (with Miss Waiters being called the "mil• Since donning the two hats, he has in first place in the ratings during most lion dollar baby") didn't payoff in the started a drive to find new ways of pre• senting the network's nightly newscast, and in the process, grab viewers away from the other two networks' - the Col• umbia Broadcasting Company (CBS-TV) and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC-TV). Changing an audience's viewing habits, especially for a newscast, is a difficult process. Unlike the primetime enter• tainment audience that is fluid and can be enticed by new shows, the network news viewers seem to remain entrenched in their choices. They are not easily moved. Part ofthe reason may lie in the sense of trust and security that can be derived by having the same person present the news day after day. The selection of the anchorpeople is crucial in the network

Roone Arledge - President of ABC News and Sport

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 UNITED STATES

ratings. After her first week, A BC went that news is a losing financial proposition. back to the cellar of network news rat• Why is a programme that loses money ings. The audience sampled the prog• so important to the network? For one ramme but obviously weren't attracted thing news is one way the network main• by what they saw. tains its image as a trusted and respons• That's Since becoming president of ABC ible organisation. The prestige of a net• News, Arledge has been in a frenzy hiring work is greatly entwined with the news other talent from competing networks. operation. With the introduction this month of the Among those lured to the network were: Another and more important reason is American Broadcast Company's (ABC) Av Westin, a former news executive at the economic effect of network news on triple-anchored Evening News prog• ABC who was hired back; Sylvia Chase, a loca] newscasts. Once a money loser, ramme, network journalism finally takes correspondent from CBS News; Lynn local news operations have evolved into its first step over the threshold of show• Sherr, a correspondent on public te]e• major profit centres for individual sta• biz production complexity. vision; Sander Vanocur, a former cor• tions. Since the network news usually The new format by-passes New York respondent for NBC and most recently adjoins the ]ocal news, a low-rated net• as the traditional anchor desk for network the TV critic for the \Mashillgtoll Post; work newscast can affect a local news newscasts, relying instead on expen vis• Pierre Salinger, the press secretary to programme's ratings. ion mixing through the Atlantic satellite President John F. Kennedy and a roving And not to be forgotten is the fact that to link correspondents Peter Jennings in editor for the French news magazine networks can charge advertisers more if London, Max Robinson in Chicago and L' Express; and David W. Burke, who they have larger ratings. Frank Reyno]ds in Washington. was the secretary for Governor Hugh With this emphasis on increasing the Interestingly enough, Av Westin, Carey of New York. Executive Producer of ABe's Evening Until mid-March Arledge was trying to News, doesn't deny that some production woo Robert MacNei], the premier news• techniques for his newscast have been person for public television. The talks borrowed from the network's enter• broke off, MacNeil said, because of their tainment division. inability to agree over how much aut• "We are a picture medium," he said in onomy he would have as an anchor• London recently. "The cameraman's pic• person. tures and the correspondent's words • Each week the rumour mills keep together - convey the information. throwing off additional personalities "But suppose," explained Westin, Arledge is supposedly trying to grab for "you could add to that a technique that ABe. enables you to stop the action, so that Arledge, who has no background in when Princess Margaret comes out of the news, has already drawn criticism for hospital looking haggard, you freeze the what some say is his lack of good news frame. Now that's something that adver• judgement. Last September, for example, tising has been doing for years - you Richard S. Salant, president of CBS freeze the frame and point to the product. News, was disturbed by an evening The product in this case is Princess Mar• newscast on ABC that led with the death gal'et's demeanour, and not a can of cof- of E]vis Pres]ey on the same day that President Jimmy Carter announced his support of the proposed Canal Treaty. CBS used the latter story to open Richard S. Sa/ant• pointed to television as their pnmary its newscast. President of CBS News news source. The major professional issue facing "If all those people use us as a primary journalism today, he said, is to determine audience, network news has opened itself source of news, we're in trouble," Salant if the "primary responsibility of jour• to charges that it is becoming more" show observed with more than a bit of chagrin. nalistic organisations is to give people business" oriented. The problem facing the daily network what they want to know or what they .'Our primary responsibility is to select newscasts is their half-hour length (actu• ought to know." those stories people ought to know about ally 22 minutes plus 8 minutes of com• At a public forum a few months later, and not take a survey of what they want to mercials) - hardly enough time to cover Arledge replied to Salant saying that "it know. Our job is not to respond to public the major national and international smacks of elitism to say you're going to taste," Salant has said. stories, and certainly inadequate for in• give people what they need and what they But he added that "peop]e use ratings depth analysis. Television news is admit• ought to know". like it is a dirty word. Circulation is the ted]y just a headline service. Soon after Arledge took over ABC same thing. No news organisation can As Cronkite contends: "We fall far News, E]ton H. Rule, the president of the survive forever without some sort of cir• short of presenting all, or even a goodly American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., cu]ation. We're not a charitable institu• percent of the news each day that a citizen said that the division's budget was being tion. " would need to intelligently exercise his increased by 25 per cent. Les Crystal, the president of NBC franchise in this democracy. So, as he The dollars spent for network news News, put it this way: "I don't think you depends more and more on us, perhaps operations are close]y guarded secrets, have to be dull to have integrity." the depth of knowledge of the average but it is estimated that each network allo• The responsibility of network news is man actually diminishes." cates about $ ]00 million a year for an enormous. Polls conducted by the Roper And the prospects of an expanded entire news operation out of which $10 Organisation have shown that a majority evening newscast are dim, if non• million annually is earmarked for the of Americans get most of their news from existent. Local stations don't want the nightly news. All three networks claim television. Some 64 per cent in 1976 networks encroaching further into their

10 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 showbiz fee. But we have applied an advertising technique to enhance the conveyance of information. " And information. in thc final analysis. is what ABC wants to get across in this carefully orchestrated effort to pull the network out of its traditional last-place ratings slot in US news. Westin made it very clear to TV WORLD that ABC was investing a great deal of money and man• hours in a m,~jorerfort to shift the viewing habits of the American television audi• ence. "At ABe. the decision by corporate management to become competitors. to put the necessary manpower. equipment and money into the field on a regular and sustained basis, means that one of the competitors in the news-gathering and broadcasting business has become seri• ABe's overhauled Evening News for• limit ourselves to Europe and the Midd]e ous. That automatically changes the mat is clearly the first-born child of the East - let's move more towards Africa, competitive equation that existed before. new broadcast journalism technology. It because now we can do it. We can get Up to now, it was really a two network represents the first attempt by a US net• there, we can get the stories done, we can competition. plus the third group that work to build a newscast specifically get them on the air." occasionally rose to some very good around the whole gamut of ENG facilities "Our intellectua] curiosity can be satis• heights - that's ABC - but by and large - cameras, recorders, editing techniques fied to a far greater degree than ever was unable to sustain that effort. Now it is and satellite feeds. before," said Westin in talking about the in the field and is sustaining the effort. and "What we are trying to do now," said contribution ENG has made to broadcast that means that American television Westin in describing the new format, "is journalism, "because we can now go audiences will benefit. because they'll get to say everything. Let's not just limit places and see things and record those more information from another source ourselves to governmental action, for things with greater speed, and ease, and that was really not as credible as it should instance. Let's talk about lifesty]e. accuracy than at any time in the indus• have been before." because we can now do it. Let's not just try's past."

lucrative local programming either before to ABC in 1970. At CBS Reasoner will "It's still an experiment, but we think or after the network news. work on documentaries. it'll work," said Stan Opotowsky, direc• Within the limited time structure, how• As for Waiters, she commented that tor of television news coverage for ABC ever, change is taking place. Arledge has ''I'm glad to get away from the anchor News. begun to move away from the permanent desk," adding that' 'I fee] terrible sadness Other broadcasters echoed the com• anchorperson. about Harry. He quit emotionally the day ABC decided in Apri] to phase out the I was signed. I think he and I could have ments of Richard Wald, the former pres• ident of NBC News, who observed that New York studio as the centre of the made it. I hoped for a kind of continuity Evening News programme. and sub• between us." "the changes are merely cosmetic and stitute it with a triple anchor format with Exp]aining why she felt that their haven't really settled down yet to any Frank Reynolds in Washington, Peter anchor team did not work out, Miss Wai• pattern" . Jennings in London and Max Robinson in ters said: "Harr~', I am personally fond But Crysta] cautions that "anchors still Chicago. Barbara Wafters would be the of'. But, "he could never accept a serve very important functions". They top person in New York but would aban• partner. People got to the point they were give viewers someone to identify with, don her anchor duties and concentrate looking at Harry and I to see how we got give the newscast continuity and also instead on interviews and news features. along. When Arledge came to ABC, one function as editors, he said. His network According to the plan. ABC has become of the first things he had to do was allevi• is not going to downp]ay their role. the first network without an anchor• ate this feeling of 'do they talk or not talk person in New York. to each other'." Another feature of ABe's newscast is ABe's new nightly network news for• In the United States, the anchorpeople the use of a video "window" - a mat began on Ju]y 10th (see box). have often been moved out of the set into superimposed screen that is optically Reversing an early decision of his, the newsroom, where they do reporting positioned behind and to one side of the Arledge let Reasoner out of his A BC con• as well as anchoring. Waiters, for exam• anchorperson. It is used for slides, car• tract, allowing him to return to CBS, the pIe, often does a "Reporter's Notebook" toons and for introducing tape or film network he had been with prior to coming feature, videotaped in her office. reports.

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 11 UNITED STATES

Videotape and electronic news gather• minutes is given over to an investigate ernments and the business world to com• ing processes are rapidly changing the report. One recent "Segment 3" for bat terrorism. face of television news. Opotowsky said example, was presented on two nights The networks all say that they have that all of ABC's foreign bureaux are and was devoted to actions by gov- been strengthening their foreign oper• gradually converting to videotape. In the ations and expanding slowly the number United States the network uses lkegami of their overseas bureaux. This is hap• cameras while overseas they have pening despite what Crystal admits is a stocked RCA equipment. The reason for tendency on the part of the .. American RCA, he said, were better maintenance people to become much more inwards. and greater ease in obtaining spare parts. They are becoming quite narcissistic." All of the networks are using more of CBS since the end of the Vietnam War their precious news time for in-depth fea• has opened up bureaux in Nairobi, tures - longer stories that explain or Johannesburg and Buenos Aires. In addi• analyse a trend or an important news tion to these cities, the network now has development. This, of course, cuts down bureaux in London (which is their inter• on the total number of news items in one national production centre), Rome, Paris, programme since more time is spent Bonn, Moscow, Cairo, Tel Aviv, Beirut, developing one story. Hong Kong, Tokyo and Bangkok. NBC has a daily feature called "Seg• NBC's bureaux are in London, Berlin, ment 3", in which about five or six Paris, Athens, Rome, Beirut, Cairo, Tel Aviv, Johannesburg, Moscow, Hong Kong, TokyO', Bangkok, New Delhi and Buenos Aires. ABC's list reads: Tel Aviv, London, Paris, Beirut, Moscow, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Cairo, Johannesburg, Bonn and Rome. A bureau is usually manned by one network correspondent and a local film and video crew. The networks have strin• gers all over the globe. Richard Fischer, vice-president of FrankReynolds -A BC's national news operations for NBC News, noted that by "anchor" man in Washington. the end of the year, two-thirds of their

Peter Jennings - ABC's foreign news "anchor" man in London. Max Rdbinson - ABC's domestic news "anchor" man in Chicago.

12 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 The bottom line John Chancellor, co-anchorman of Some have a death wish. But a lot do it "NBC Nightly News" on the National because they have a sense of identity Broadcasting Company Television with, and responsibility to, their own Network, thinks "increasing numters organisations. That's an important part of journeymen journalists are begin• of why they stay up all night to beat the ning to worry that their organisations opposition, that's part of why they ask ,are paying more attention to the bottom to be taken'to where the fighting is. line than to the headline." "But if they don't have that sense of Addressing The Associated Press identity with the home office, they're Broadcasters in Cincinnati, Ohio, last not going to work that hard or take that month,"Chancellor, who was a reporter risk, and when that happens (and we've for The Chicago Sun-Times before he all seen it) something important goes became an NBC News correspondent, away. " said the gap seems to be widening bet• Chancellor said a network news ween "the toilers in the field of jour• executive recently was quoted as saying, nalism" and their employers. "1 don't think it's our responsibility to He said that "the old idea of a single sit and determine what people must see strong-minded owner or publishers, for their own good." accountable to the public, is an idea that "It is our function," Chancellor said, has seen its time pass in mass• "to tell people what they should know circulation journalism, and in sig• about the world and their community, nificant parts of broadcasting. about the conflicts and changes which "Corporate responsibility, respon• affect their lives, and if that isn't for sibility to the stockholders Of, the stock their own good, then what is journalism markets, too often shapes tq.e ethics of all about'? news management these days ... "The point is, that when this infor• "Recent revolts in newsrooms mation is presented properly, in all its' against the use of video terminals and fascinating diversity, with all its colour editorial computers may be based on and humour and drama and clashes of something more than fear of radiation personality, it is marvellous stuff - and damage from the video screen, or anger good for you, too. That's what the news at being asked to do familiar work in an is. unfamiliar way. These revolts may rep• "What it is not is gimmicks, on the resent a feeling that some of the fun has air or in print, which use up good been taken out of the game, and that money, time and space, instead of the journalists are becoming cogs in a cor• real news - because if you work hard porate machine. and with imagination to bring the peo• "I have never been sure why repor• ple honest news, they'll love it, and be ters run risks, covering riots or wars. better off." Some do it because they like adventure. foreign crews would be equipped with videotape cameras. "It's a little easier to work with film," he observed, but video has the advantage of speed and no processing. Satellites are the big revolution in for• eign news coverage. "Television's coverage. of foreign events used to be similar to old newsreels. If something happened on Monday you might not get it until Tuesday or Thursday and then it would be a feature story," Fischer said. "Today you can cover almost all of Europe and most of Africa the way you cover Detroit or Cleveland," he added. Or as Sid Feders, foreign editor of CBS News, put it: "Four or five years ago Egyptian President Anwar Sadat could have landed in Israel and no one would have seen it live." Television news is changing and bring• ing with it a different perception of the world. And the evolution continues. Harry Reasoner-back among friends Barbara Waiters - finding her place at JOHN ABRAMS in New York. JUDAH PASSOW in London at CBS. ABC.

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 13 UNITED STATES

Top 100 U.S. time buyers

The top 100 advertisers on U .S. Television Bristol-Myers, $133.4 million, up 11"/0; Gcn• ducts with expenditures of $1.095 billion, up spent $4.26 billibn dollars last year according eral Mills, $126.3 million, up 29%; General 9%. It was followed by toiletries and toilet to the Television Bureau of Advertising. Motors, $117.4 million, up 18%; Lever Bros." goods, $767.3 million; automotive, $554.3 mil• The top 100, which account for ~Imost 72 $104.3 million, up 7%, and Sears, Roebuck, lion; proprietary medicines, $423.4 million, percent of national TV advertising, increased $102.3 million, up 27"/0. and soaps, cleaners and polishes, $386.5 mil• their advertising budgets by about $450 million Ten firms increased their television invest• lion. over 1976. ments by 32"/0 or more, according to TVB. Joining the list of top 100 TV advel1isers for They were Anheuser-Busch Inc., up 81"/0 to Based on figures compiled by Broadcast the first time were Time Inc. with expcnditures $42.4 million; J. C. Penney Co., up 65% to of $19.6 million; Mego Intcrnational Corp., Advertisers Reports, the top 100 advertisers $34.5 million; Eastman Kodak Co., up 44% to $15.2 million; Amcrican Storcs Co., $14,6 mil• spent $2.76 billion on network advertising and $33.1 million; Quaker Oats Co., up 43"/0 to lion; Safeway Stores, $14.2 million, and Dial $1.5 billion on spot ads, which are ads placed outside the network on national markets $35.1 million; H. J. Heinz Co., up 43% to $43.2 Media Inc., $14.2 million. million; Revlon, up 42% to $30.6 million; In 1977, the 30 second commercial through local stations. Johnson & Johnson, up 41"/0 to $52.9 million; accounted for 83 pcrccnt of all television Procter & Gamble was on its customary Philip Morris Inc., up 38% to $42.7 million; advertising and the 60 second commerciai number-one perch with total TV investments Norton Simon Inc., up 33% to $42.2 million accounted for 14 percent. A 30 second spot on of $349.9 million, up 3%, followed by General and Chesebrough Pond's, up 32% to $34.7 mil• a top rated prime time show can sell for as Foods, $214.1 million, up 10%; American lion .. much as $90,000, which is why few advertisers Home Products, $143.7 million, up 10%; The leading category was food and food pro- sponsor entire programmes. *70.*88.*94.85.57.58.69.67.68.95.66.90.72.74.71.64.87.63.92.81.73.89.91.77.78.- Warner NoxellAmericanStandardKresgeAvonPolaroidCarnation TimeAlbertoA,ConsolidatedF.GoodyearUAlSmithklineExxonAmericanHanesDialPfizerCarterGulfBeatrice W. H. Media RobinsWoolworthProducts WallaceCommunicationsWestern Culver FoodsBrands Tire MotorsExpress Stores Foods IndustriesRubber 13,469,10015,728,90018,701,900Network28,423,90014,913,20049,200,30027,350,70026,286,20020,476,20024,535,80026,101,60013,689,30026,176,40013,086,600108,428,70053.Campbell48,538,90020,087,50033,900,10034,206,40030,444,50012,235,600143,312,80016,487,70028,926,20034,450,400114,425,60020,689,60024,118,60021,732,80013,575,20016,361,90013,053,90018,249,70017,269,50018,386,30016,361,90028,970,70029,790,20031,901,6007,998,1004,760,100$114,624,60037,770,60011,758,80027,249,90027,263,40018,094,8007,270,40029,652,40032,302,9007,437,00028,330,200211153,80063,024,60032,165,40020,158,60062,098,30021,784,00020,498,70051,154,70060,Squibb68,418,30056,Beecham80,226,90021,530,60035,684,70018,225,00017,122,70040,615,00014,997,00039,881,30028,963,10015,549,20018,940,50014,648,30015,125,9005,240,30011,529,30050,136,400$1,498,975,500$2,763,743,10013,228,40028,636,500$235,251,30011,898,30046,659,20021,484,30011,017,10012,463,50018,093,50097.Firestone18,129,30015,912,70031,978,90014,176,10013,527,10014,179,80013,047,10012,789,90015,662,90012,836,50016,543,50011,641,00024,248,80012,902,3002,280,60010,376,20012,520,30011,942,00011,946,10012,080,30027,834,70010,237,10013,725,10016,487,70014,954,40017,033,10018,057,80016,919,6009O,6~9,50034,799,00013,294,80012,129,60028,033,60066,085,40058,334,90037,353,6003,821,20017,221,40012,466,40011,414,50016,142,100Spot35,248,2003,698,30013,042,0002,657,10010,905,60026,713,4001,390,4003,820,20015,768,8005,313,9007,202,4008,677,9004,652,7006,061,6007,368,1006,930,2002,891,70017,931,0009,363,2002,136,7004,078,8001,811,0004;391,9006,618,9003,591,20010,231,3002,733,2004,348,7007,844,7009,972,8003,633,2006,196,4007,271,0006,472,1005,426,5008,366,0005,040,20071,758,4005,098,20014,245,0007,045,7001,171,0005,262,9007,996,5005,120,1008,850,1006,226,30018,940,8007,334,9006,840,70035,926,40022,072,0003,989,5001,068,200*93.Safeway1,157,8009,588,5004,686,2003,435,4007,366,400450,500492,500613,900527,300 TV100.*84.59. TV96.98.80.76.62.99.86.61.55.82.75.79.65,-52.54.51,$4,262,718,600 ToyotaUnionKimberlyTriangleRCA MiltonScottIdealGreyhoundNorthShellBlockAmericanE.Federated Megocpt; Volkswagenwerk Morton-Norwich&TotalCompany$349,875,900&J.215,071,200133,366,400104,344,700102,298,900143,676,900117,412,900 ToyOilInternationa PaperAmerican95,688,500 DrugCarbide International MotorBradley57,933,80057,878,20034,489,70061,691,80021,014,60061,665,70032,377,80034,718,80066,407,10032,501,40058,557,50030,557,00032,795,30030,091,10034,042,00033,047,10029,380,00075,104,90029,687,80082,256,90035,090,90085,953,70084,119,00057,215,30057,737,70020,227,10054,878,30020,777,60020,366,20022,612,90028,614,60040,297,00052,887,60027,932,20040,096,50045,358,20033,077,70044,181,20028,452,80033,544,00042,172,70035,889,80049,484,00034,189,10042,446,90042,679,10035,169,60027,838,20042,402,50024,110,20027,556,60042,282,70025,375,80027,544,00025,752,70019,589,00021,880,60013,919,60020,822,70014,123,30013,720,90019,229,20017,919,00015,588,30013,822,50016,342,80014,244,40019,525,00017,662,10014,451,40019,343,20017,658,70014,482,70023,888,10015,076,40017,450,10014,954,40016,919,60025,424,40014,928,30014,942,00016,740,30013,562,700 Gallo StoresTV19,615,40014,179,80014,176,10015,182,90025,544,0014,648,30013,406,200 Publications Clark TireGroup CyanamidDept. Soup DistributorsWinery& StoresPhilipsRubber Products Total 37.31.39.44.45. ChesebroughH.Schering-PloughNortonMattel49.36.46.40.42.41. J.48.17.47.50.21.16.14.13.11.15.12.10.3. Borden6.7.9.2.4.8. Heinz QuakerMilesMarsClorox Eastman S.GilletteAmericanNissanNestleRevlonRalstonPepsiCoNabiscoWarner-lambertGeneralColgate-PalmoliveleverMcDonald'sSimon ChryslerBristol-MyersSearsFord C. JohnsonMotorlaboratories BrothersPonds RoebuckOats Motor KodakPurina Motors Foods Home& U.S.A. ProductsSon , 1. Procter & Gamble 38.27.35.20.22.3233.26.34.29.30.23.43.25.24.28.19.18. J.KelloggPhilipMobil PillsburyInternational Jos.EsmarkAnheuser-BuschJohnsonSterlingAmericanWilliamGeneralKraltcoRichardsonHeublein Coca-Cola C. Penney Schlitz MorrisOil WrigleyElectricDrug& TelephoneJohnson Merrell Brewing Telephone Jr. Company *New to the Top 100 in 1977

14 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 Around the

Programme Network Rating Share 1. USO Tribute to Bob Hope NBC 27.1 47 2. Three's Company ABC 26.4 46 3. Quincy M.E. NBC 24.5 46 4. Barbara Waiters Special ABC 23.7 40 world 5. Carter Country ABC 22.8 38 6. Rockford Files NBC 22.1 44 7. Big Event NBC 22.0 39 8. Laverne & Shirley ABC 21.2 40 9. Project U.F.O. NBC 19.3 39 10. Incredible Hulk CBS 19.3 39 11. CBS Wednesday Night Movie CBS 18.9 33 12. NBC Saturday Night Movie NBC 18.8 38 13. Happy Days ABC 18.6 38 14. StarSky & Hutch ABC 17.9 32 15. Barnaby Jones CBS 17.6 33 16. Country Night Stars NBC 17.3 29 17. All In The Family CBS 17.2 31 18. Hawaii Five-O CBS 16.8 32 19. M*A*S*H CBS 16.1 26 20. Lou Grant CBS 15.4 25 21. Tony Awards CBS 15.0 27 22. Operation Petticoat ABC 14.5 30 23. On Our Own CBS 14.2 28 24. ABC Theatre ABC 14.1 26 25. Barney Miller ABC 14.0 27 26. Fish ABC 13.9 25 27. Rhoda CBS 13.8 29 28. Eight Is Enough ABC 13.7 27 29. CBS 13.6 33 30. Chips NBC 13.6 29 The owl is the symbol of MTV, the only indepen• 31. Bionic Woman NBC 13.4 31 32. Welcome Back Kotter ABC 13.4 30 dent TV company in Scandinavia, operating a 33. Boy Named Charlie Brown CBS 13.3 25 nationwide service in Finland since 1957.lt is round 34. Class of 65 NBC 13.0 24 as the globe and so the owl is continuously looking 35. Baretta ABC 12.9 24 for new horizons. So far it has been seen in more 36. Wonder Woman CBS 12.8 29 37. Dean Martin Roast NBC 12.7 27 than 50 countries - including North America and 38. David Frost NBC 12.3 22 the Far East. 39. James At 16 NBC 12.1 23 40. Roll Thunder ABC 11.9 27 To make sure that the owl will fly in your area, 41. Wonderful World of Disney NBC 11.7 29 too, ask us for nature and wildlife films, documenta• 42. Bob Newhart CBS 11.6 28 ries like the prize-winning "U.S. Media" or "Women 43. Waltons CBS 11.5 25 in the Soviet Union". 44. National Basketball Champ'nship CBS 11.5 20 45. Baby I'm Back CBS 10.4 24 46. America Salutes Roy Rodgers CBS 10.4 21 47. Monday Night Baseball ABC 10.4 18 48. CPO Sharkey NBC 10.1 24 49. Grizzly Adams NBC 10.1 20 50. Chico & The Man NBC 9.3 20 A rating is a percentage of the 'TV Universe'. It tells what per cent of the total number of homes having television in the United States were tuned to a particular programme. A share is the percentage of TV homes actu• ally using television at a certain period that were tuned to aprogramme. A share is alway higher than a rating. For example 'USO Tribute to Bob Hope' had a 27. 1 rating. This means that 27. 1 per cent of the estimated 71.2 million television homes in the United States were tuned to 'USO Tribute to Bob Hope'. The.show's share was a 47. This means that out of @ the 71.2 million homes that actually had TV sets turned on during the M1V 'USO Tribute to Bob Hope' time period, some 47 per cent were watching the programme. A network show with a share of less than 30 is con• OY MAINOS-TV-REKLAM AB sidered by programmers to be of minimal success and is not competing adequately. Foreign Relations Department Pasilankatu 44, SF-00240 Helsinki 24, Finland SOURCE: Nielson National Ratings, June 4, 1978. Tel. (90)-413300, cables COMTELE, telex 12-1544

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 15 THE WORLD

Exchanging news worldwide

Eurovision News Exchanges became vices joined a second trial in 1959. FORsion"most means television the viewers,"Eurovision "Eurovi• Song operational. In the past. of course, In May 1961, the regular Eurovision Contest", m

Brief timetable of a normal Eurovision News co-ordination

08.30-10.30 The Eurovision Coordinator reads through the 11.00• Editorial conference over the leased sound net• offer and request telexes from member services, 11.30/45 work, attended by editorial staff of the countries the EBU New York Bureau, and the newsfilm participating in the exchanges, chaired by the agencies. News Coordinator. The day's events and their Discussion by telephone or the Permanent Cir• possibility of coverage are discussed, timings of cuits with the Duty News Coordinator at his availability fixed, interest of individual services home organisation, as to which items he wishes to established. select for the 12.00 Exchange (ENV-O). Eurovision Coordinator informs services of mat• The EBU Technical Centre in Brussels prepares erial avai]able. News Coordinator makes final the running order of the different origins chosen selection for EVN-l. and orders subsequently the necessary circuits, 11.45-14.00 The Eurovision Coordinator in Geneva circulates including- where necessary - circuits via satel• to all services concerned a rundown of the items lite and a corresponding earth station in Europe. which will be transmitted in EVN-I, 17.00 CET. A telex showing the items to be transmitted in E VN-O is distributed to all regular participants in 11.50-12.00 On cue by Geneva, services originating a news the exchange. The following details are given item in EVN-O read their dope sheets and shot with each item: lists over the sound network for recording by the ( I) Contents of item receiving organisations. (2) Place and date shot 12.00-12.15 EVN-O vision transmission: depending on the (3) Whether colour or mono actuality of the day. some 4 to 8 news items of an (4) Whether silent or with sound (natural or average duration of 2-3 minutes from different commentary). countries are injected into the Eurovision Net• 10.30 Deadline for organisations to opt out from EVN-O work, for simultaneous recording by all the par• at 12.00 CET that day. EBU Brussels issues the ticipants in EVN-O. The switching is handled by synopsis for contribution and distribution cir• the Technical Centre in Brussels. The same feed cuits. reaches the Eastern European countries (Inter• 10.30-11.00 The Eurovision Coordinator sends the running vision) by landlines and the Arab (ASBU) and Asian (ABU) countries via satellite. order telex to all participants. During the vision transmission. latest infor• Preparation for the morning editorial conference; mation is exchanged between participants over checking of offers available for EVN-I - same the sound conference network. sources as for EVN-O but also including those from Intervision. 12.15-14.00 Geneva circulates a telex showing the content of

16 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 in January 1968at 18.55 CET, followed in exchanges: with the individual TV services, the March 1974 by a third regular exchange The News Coordinator, appointed News Coordinator, the Technical (EVN-O) at 12.00 CET. This exchange by member services and working on Centre of the EBU in Brussels and also introduced the "choice after vie• a 10 day rota basis at his home the EBU Coordination Bureau in wing" system, whereby a package of organisation, responsible for aIJ New York. items preselected by the acting News journalistic decisions. EBU Brussels: To plan the estab• Coordinator - a senior journalist EBU Geneva: The Eurovision lishment of circuits in the most appointed by member services in turn • Coordinator, responsible for liaison economical way for aIJ recipients reaches all organisations participating in EVN-O. They are then able to choose the material they wish to take by viewing it rather than having to make their decision on the basis of a verbal or written descrip• tion only. In addition, ad hoc "flash" transmissions, bulletin extracts from member services, summaries, actuality programmes of longer duration are being exchanged at very short notice to keep the continental/world-wide audience up to date on hot news events. The main principle of the exchanges is the complete freedom of every par• ticipant to offer news items and to express interest in receiving them. The extent to which recipients use the material is not the concern of the EBU which acts only as a coordination centre b'etween and for its Members. The newsroom at the EBU headquarters in Geneva - the central point for a/I Several elements contribute to the news offers and requests.

day at the EBlI headquarters in Geneva each news item scheduled for transmission in origins and participants in EVN-2 indicating the EVN-I (17.00 CET) and possibly EVN-2 (18.55 final running order. CET). 16.30-17 .00 Pre-EVN-l editorial conference: 14.00 List of selected EVN-I items given to EBU Services confirm their items and read out dope Technical Centre in Brussels which prepares sheets and shot lists on cue from Eurovision running order. Coordinator. 14.00-14.20 The Eurovision Coordinator and the News Coor• News Coordinator discusses any late items avail• dinator participate in the conference with the able for EVN-I, EVN-2 or possible later flash South American Associate Members (OTI/SIN transmissions, plus the outlook for the folJowing (Servicio Iberoamericano de noticias». Coor• day's EVNs. dination is made through RTVE Madrid. 17.00-17.30 EVN-I vision transmission to aIJ participants, Items from EVN-O and EVN-I are offered to the approx. including Intervision, ASBU and ABU. OTI Members and OTI Members offer items to 17 .35-17.45 EBU Members. Post transmission conference: News Coordinator discusses the latest news situ• Accepted items are transmitted via satellite later in the day. ation for the evening. 18.35 RTVE - Madrid records items from the SIN 14.30 Deadline for opting out of EVN-I (17.00 CET). exchange. EBU Technical Centre books necessary vision circuits (contribution and distribution) for 18.45 Pre-EVN-2 conference: EVN -I. Services confirm their items and read dope sheets 14.30-15.00 and shot lists on cue from the Eurovision Coor• A telex showing the final running order of EVN-I dinator. items is sent to aIJ participants. 18.55-19.10 EVN-2 vision transmission. 15.45 Deadline for replies to EVN-2 (18.55 CET) offers. (approx.) 16.00 ORF - Vienna records items required by EBU 19.10 RTVE - Madrid transmits Eurovision items to from Intervision for later injection in EVN -I. the SIN Members. 16.00-16.30 Origins and participation in EVN-2 given to EBU 20.30 Normal endtime of the News Coordinator and Technical Centre. Eurovision Coordinator duty period. Contribution and distribution circuits booked for NB: The News Coordinator and Eurovision EVN-2. Coordinator remain on duty after 20.30 if there Eurovision Coordinator sends a telex to aIJ are any further transmissions.

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 17 THE WORLD

concerned, in collaboration with with Intervision (EBU's counterpart for was the first step in extending exchanges national PTT administrations, and the Eastern European countries/OIRT) via land lines to other areas (I965); the to arrange for the necessary switch• next step was to establish a permanent ing during the transmissions. EBU coordination office in New York EBU Co-ordination Bureau in New (1970) to cope with the important flow of York: To liaise with the US net• news between Europe, and North works, newsfilm agencies and America. In 1971, an agreement was Members' correspondents based in reached between EBU and OTI/SIN the USA and to arrange for satellite (Organisation de la Television transmissions, multilaterally or Iberoamericana/Servicio Iberoamericano unilaterally, requested by EBU de noticias) for the exchange of news Members. between Latin America and Europe. Last, but by no means least: The Finally, in February 1977, the Satellite• services participating in the editor• EVN was born, linking simultaneously ial conferences and exchanges as the Arab countries (ASBU (Arab States such, including the news-film agen• Broadcasting Union) and ABU (Asia• cies, who provide about 50 per cent Pacific Broadcasting Union) ) to the daily of the items exchanged. EVNs by regular transmissions via the Today, the daily Eurovision News Atlantic and Indian Ocean satellites. Exchanges make use of an impressive At the moment, an average of 18 news network of circuits necessary to feed items per day reach 27 Eurovision ser• material to and receive it from par• vices, plus the American networks and ticipants: some 16,300kms (10,187 miles) the other regional unions such as OIRT, of permanently rented land lines and sev• on, ASBU, and ABU. Negotiations are eral thousands ofkms leased on an ad hoc Technicians at the Visnews studios in in process to include URTNA (Union of basis. In addition, there is the permanent London record a feed of President National Radio and Television Organ• link to most parts of the world via com• Jimmy Carter's news conference from isations of Africa) in the circle of world• munications satellites. Collaboration the EVN-O transmission. wide exchanges initiated by the EBU.

the news co-ordinator for transmission. Statistics of co-operation These disparate statistics are evident when one closely examines Chart B. The THESEall picturecharts of the attempt importance to give of an world over- exchange,of the agencies a broadcast on organisation the EBU news must first thing to note here is that North events as perceived by the Eurovision first be a client of that news agency. Most America no longer constitutes the major Duty News Co-ordinators, the people countries, however, are clients of all pole of attraction for Europe. With 10.76 who decide which items are received in three agencies. Visnews has 194 sub- per cent of the items exchanged, it has news rooms of broadcast organisations scriber stations in 95 countries, UPITN been overtaken by the (13,10 around the world who pick up the twice has 120 clients in 70 countries and CBS per cent) and, perhaps more surprisingly, daily feed. The charts also detail the feeds News has 1254 clients of which only 90 by Africa (11.02 per cent). But one par• these organisations and the newsfilm are outside the U.S. ticular figure that stands out from all agencies make to news exchange. Like any news agency, the subscription others is that only 8.17 per cent of the The three newsfilm agencies taken price varies with each client and is based items cover the whole of Latin America together (Chart A), accounted for 48.36 on a number of criteria. In the case of the and Asia combined, despite the efforts of per cent of the news transmitted by the film agencies, the price of the service is the newsfilm agencies, exchange. The origination figures of news based on the country's population, set The newsfilm agencies claim that this feeds by the various broadcast organ- count, the number of broadcasting organ- astonishingly low figure is due more to a isations in Chart C also include agency isations within the country and the organ- lack of requests by the news exchange items transmitted from that country. isations' ability to pay. co-ordinators than to a lack of footage Of the total news footage supplied to News services offer their clients far available, the exchange by the agencies, Visnews more than what's seen on the news Visnews contends that in the first four accounts for just over49 per cent, UPITN exchange. Visnews, for example, nor- months of this year, they offered the slightly more than 33 per cent and CBS- mallyoffers IS stories a day to its clients exchange 64 films from Latin America News just under 18 per cent. and only 12 to the news exchange, of and the Caribbean, of which only 18were In order to use footage offered by any which only about three are accepted by accepted. Their Editor-in-Chief, Robert Kearsley, contends that a ratio of one Chart A Distribution of news feeds by source of information item accepted for every four offered has existed with news from these parts of the EVN-O EVN-1 TOTAL Feeds Per cent Feeds Per cent Feeds Per cent world for the last few years, "Most news editors," says Kearsley, Member4.65523.3013.4016.151.11130.8021.192.1681.82454.301.4617.9026.543888.352174.656.462365.0715645075271223.8646.571001003.359 Services 1.29630223233439919 , Source: European Broadcasting Union 1978 "operate a rule of thumb law by which Period: November 1. 1976-0ctober 31,1977 TOTALSVisnewsCBS-NewsUnionsUPITN 18 one man knocked down by a bus a mile away equates to five people shot two thousand miles away, which equates to 5,000 people killed in a typhoon 10,000 miles away. News that happens closer to home generally tends to have a greater impact. " Kearsley also points to the develop- TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 ment of ENG in Europe, which has allowed broadcast organisations to offer Chart B Subject and Geographical breakdown of news feeds more stories more quickly to the Political Economic• General Sports TOTALS exchange than ever before, and is one of Social news the reasons why the amount of agency Feeds Per Feeds Per Feeds Per Feeds Per Feeds Per items used by the exchange has been cent cent cent cent cent decreasing the past few years. Europe 1240 46.84 215 8.13 367 13.87 825 31.16 2647 56.86 Chart B also indicates, as could be of EVN-O+ expected, that political news forms the EVN-1 largest category with 61.38 per cent, but is North America 233 46.5 39 7.78 155 30.94 74 14.78 501 10.76 surprisingly followed by sports '20.15 per of EVN-O+ cent) which come far ahead of general EVN-1 Latin America news (12.25 per cent), the category usu• 64 70.32 5 5.50 7 7.70 15 16.48 91 1.95 ally associated with "sensational" of EVN-O+ stories. EVN-1 Middle East 585 95.90 13 2.14 1 1.80 1 0.16 610 13.10 Not surprisingly, the exchange reflects of EVN-O+ the failure to examine the Third World's EVN-1 most serious problems, namely its Africa 492 95.35 5 0.97 8 1.55 11 2.13 516 11.02 economic development. of EVN-O+ The five leading originators of stories EVN-1 for the Eurovision news exchange in 1977 Asia 243 83.79 13 4.48 22 7.59 12 4.14 290 6.22 were the United Kingdom, whose BBC• of EVN-O+ Visnews fed 1355 items, and UP-ITN EVN-1 TOTALS with 692 items, followed by RAIIItaly 2857 61.38 290 6.22 570 12.25 938 20.15 4655 with 502 items, the three French net• of EVN-O+ of EVN-o+ of EVN-O+ of EVN-O+ EVN-1 EVN-1 EVN-1 EVN-1 works with 446 items and the German Period: November 1, 1976-0ctober 31,1977 ZDF network with 226 items. The figures Source: European Broadcasting Union 1978 for the latter three also include a fair proportion of agency film which was valent to the EBU) picked up a total Yugoslavia with 4,196. transmitted from those countries because 22,414 items (average of 3,202 per cent), It should be noted, that the figures in of their geographical location. followed by the Latin American coun tries Chart C only show the number of items The most avid takers of the daily feedaf which picked up 4,481 items, the Arab which were received by the broadcast foreign news were the Eastern Euro• States Broadcasting Union which organisations, which cannot be taken as peans, whose seven nation Intervision (or received its 4,434 items via Iranian Tele• an accurate reflection of what was later OIRT, which is the Communist equi- vision, Jordan which took 4,359 items and shown to their viewers. CBSNBCUSPTOTALMoroccoFinlandUnitedJordanSwedenDenmarkGreeceIcelandlandsAustria3296TunisiaIrelandIsraelOr.*Rec.slavialandFrance NetworkUnionAsian PoolNether- Broad· United Switzer- *** 1.7058922.4141523133194314073.3434.3434.481KingdomAlgeria50217135562207NorwaySRGGermanyRTANOSNRK32312957Turkev30962783--20TRTTVEYLEZDFTOTAL1154293134423167129243593544318023124196390135773339332942543164273142133207292987.307ITNJRTJTVLJBKingdom161831111113872RTERTlRTMRTPRTTRUVSRTDFPortugal1474Yugo-IBARAIBBCBRTDRERTORFBelgium126925SpainLibVa5321216213844640297242264.681burg-5587ItalV3Rec.Rec. Rec.Or.*11Or.*18Or.86235372712 *156267 2417.4.VISIONOr.*ArabBroadcasting ASBU****LATIN5.INTER-6.ABU**** States West 3. JAPAN casting Union(via NIRT) GRANDOrigins: TOTAL 5,410 TABLES 1-'11 West ABC BelgiumUnited States Luxem- Germany CHART C ** RTB AMERICA ARD Rec.8,Rec.Rec.Or.* MISCELLANEOUSOr.* Or.* Rec. ORIGINATION1. ACTIVE MEMBERS AND RECEPTION OF NEWS FEEDS BY EBU MEMBERS** 2. NORTH AMERICA Receptions:Or.* 123.596

*Including news agency material * *Separate figures are given for each of the Belgian TV Services, but as certain items were used by both, the total for BRTIRTB as one EBU member organisation is lower than the simple addition of the two figures shown above. ***TDF figures include all items originated and received by any of the three French national TV companies: TFt AlF and FR3. ****ASBU+ABU: the number of receptions by individual ASBU or ABU members is not known to the EBU. Period: January 1, 1977-December 31,1977

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 19 PROGRAMMES ON OFFER. PROGRAMMES ON OFFER. PROGRAMMES ON OFFER. PROGRAMMES ON OFFER .' A NEW SERVICE FOR TV WORLD READERS---- =-=---=-=. ...=-:=-- -.;;::=-==-~--- -=-=-- =-=..==-===------. ------...••..------~----~===- ======- • ~ ~~-=--==~ ~~ ~ -== -= -=- ': -= -= =~:.-=- -=- -= - Each issue PROMART, the pink market place pages, will list productions on otTer. "Classics Dark and Dangerous" - 6 x 26 This will take the form of paid listings, maximum SO words for each programme. There minutes - Colour - Science fiction, is no limit to the number of listings and sub-headings. suspense, horrors, the supernatural, crime detection and psychological The main categories will be: children's programmes, documentaries, drama, educa• drama are all genres of mystery rep• tion, light entertainment, and sports. Other headings may be included on request. resented in this series of six half hour episodes. All are adapted from stories "A Place of Compromise" - 22 minutes by well-known writers and feature the - Colour - Dietar Fill's film is a gen• talents of leading actors and actresses eral introduction for young people to the such as Kenneth More, Christopher "Mixed Blessings" - 6x30 minutes • Australian seashore and the pro• Plummer, Glynis Johns and John Hurt. Colour - Sparkling situation comedy liferation of creatures along it. FILM Produced by Harlech Television and series, dealing with the subject of mixed AUSTRALIA, ETON ROAD, LINDFIELD, distributed by RICHARD PRICE TELE• marriage. He's white, she's black. With NSW 2070, AUSTRALIA. VISION ASSOCIATES LTD., 4, ALBEMARLE Christopher Blake (Richardson in STREET, LONDON WI in Europe. "'Love for Lydia") and Muriel Odun•

ton. Produced by London Weekend ------=:------=== =----~=-= Television and distributed by RICHARD - -=------"The Professionals" - 26x52 minutes PRICE TELEVISION ASSOCIATES LTD .• 4, ------~= ===-===--:;------===~ - ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON Wl. - Colour - Fast-moving film series about a special commando squad, which "Sea Horses" - 15 minutes - Colour• combines spectacular action with If you were to arrive at Lay town at sun• "The Doombolt Chase" - 6 x 25 minutes humour and humanity. Stars GOI'don rise there would be little evidence of a - Colour - An enthralling family Jackson (Hudson in "' Upstairs Down• race meeting about to take place. drama series which tells how three stairs"), with Martin Shaw and Lewis Gradually it is all assembled, from tents teenagers become involved in a deadly Collins as his dedicated young assis• and fairground stalls to the ring of plot to hold the world to ransom using a tants. Produced by London Weekend bookie stands. Finally, when the tide secret naval weapon known as the Television and distributed by RICHARD has gone out, the course itself can be DOOMBOLT. The story is full of PRICE TELEVISION ASSOCIATES LTD .. 4, laid out. (Won 1st prize at Cork Film dramatic action including a spectacular ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON Wl. Festival). DANDELION FILMS, 118 TOT• boat chase and a dramatic commando TENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, WIP raid. Produced by HTV (Bristol) and 9HL. distributed by RICHARD PRICE TELE• "The Confessions of Ronald Biggs" -75 VISION ASSOCIATES LTD., 4, ALBER• minutes - Colour - Safely living in MARLE STREET, LONDON WI in territories "The Children of Revolution - Brazil this film gives an absorbing outside Europe and Scandinavia. insight into the life of Ronald Biggs, the Today" - 52 minutes - Colour • Shows how the revolution has come to best known of all the Great Train Rob• "Around the World with Bolek and bers. Filmed in Rio, Paris, London and affect daily life in Cuba. The country's Lolek" - 104 minutes - Colour - Is an Melbourne, Biggs emerges as an intel• schools, economy, international trade industry are examined. In a cultural animated film depicting two mis• ligent, though ill-educated criminal, contrast the film shows ballerina Alicia chievous young boys as they race whose reputation succeeds him where• around the globe, in pursuit of their ver he goes. Includes comment from Alonso, rehearsing the Tropicana Night Club Ballet. Interviews with a rancher prize, which turns out to be an award Biggs' ex-wife, and from Colin McK• enzie, the first journalist to get to Biggs. manager, artists, students, and two donated by an eccentric English mil• lionaire. FILM POLSKI MAZOWIECKA GRUNDY ORGANISATION, 448 PACIFIC youths who fought in Angola. FINNISH 6I8,WARSAW. HIGHWAY. ART MARMON. SYDNEY 2064. TV, TV CENTRE, HELSINKI 24.

"A Dog of Flanders" 52 x 26 minutes• "Rudolf Hess" - 45 minutes - Colour Colour - Is an animated cartoon series "My Mouth and Feet are my Hands" • - In a prison of 600 cells, only one about a dog and two children. Nero, an 45 minutes - Cohmr - Shows how remains occupied - that of Rudolf orphan boy, lives with grandfather in a those without hands or arms have man• Hess. The film includes eye-witness Flanders village. His only friend is aged to cope with life through substitute accounts of those who have seen Hess Aroa, whose rich parents oppose their functions. Painters and other artists in Spandau prison, including his sister, . friendship. Nero wants to be a painter have formed themselves into a co• wife and son. Also featured are those and on arriving in Antwerp befriends a operative organisation, saving their who worked with Hess, or encountered stray -dog called Patrash. Aroa and the livelihood and avoiding dependence on him at the Nuremberg trials, over dog to feature strongly in Nero's life others. Simultaneously painting has thirty-six years ago before his im• until his death in -Antwerp cathedral. also had a therapeutic effect on many of prisonment. TELEPOOL, SONNENSTR. 21, BETA FILM GMBH & CO. KARDINAL them. SWISS GERMAN TV. FERNSEHSTR. 8 MUNICH 15. FAULHABERSTR. 15. D-8000 MUNICH 2. 1-4.8052 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.

20 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 PROGRAMMES ON OFFER. PROGRAMMES ON OFFER. PROGRAMMES ON OFFER. PROGRAMMES ON OFFER

"Of Time and Tides" - 27 minutes • "The Pink Grapefruit" - 27 minutes • "Alaska Oil: American's Pipe Dream?" Colour - This film shows how people's Colour - Shows Salvador Dali at his - 30 minutes- Colour - Due to delays lives have been affected since the home in Northern Spain. The film por• in pipeline construction to the Midwest, drought in Africa. The problems faced trays the environment created around there is a likelihood of Alaskan oil sur• by the Nubians, displaced by the Aswan Dali, who is seen showing guests around plusses in the West, while the East faces Dam, the plight of the Somali nomads; his museum, and at the celebrations to a shortage of supplies. With the help of and how projects have been mark his first anniversary of its opening. animation and interviews the problem is implemented to help resettle these peo• PHOENIX FILMS INC., 470 PARK AVE. examined. KPBS TV, SAN DIEGO STATE ple. UNITED NATIONS TV, UNITED SOUTH, NEW YORK, USA. UNIVERSITY, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA NATIONS, NEW YORK, N 10017. 92182. "Anniversary Concert" - 60 minutes• "Radiation: In Sickness and in Health" Colour - Before an international audi• "The New Explorers" - 60 minutes • - 30 minutes - Colour - Examines the ence in an open air theatre, musicians Colour - A new series in which a sci• constructive applications of radiation, entertain 10,000people to mark the 30th entist is set in a desolate area with a and looks at the current developments anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel. Artists at the concert in specific study to pursue, and left there in the use of radiation for diagnostic alone for six months. In the first prog• purposes. Also examines the affect of Jerusalem include Isaac Stern, the vio• ramme, Dr. Ted Walker is left by an radioactivity on living organisms. linist, cellist Rostropovich, pianist Alaskan lake to study the return of the Daniel Barenboim; with Zubin Mehta Shows patients under-going radiation salmon, and their place in the ecology of treatment. CBC, 354 JAR VIS STREET, conducting the Israel Philharmonic the area. ALAN LANDSBURG PRO• TORONTO, CANADA. Orchestra. ISRAEL TELEVISION, ISRAEL DUCTIONS, 110 NORTH DOHONY DRIVE, BROADCASTING AUTHORITY, P.O. BOX BEVERL Y HILLS, CALIFORNIA 90211, USA. "Tankerbomb" - 60 minutes - Colour 7139, JERUSALEM. - David Suzuki warns that moving oil by'tanker is a technology out of control. "The American Army. A Shocking State With millions of gallons of oil being of Readiness" - 60 minutes - Colour• spilled into the ocean, the film examines This documentary asks whether the the ability of governments to clean up oil "Go For It" - 90 minutes - Colour • army has the ability to defend Western spills, and looks at the law governing E\Irope. The report raises the questions tanker safety. Filmed on location in Goes in pursuit of athletes who stretch themselves to the limits of their abilities. of morale and pay, and includes inter• Canada and the US. views with soldiers and officers on these CBC 354 JARVIS ST., TORONTO, CANADA. Surfers, skiers, hang-gliders and moun• taineers, etc. Shot on location in aspects, plus training and equipment. A comparison of the NATO and Warsaw -- --- California, Hawaii, and tRe Rockies, the ------programme also traces the history of Pact military strength is made. COL• skateboarding and the technique UMBIA PICTURES TV, 15250 VENTURA BLVD., SHERMAN OAKS, CA 91403, U.S.A. involved. MIRAMID FILMS, P.O. BOX 1048 "Rimbaud the Fire Thief" - 130 SANT A MONICA CA 90406, USA. minutes - Colour - Charles Brabant's "C.LA. - Inside Out" - 28 minutes• profile of the poet Arthur Rimbaud, "Women In The Soviet Union" - 50 Colour - A critical look at the CIA by focuses on Rimbaud's friendship with minutes - Colour - Working alongside former agents ranging from W. M. Verlaine; their exile, their parting and the men, women inside the Soviet Colby (former CIA Director) to John Verlaine's attempt on his life, his later Union enjoy probably the best legal Stockwell, author of "In Search Of life as a deserter from the Dutch army, security in the world. The film looks at Enemies". The film deals with CIA and dealing with arms and ivory in the role played by women in everyday involvement in various countries and Ethiopia. With contributions from Prof. life, and asks whether the same rules questions its competence and morality. Vernon U nderwood of London Uni• apply on the domestic scene. TV TELEPRESS INTERNATIONAL NEWS versity and others. FRENCH TV, TF-I, 15 REKLAM AB, PASILANKATU 44, 00240 HEL• AGENCY 31/33 CHAMPS ELYSEES, PARIS RUE COGNAC JAY, PARIS. SINKI 24, FINLAND. 75008. Order Form/Pro Forma Invoice Issue Dates RATES o January One listing of maximum 50 words $50.00 o February Each extra line per entry $10.00 o March For multiple entries call 01-828-6107 o April Cheque enclosed 0 Please invoice 0 o May Si g ned . o Ju ne Co mpany . o July o August Add ress . o September o October o November Telephone number . o December Telex .

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 21 THE WORLD

Will unions demands make ENG cost effective 1

The experiment began last October 10 jobs where it rang the bell was the ALANBroadcastingProtheroe, Corporation's Editor of the British(BBC) when the BBC first used ENG for real to Queen's departure for Canada, where we Television News, finds it ironical that show an interview with Margaret covered it at Heathrow at something like Greek Television boasts six Electronic Thatcher, and the trial period runs until 12.35 p.m. and it was on the air at 12.53 News Gathering (ENG) units and was the same date this year. p.m. Pretty good as we hadn't got a radio able to lend some to Egyptian Television link and it involved pretty rapid driving when Israel's Premier Menachem Begin from Heathrow." visited President Anwar Sadat in Cairo. Protheroe says there has been only one For it was Protheroe, seconded to the bit of trouble; a technical fault crept into Greek Government in 1975 to reorganise the links used for transmitting back to the their television news and current affairs, centre, but this was soon cured. who advised the Greeks to buy ENG What concerns him now is to avoid a rather than film cameras. hiatus at the end of the year's experiment Now, three years later, Greece has its with the ENG equipment being put in six units and Protheroe, at the once store to await new union agreements. world-leading BBC, serving a population In fact, he wants to bring a second unit six times larger, has just one. Though he into use even before the experiment ends, is better off that Oavid Nicholas, Editor and to have five units in use next year. A of Britain's rival Independent Television working party composed of management News (ITN) who has none. and union representatives started negoti• It is not that the executives do not want ations in June about staff gradings in the them. They do. But the trade unions have hope of producing firm recommendations applied the brakes to slow the intro• by August so that the hard talking can duction of new technology. begin. The ENG revolution has now swept And it will be hard. There is no question across the world. "Every country on the that the union will not drive a hard bargain Continent of Europe is now into it to a over the use of ENG. Both the ABS and ACTT have a number of understandable greater or lesser degree," mourns A/an Protheroe Protheroe. "It's galling to think that we fears about ENG. are still stuck with an experiment when But BBC executives are already impa• They have fears about manning levels, everyone else is plunging ahead." tient. Protheroe says: "Although the because it has been suggested that pro• experiment is stiJl going on, there IS no ductivity can be increased by 50 per cent YEAR-LONG TRIAL point in it. ENG has clearly demonstrated with the same manpower by use of ENG. For the BBC's one ENG unit is still itself the kind of equipment we want and They have fears about the future of film only on a year-long union-agreed trial, we have proved all we wanted to prove. cameramen, though both BBC and ITN and there will have to be further negoti• The advantages are evident and it has have stated that they do not intend to ations to continue its use after October. fitted in as we predicted." phase out film in the foreseeable future. While ITN, though it conducted exper• The BBC's £120,000 ($216,000) unit, At present the BBC Television News has iments with ENG several years ago, has consisting of two operators in a Range 20 film crews; Protheroe agrees that if he not even been allowed a similar trial. Rover with a Philips LOK 11 camera, a can get five ENG units next year there There are two unions-principally con• portable video-cassette recorder and must be a reduction, not, he says, in film cerned - the Association of Broad• crews, but in film cameras. He says: "We casting Staff which has some 14,000 have given an absolute guarantee that no members, most of them employed by the Although the experiment is one becomes redundant as a result of BBC, and the Association of Cinema• still going on, these is no point ENG. The next ENG people, like the pre• tograph, Television and Allied Tech• to it. sent ones, will come from among film and nicians (ACTT), which has around 19,000 engineering personnel. The glass walls of members including most of those separate disciplines are disappearing." employed by Independent Television, radio-link equipment, has been in daily The BBC plans to start a third ENG and in film studios and laboratories. use. It has been used to record material on training course in September. But union So far the ACTT has resisted the intro• site, and to transmit to the Television fears could hardly have been allayed duction of ENG, while the ABS agreed to Centre for live use in buJletins or record• when Or. Boris Townsend, Head of the the BBC trial only after 18 months of ing there. Independent Broadcasting Authority's negotiation and the drafting of a IS-point The criterion for its assignment has Engineering Information Service, said in document. After which the BBC's first always been the need for speed. "We an IBA Lecture in February: "ENG steps in ENG were announced to the have never used it just because it was equipment is now sufficiently automatic press as a giant leap for mankind. there," says Protheroe. "One of the first to be used by any sensible person - pro-

22 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 viding maintenance back-up is available. once able to avoid it by suggesting that Last year, when the American Broad• ENG recordings were not yet up to the casting Corporation was suffering a standard which British viewers expected Subscription technicians' strike, the manager of one from television. This is no longer true. It station gave two of his girl secretaries half is doubtful whether any viewer detects Form an hour's instruction in the use of ENG the use of ENG in the BBC bulletins. equipment and then sent them out to Protheroe says, "Anyone who tells me YES, we believe you belong to a unique thi)t 16mm film is of transmission quality group - those people who are and VTR is not is talking absolute involved in the business of television. cobblers. What ENG does do is give a more consistent feel to the programme We also believe TV WORLD is a un: because so much of the programme, from que magazine, because its aim is to talk the regions and overseas, though it may about the business of running TV sta• have started as film, ends as VTR any• tions - planning, making, transmit• way. And in the transition from studio to ting, and paying forthe programmes as film to VTR during the course of a bulletin well as the many other facets of the it is the film that is - not substandard• business. Unique because TV WORLD is INTERNATIONAL talking about but different." ideas, events, equipment, people, One prominent British television chief developments and trends from all over has now openly criticised union foot• the world and of interest to all who are dragging. Sir Denis Forman is Chairman looking for ways to improve on their and Joint Managing Director of Granada stations performance. Television, one of the ITV regional com• International exchange of ideas up pani"eswhich might find ENG particularly to now, has relied on the occasional cost effective for its news operations. meeting or festival for those lucky enough to find time to attend. A sub• In an IBA lecture in March, referring to scription to TV WORLD will keep you in the rarity of ENG in Britain, he said: touch on a year round basis. "Britain, for decades world leader in both the art and science of television, is now sliding rapidly down the technological ------league. "There is little profit in lamenting the Sir Denis Forman good old days, nor in blackguarding the unions for lack of co-operation. There is cover a story - which was later trans• scarcely a man in television who is not mitted. " personally and professionally as keen as Probably the main reason for union any management to get his hands on new intransigence is the opportunity it gives gear. But he is prevented by his alter ego, them to win more money for members. the trade unionist who recognises there is Agreements are likely to come expensive. money in it. With the British Government still trying to peg down pay rises, revised gradings and productivity agreements are the It reaches a point where any magic passwords to big increases. And bargain can be struck. o 0 companies may find it difficult to argue that they cannot afford them. Casey co Davidson, Vice President, Operations, of "Nothing wrong with that, you may r-- the Columbia Broadcasting System's say, why not pay the money? But there is ~m News Division in New York (which has a catch. In terms of an effective pay pol• '0 not bought a film camera for 15years) has "D icy, pressure builds up in the second, C said that by the end of 1980CBS will have third and no doubt subsequent years. It Q) 70 ENG systems which will effect a sav• reaches such a point that new technology, £Q) ing of $54,000 per crew per year. a bargaining counter in any conditions, C_ reaches a super premium where any bar• ::J N STRONGER POSITION gain can be struck. o Q) ....J OJ Britain's unions, already strong, will be '''The effect of much of the new equip• er: (1j o 0. in an even stronger position if and when a ment is not to make television more S ~ proposed merger of the ABS and ACTT cheaply but to make it quicker and better. (J) > (J) takes place (TV V/ORLD, Oct 1977). Alan It mayor may not be more economical to f- Q) o - Sapper, general secretary of the ACTT, gather news by means ofIightweight elec• •...• ID ~

says that he looks forward to the new tronic equipment; certainly there is not 15 5-c ID combined union being able effectively to enough saving in it to cover the capital .;: Q).2 E control what is produced and the equip• costs and buy out the unions. Certain ment used to produce it. payments for increased skills and respon• ::J E ~ '0 0 0 C/J Q).D E::g t) ~ There has been - and still is - a reluc• sibility are in order. But at what level?" 2-~§-~~ ~ ~ .- le rn ~le 3.2 tance on the part of management to dis• That is what the BBC may soon dis• ~ u 0 ~ CL> ~ ~ LL ~ .- c - (1j E OJ"D ..0 OJ cuss the union attitudes for fear of cover. :;;: Q) ~ ~ (1j ~"D 0 CLZO

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 23 THE WORLD

which bought a manufacturing licence for the camera, builds a monoblock version Extreme caution in Japan. The monoblock is obviously attractive to news operations. Thomson-CSF modifies both cameras for Why French TV passed up PAL and SECAM at its laboratories in Thomson's new ENG camera France. Although FR-3 is the biggest potential market for ENG equipment in Fi'ance, the The big winners in sales to FR-3, so far, other channels have also been exper• FRENCHbeen approachingtelevision Electronic executives News have have been RCA, and, of course. Sony imenting. Antenne-2 currently has 27 Gathering (ENG) with roughly the same with its new BVV series. FR-3 already newsfilm crews and three ENG crews. attitude that a man has when he suddenly has three RCA TK -76 cameras. It's order• "When the new RCA TK-76 cameras finds that he's walked into the middle ofa ing seven more for its stations in Montpel• arrive we will have 6 ENG crews and 24 minefield - extreme caution. lier and Ajaccio. It will choose equipment film crews," says Geoffroy. Eventually All three French channels, TF-I, for the other stations later. Geofl'roy expects the balance between Antenne-2 and FR-3, realise that ENG is "We decided to start with the RCA ENG and film to be about half and half. "I here to stay, but none of them are willing TK-76 because it was available." don't think we'll ever go completely to make large bets on how it will develop. explains Jean Claude Morin, FR-3's ENG." he says. Adding, "onc reason is As a result aD three have been exper• technical chief. 'It's also proved itself to that we sell a lot of our news coverage imenting with tried and tested RCA be a very good camera." outside France. By the time ENG footage TK-76 cameras and relatively cheap Sony FR-3 could have opted for the Micro• gets into the archives it's already fourth 3/4 inch V-Matic video recorders and edit• cam, which Thomson-CSF. a French generation' and the quality isn't good ing equipment. company, acquired when it bought out enough for further reproduction. We will "We chose 3/4 inch because it's CBS laboratories. But an early model of always need film, but for daily news cheaper," explains Antenne-2's technical the Microcam, bought by FR-3 a year coverage, ENG is quick and it has the chief, Maurice Geoffroy, "and also ago, developed circuit problems and advantage that a crew can see what the because both Sony and the Nippon Elec• proved too' fragile for rough news work. final result will look like while they're still tric Company (NEC) manufacture com• Thomson-CSF also ran into production on the scene." patible 3/4 inch equipment, which means problems last year which delayed Antenne-2 is counting heavily on the that we don't have to depend on only one deliveries. The early bugs have been new Sony 3/4 inch broadcast quality series supplier." Geoffroy adds that French TV BVV equipment to upgrade the quality of shied away from one inch not only its ENG coverage, but in the meantime it because it was expensive, but because has been making do with V-Matie Sony, Ampex and Bosch Fernseh all VR3800 video recorders and VR2850 edit• developed different systems, and no one ing machines. The conditions arc in the European Broadcasting Vnion severely limited though. "We find that wc (EBU) seems to know which will be the can transfer from a VR3800 to 2 inch tape final standard. and then edit, or we can edit on the All the French channels were dis• VR2850 and broadcast directly from 3/4 appointed in the quality produced by inch tape, but the V-Matic quality is not V-Matic equipment, but Sony has now good enough to edit and then transfer." produced a new series of broadcast qual• Geoffroy is confident that the BVV series Microcam ity 3/4in equipment based on its new will eliminate most of these problems. BVU-IOO video recorder and BVV-200 ironed out now and production is going The oldest and most conservative of editing machines, which will be marketed according to schedule, but RCA has the French channels. TF-I. has been the in Europe by Thomson-CSF. Pre• unquestionably gained a head start. While slowest to get into ENG. The channel production models have been leased to all about 150 Microcams have been sold in currently has four RCA TK-76 cameras. three channels, and the reactions from all the VS, and about 30 more in Europe, but uses two of them with two mobile Iin of them have been enthusiastic. RCA has sold at least 1,000 TK-76's. VTR broadcast studios housed in two Cit• The channel most likely to go ENG the "Once you've bought a camera, there's roen station wagons, The other two quickest, however, is FR-3 - France's -an advantage to sticking with it." cameras are used alternately with a single regional network. FR-3 broadcasts loc• explains Antenne-2's Geoffroy. "You pre-production model BVV set-up. ally produced 20-minute news shows know how the camera works, and you've leased by Sony. TF -I rejected the inferior from 22 independent centres scattered built up a supply of spare parts." quality of V-Matic, but is satisfied with across France. The channel decided to Antenne-2 currently has three RCA the BVV system. The channel is take the plunge into ENG because four TK-76's, and has ordered three more. nevertheless moving slowly. "We did a centres - Besan~on, Montpellier, Although all three channels say they lot of experimenting," says George Reims, and Caen - will soon switch from eventually plan to test out the improved Adjadj, TF-I's technical chief, "now we black and white to colour. Rather than Microcam, it's by no means certain that are putting one story produced with ENG invest in new colour labs, FR-3 decided to they will buy the Thomson-CSF version. into the newscast every night." Accord• go electronic. The same will hold for a This might seem a slap in the face for ing to Adjadj, TF-l has been trying to new FR-3 centre to be built in Ajaccio, French industry, but it's worth noting acquaint all of its 30 or more news camera Corsica. Eventually, the stations will that no Microcams are actually being built crews with ENG gradually. "We don't each have three ENG crews, with one in France. Thomson-CSF builds a bi• want to go too fast." explains Adjadj. film crew for documentary and magazine block version of the camera (with a sepa• "We don't want to prejudice the public by work. The film will be farmed out to rate power pack) at the Thomson-CSF using equipment which is not up to stan• commercial labs for processing. labs in Stamford, Connecticut. Sony, dard yet." BILL DOWELL in Paris 24 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 TOP 10 SHOWS IN CANADA

Programme Network Viewers (Millions) 1. Wonderful World Of Disney CBC 3.57 WORLD 2. Happy Days CBC 3.20 3. M*A*S*H CBC 2.91 4. Three's Company CBC 2.90 5. Hockey Night In Canada CBC 2.65 6. Project UFO CTV 2.52 PROGRAMME 7. Donny And Marie CTV 2.37 8. Nancy Drew/Hardy Boys CTV 2.31 9. o.uincy M.E. CTV 2.20 10. Front\~age Challenge CBC 2.20 RATINGS

Source: ARDiZDF week ending June 4. 1978

I Source: BBM10.8011.1013.9013.4512.8011.6510.5910.0810.2310.2910.4010.4311.7810.9511.3011.4511.60Viewers9.9611.5512.8011.80 Bureau11.2010.43TOP of15 Measurement. BRITISHNetwork SHOWSMarchBavarianGRANADATHAMESBBCZDFDFSZDFITVITNITVBBCATVITVDFS 26. 1978 TV I (Millions) 11.8.7.6.5. NineThat'sWheels ThisCoronation Is O'clock life Your Street Life News 10.3.9.8.7.2.6.4.5.1. TheWorldSaturdayStarStarskyMusicManhattanMusic,Programme Avengers In Cup: Cup:Shop Music,Flames and News Mission SwedenTunisia Hutch Music of vs. the vs. vs. Scotland Day Mexico Brazil TOPOver 10 WEST 14 GERMAN SHOWS 12.10.9.4.~.1. 792. The79Starsky 79 Park News Park ParkBenny Avenue AndAvenue At Avenue Hill Ten Hutch (Part Show (Part (Part 2) 1)3) 51 (Millions) 14.13.15. 79World Crossroads Park Cup: Avenue France (Part vs. 4) Italy Source: Jictar June 4,1978 Programme

30.629.730.029.135.529.6RatingNetworkNHKNHK41.7NTVTBS35.2 FujiNHK33.1 NHK35.3 TOP TEN SHOWSContentsInformationAnimationVarietyDramaSportsDrama IN JAPAN NHK TOP TEN SHOWS IN AUSTRALIA Let's All Get Together 10.6.9.7.8.2.3.4.1. ThursdaySazae-SanTVNewsOgonIt's Ningen Otechan Rotary Eight No (Saturday)(Wednesdayl Moyo O'Clock:Hibi Night Fufu Baseball 5. Studio 102 Programme Programme Rating 1. Are You Being Served (UK) 42 2. Some Mothers Do Have 'em (UK) 35 3. The Restless Years 31

4. M*A*S*H (US) 30 5. Channel Se~en's Big League 29.5 6. The Muppets (UK) 29 7. This Is Your Life 29

8. Love Boat (US) 29 9. On The Buses (UKI 27 10. Willesee At Seven 27

Source: Video Research for the week ending June 4,1978. Source: McNair Anderson, June 17, 1978

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 25 EUROPE

Scandinavia: A difference in style

job," she observed after a day of screen• explained. "We are the biggest broad• DESPITEcommercialtheir power, sheer size television's and raw ing children's shows, "is not finding any• caster and rather the smallest importer in annual super-events like MIP-TV and thing. " the world. The interest in these screen• MIFED don't appear to be undermining How much the six Nordic sponsors ings from our point of view is really just to the popularity of Europe's local screen• (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden get specialised material." ings. In fact, 114 European programme and the two Finnish stations) spent on Rugheimer spent most of his time executives from 31 countries seem to be their screening, the organisers won't say. watching Nordic drama productions, determined to keep the quiet dignity and But Denmark Television's International much of which, he observed, "is too seclusion of the small viewing sessions Sales Director, Eric Christiansen, the slowly paced for British viewers". Half• alive. session's host, indicated that financing way through the week-long screenings, "European broadcasters are not given was a cooperative venture based on the he had seen only one programme that to the hard sell" says the British Broad• number of screening hours logged by each excited him - Danish Television's pro• casting Corporation's (BBC) Head of participant. Sweden, for example, was duction of "Aereole" , a 20 minute record• Programme Acquisition, Gunnar expected to top the list with 60 hours of ing of Rudolf Nuryev dancing with the Rugheimer. "It's primarily a difference in programming, according to Christiansen. Royal Danish Ballet. "Aside from that," style. MIP is an affair put together for A fundamental difference between the Rugheimer said frankly, "I haven't seen people with commercial interests. It's a Nordic Screening and extravaganzas like anything else worth a tinker's damn." marketplace atmosphere." MIP and MIFED is that at Copenhagen, "You have to remember one thing," In the sun-lit dining room of a turn• buyers came to screen programmes. Rugheimer told TV WORLD. "We are of-the-century baronial estate at a sea• The Nordic organisation offered two side Copenhagen suburb, Belgian Tele• not basically looking in areas where peo• parallel vi~wing schedules in inde• ple are pushing the hardest. For instance, vision's Senior Producer, Prosper Ver• pendently equipped screening areas. The we're not looking for documentaries. We bruggen, was having his first cup of coffee "A" list programmes formed the official have such a huge documentary organ• before putting in another full day in front sales presentation of the screening. The isation of our own that for an outside of VTR monitors at last month's Nordic 82 programmes on this list were aired by Screening. documentary to find a place in our category (Children, Documentary, schedule means something of ours has to "We are not like the Swedes or the Music, Nature, Drama and Light Enter• go." Dutch," he said. "We don't have 30 or40 tainment) according to a published people going around looking at prog• schedule of times and titles. The "A" list Bucking the BBC's import quota sys• rammes. I see things here which I simply shows totalled ]83 hours of screen time. tem can be a nightmare under normal cir• don't have a chance to see at MIP. When I Buyers who missed a particular show cumstances, but when you're a Nordic can sit quietly with people connected with because of scheduling conflicts, or those distributor and you know the rest of the the screening, it's obviously a better who simply compiled a more convenient world thinks your drama is too depres• experience.' , schedule of their own, could arrange for a sing, your children's shows too avante private screening from the" B" list - an garde, and your musicals simply banal. SANE ALTERNATIVE entire floor of viewing rooms set aside to you've got yourself a real marketing chal• lenge. Nevertheless, the Nordic tele• insure complete scheduling flexibility. Local events like the Nordic Screening The Nordic countries screened a total vision community last year sold are regarded by some European tele• of 152 shows between the" A" and" B" Rugheimer a six-part drama series, a vision executives as the sane alternative lists- with documentary productions (44 play, an opera and one documentary. to Cannes and Milan which, as one indus• shows) and Children's programmes (31 Why does Rugheimer come to the try executive sighed, "Everyone in the shows) leading the list of offerings. Nordic Screening? "Just on the outside world goes to." The "B" List sessions were immedi• ·chance," he says, "that there's some• Pleasant and productive as they are, ately cornered by buyers who came to thing here that no one's stumbled however, the local screenings are expen• Copenhagen, catalogue in hand, knowing across. " sive both to sponsor and attend. just what shows they wanted to see. By Rugheimer isn't the only one who finds "We can't afford ali the travel" said blocking out a screening room for them• it difficult to bring home Nordic prog• Israel Broadcast Authority's (IBA) selves, they were able to plough through a ramming. Belgium's Verbruggen was also Esther Soffer. "This is becoming an quantity of programmes that would be looking at drama productions and wasn't extravagance for us. We do most of our impossible to see in the confusion at MIP terribly impressed with what he saw. buying from catalogues and pilot tapes." or MIFED, and which could take four "The difference between US or British Ms. Soffer had been in Munich for the months to screen if they relied on cas• and Nordic programming" he said, "is Prix Jeunesse when IBA officials gave settes requested from distributors chiefly the element of entertainment. their reluctant approval for her to con• through the post. Nordic drama is not entertaining. Enter• tinue on to Denmark for the Nordic For the BBC's Rugheimer, whose tainment is the ability for a programme to Screening. Although by her own admis• organisation imports only IS per cent of keep an audience locked to their screen. sion the likelihood of her buying anything its total air time, the "B" List screenings European TV isn't meant to entertain, by there was small, she approached her were an important working tool. "Our and large." assignment philosophically. "Part of the problems are rather unique," he JUDAH PASSOW in Copenhagen

26 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 Gunnar Rugheimer

YLE is Yleisradio, the national Finnish Broadcasting Company, founded in 1926.

YLE is a full member of both Western and Eastern European broadcasting organisations, EBU/UER and OIRT (Eurovision and Intervision). There is a close cooperation in the fields of radio and television between the Nordic countries (Nordvision). Prosper Verbruggen

Approximately one-third of YLE's TV programmes are of foreign origin. Programme imports provide a fairly well-balanced selection from both East and West. Finnish TV programmes have won numerous interna• tional prizes and honourable mentions at the world's most important festivals. Interest in Finnish television programmes has grown. Active promotion and mar• keting has been going on since 1971.

Oy Yleisradio Ab Film Department Tv-centre 5f-00240 Helsinki 24 Finland Phone 418811 Telex 121055 Cables Ylefilm Eric Christiansen

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 27 EUROPE Looking Holland: for America The claim system

more expensive. And obviously one ONE of the most ambitious television WITHisationsso competing many broadcasting for viewers organ• and expects to pay more for an opera than a productions exhibited by the Nordic members. often using foreign prog• documentary.' , community at their screening last rammes as bait. one might expect the Beumer says the overwhelming major• month was a three-part, four• competition to buy those programmes to ity of the programmes he buys come from and-a-quarter hour long series called be cut-throat. But it is not. Nor should it US companies. followed by the British "US Media", produced by Finland's be if the system operated by the Dutch TV Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the MTV. authorities functions well. Independent Television (ITV) companies Written and directed by 32-year old Programme buying is centrally co• in Britain with Germany, France and the Timo Mikkonen, this expansive study of ordinated by the "Filmzaken" depart• Scandinavian countries as minor sup• America's television-shaped social and ment of the umbrella broadcast organ• pliers. political attitudes is perhaps most isation. the NOS. The centralised system "One has to do a lot of travelling in this remarkable for its outsider's detached was instituted in 1959. with the agreement job." he says, "not only to see the prog• and perceptive observations. Mik• of all the broadcasting organisations, to rammes, but to make the contacts. We go konen's on-camera interviews with ensure that there would be no price war. to all the usual events, MIP, MIFED, the Senators, policemen, Indians and Each broadcasting organisation has its EB U screenings and so on and sometimes Blacks contain questions which no own programme buying department with we go to Eastern Europe too. This year I American television newsman could representatives attending screenings and am going to Moscow." ever ask, for a wide variety of reasons, festivals. When a particular group Under the "claim" system the com• and the responses are loaded with a decides that it might like to buy a certain pany which expresses interest earliest has candour and sincerity that makes programme, then it can take an option on first refusal on a programme. But it can America's television-generated frus• it under a "claim" system. Other organ• only buy if the price is right. If Beumer tration and confusion both sad and fas• isations may put a second, third, fourth or c..annot negotiate a suitable price, then cinating to watch. eighth claim on it. But the price is negoti• n'either the first, second or third claimant Exceptionally well researched and ated by one man, Hans Beumer of the can buy it. This might make his position NOS. written with sensitivity and insight, seem rather autocratic, but being the Mikkonen introduces the second part of Hans Beumer sits in his office in the Netherlands, things are democratic. the series, "The Image vs. The True Dutch TV capital of Hilversum on a hot "It's a process of consultation. But if Stories", with the observation that sticky afternoon. From behind thick we accept too high a price once, then we "while America is stars and stripes and glasses his eyes reflect the tolerant res• set a precedent. We generally say 'no' apple pie, upon close examination of ignation of someone who has sat in the jointly if the price is too high. In the event that pie we find that the core is a little hot-seat for 19 years and in that time seen of one of the broadcasting organisations raw and the crust a little over-done hundreds of miles of video and film foot• wanting to buy a production at a price around the edges". age. which I cannot accept then the matter is Mikkonen worked on the project for "I am here to see that everything goes referred to the committee of Programme two and a half years with a $100,000 straight. I am just a businessman. A Commissioners and its head, the TV budget. There are, obviously, some neutral figure who does the buying for all Programme Commissioner for the NOS, flaws in the production. The camera the different organisations. The whole Mr. J. L. de Troye. I am answerable to work is rather bland, very suggestive of system was set up to ensure price control. that committee and ultimately to him. But the utilitarian but uninspired photo• You cannot afford to have one organ• we rarely. if ever, have to call on them." graphy used to shoot the evening news. isation playing against the other." The cameraman has a penchant for Asked if he ever advises a broadcast slow, wide pan shots of the Southwest organisation not to buy for reasons other plains, downtown Chicago and the than price. Beumer replied, "No, I am "It's a process of front lawn of the White House in only interested in price, what they buy is Washington. There is no sound over completely up to them. I have to be seen consultation. But if we accept these shots. If there is a point to them, it to be neutral. too high a price once, then we is not readily apparent. The editing "We have price arrangements with set a precedent." could be tighter throughout the series, major US companies, the Motion Picture but in a very interesting explanation, Export Association of America and some Raimo Lahti, International Sales Direc• larger Europeans like Granada TV of the tor for MTV, said that "US Media" United Kingdom. The programme mak• When asked to describe his negotiating was both shot and cut for a Finnish ers know what we can afford to pay. They skills, Beumer replied: ''I'm easy going audience, who react best to a pacing always want more of course! There is although people say that I am tough that is less dynamic than is generally some variation in the prices charged to because I generally get what I want. Our found in American, French or German various countries. Equally productions system backs up my decision. The broad• TV productions. from certain countries are inherently casting organisations tell me which prog• JUDAH PASSOW in Copenhagen more expensive than productions from rammes they want, I negotiate the price other countries. US series tend to be a bit after seeing the programmes, ask for the

28 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 prints, publicity material and scripts, then some of our hundred-strong staff get down to doing the sub-titling. If there is too big a price difference between me and the sellers, I can stick to my guns because of the system. so we have a drink and stay friends. The TV world is fairly small and friendly. There is no good creating enemies. sellers and buyers know that they may need each other the next day. There is a very good understanding bet• ween all the broadcasting organisations in the Netherlands and me and between me and the programme sellers." According to Gerard Smit, head of the Film department of the AVRO, one of the larger Dutch broadcast organisations. and one that claims to be neutral. "we could not do without imports, partly because the budgct we gct, a percentage of the licence-and advertising revenuc allocated according to number of mem• bers per broadcast organisation, and partly because we are an internationally minded people. Between 2S and 3S per cent of AVRO's programmes are imports. To get the programmes we attend all the Janny Langbroek big events in the TV world calendar. buying there says, "we look for prog• do five years later. With documentary When we see something we like, we put in rammes with social relevance. But material we look for things that are topi• our' claim' and hope we can get it. they're hard to find. The majority, in the cal, politically important and slightly to "We look for quality programmes with past, have come from the BBC who have the left. Sometimes we can get suitable high production value, attraction enter• a different approach to purely com• material from the UK or Sweden, but we tainment and perhaps educational value. mercial stations. We used to buy a lot always have the problem that they try to We know what our audiences like," says from Scandinavia. The US has never be neutral. Our philosophy is that you Smit. been a big supplier. " have a right to show only one side of the Serials are important staple fodder for However, VARA have just run the issue, as honestly as possible, and let the Dutch viewers, and AVRO, to a certain MCA mini-series, "Seventh Avenue" viewer decide for her or himself. extent, plans its total programme around which has social relevance in a rather "If something is controversial we usu• major serials. For instance they showed banal sort of way. "This has more to it ally get it. For instance we had sixth claim 93 episodes of the BBC serial, "The than the average US series, and it is an on" All in the Family", but everyone else Brothers" between 1974 and '77. audience puller, that's why we bought shied away, even though it 'is fairly "We are on the lookout for major ser• it," notes Pinxteren. Serials are as impor• ials of about 13episodes which then cover tant to VARA as to anyone else, they are a quarter of the year," he says. also running the 13-part "Space 1999". "people don't like "Sometimes we are almost obliged to "People don't like 'messages', we realise buy things. "Roots" for instance had so this, but we still have a good try, while 'messages', we realise this, much international publicity that one remembering our ratings," he says. but we still have a good try." organisation had to buy it. It was expen• The buying situation is slightly dif• sive, but it hall a very high production ferent at the VPRO as Janny Langbroek value. Ifwe hadn't bought it someone else of the film department explains. innocuous, and we ended up getting it." would have," insists Smit. "We're a small outfit and everyone But things are not entirely a bed of One such production which TV com• does a bit of everything, although I'm the roses as far as the "claim" and buying panies might feel "obliged" to buy is main person here for buying. We have a system go in Dutch TV land. One unfor• "Holocaust" however it is proving some• programme committee who make up the tunate aspect of the "claim" system is thing of a hot potato since the company schedule of bought and self-made mat• that tastes as well as hits are easy to pre• which had the first option on it felt it was a erial. I go and see everything that might dict. So it is not unknown for one organ• little too harrowing and would awaken be of interest. Ifit seems worthwhile I ask isation to buy something just to prevent too many unpleasant memories. The the other committee members to see it, if another organisation scoring a success, broadcasting company with the second possible. If not, I make a report for them. and then letting the programme languish option is now considering it, if they But other people in the organisation go to in the archives. Another ploy is to buy decide against broadcasting it, then one of film and TV festivals just to gauge what is perhaps the first six episodes of a 40• the more politically radical organisations going on, our directors for instance." episode marathon, which effectively will probably do it. What does tfie VPRO look for in prog• stops anyone buying the rest. However, The VARA is just such a radical broad• ramme material? "For amusement prog• such tactics are very much the exception casting organisation. What effect does rammes we look for something new, dar• in what is a friendly and co-operative their political stance have on their prog• ing and different," says Langbroek. "We television community where competition ramme buying policy? Cees Pinxteren, consider ourselves to be the spearhead of is keen but fair. one of the three people responsible for Dutch TV. What we do today, the others BILL THIRD in Amsterdam

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 29 EUROPE

United Kingdom:

ERICJamesAbraham, Butler, Bryan John CowgilL Ammonds, Tim King, Paul Lang, Sam Leitch, Julian Mounter, Peter Pagnamenta, Michael Townson, Bernard Wiggins, Mike Wooller, Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise have two things in common: not long ago they worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC); and now they work for Thames Television. Theirjobs vary widely. The first on the list, Eric Abraham, is a researcher who used to work for the BBC's weekly cur• rent affairs flagship programme "Panorama" and now works for Thames's weekly current affairs flagship programme "This Week". The last, Morecambe and Wise, are Britain's top comedy duo whose Christmas specials for BBC-I have topped the annual ratings for several years. Now they are under Buying power of Independent TV

of the Government's intention to allocate suited to a modern television company. Britain's much discussed fourth channel Fourth was the particular interest and to. the ITV network (in which Thames is expertise of the man who replaced him: one of the five largest companies) faded Bryan Cowgill, then Controller of BBC-l when it became clear that the Gov• but well know!1 too for his years as the ernment had - at that time, anyway • BBC's Head Of Sport when he had taken no firm decision. negotiated many exclusive contracts for It is clear that thoughts of the fourth events ranging from Wimbledon tennis to channel, in whatever form, do lie at the world championship snooker. back of Thames's strategic thinking. But Fifth was the somewhat diffuse nature such thoughts do not alone explain all the of Independent Television's (ITV) sports Bryan Cowgitl staff moves. There is no single immediate effort and the ripeness of the Network I;; reason for these, but a whole collection of Sports Committee for the arrival of a man closely interconnected factors, of which such as Cowgill who promptly became contract to make four TV specials and a it is possible to list at least seven. chairman. feature film for Thames. Sixth was the ready availability of A wholesale movement of such widely SEVEN REASONS funds: like other British commercial tele• varied talent has resulted in a series of vision companies Thames have not only claims and counter claims within the First came Thames Television's desire been making good profits but showing an world of British broadcasting, and also in to ensure the renewal in 1981of their luc• increase that has been almost embar• the national press. rative contract to supply Greater London rassingly rapid at a time when the rest of On the one hand Thames have been with its weekday commercial television. the economy has been sluggish. Not long accused of using chequebook raids to sap Second was the fact that renewal could after' Cowgill's arrival Thames the strength of the BBC. On the other be endangered if Thames did not make announced a £7M ($12.601) increase in hand the BBC have been accused of piling improvements in its regional news and programme budgets. on the agony in their protestations current affairs output. They had been And seventh is the predictable and because it happened to suit their book to criticised for not doing as much to serve familiar chain-like pattern of staff hiring appear helplessly under financed and their area as some of the smaller regional that occurs so often when one or two top unable to keep their staff at a time when companies. men move from one employer to another. they were seeking an increase in the Third was the desire of some within That there is really nothing new about licence fee. Thames to replace managing director this is proved by looking at the series of The early claim that Thames's head George Cooper with somebody whose moves which followed the hiring 12years hunting resulted from inside knowledge experience and outlook they felt better ago of Jeremy Isaacs (now Director of 30 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 Programmes at Thames) to run "This Week", When Isaacs left the BBC's "Panorama" to go to Thames, Philip Whitehead, Jo Menell, Jolyon Wimhurt, David Elstein, Udi Eichler, JQhn Morgan, Mike Fash, and Frank Hodge followed him: a list which now sounds like the past and present backbone of Thames's cur• rent affairs and documentary depart• ments, but BBC-trained to a man. Clearly it is as much the fate of the BBC with its 25,000 employees to supply trained staff to smaller broadcasting organisations as it is of the Royal Air Force to supply trained pilots to' the commercial airlines. Nor is it only the BBC that Thames have raided: from Independent Tele• vision News (ITN) - the body which supplies news programmes to the ITV network - Thames have hired Andrew Gardner as the presenter, Robert South• Peter Pagnamenta Mike Wool/er gate as one of the reporters, and Alex Valentine as one ofthe producers for their early evening magazine "Thames At 6", commerce, "Time For Business". Then contract with the British Amateur Gym• and John Mahoney to be news editor ofa last summer Peter Pagnamenta, editor of nastic Association for exclusive coverage completely new regional news service. the BBC's "Panorama", approached of all gymnastic events in Britain, includ• There is no denying that the accumu• Thames with one set of ideas and even• ing a Soviet visit this year. Furthermore, lation of talent tempted away from the tually joined them in October to imple• horrified that their erstwhile employers BBC is impressive, but it is significant ment another set as the company's new had been allowed to get away with buying that it was not just a question of hooking head of news and current affairs. The a world heavyweight fight for a paltry Cowgill and then reeling all the others in point is that he approached Thames and £35,000 ($63,000) they quickly outbid the behind him, head to tail. Three of those on not vice versa. BBC for the next two: the Nor• the list at the start of this article hadjoined Next to go was Cowgill, and he brought tonlHolmes match in June and the the company before chairman Howard in Sam Leitch, former Head of Sport at AlilSpinks return bout which is scheduled Thomas managed to get Cowgill to move the BBC who had, however, left the BBC for September. across. some time previously to work with the Mike Wooller left the BBC to take West German television entrepreneur DIRECT COMPETITION charge of Thames's documentary Lothar Bock and as sports advisor to department more than a year ago, and NBe. Now they are planning for Thames to James Butler followed shortly afterwards Between them Cowgill and Leitch have produce a midweek sports programme to run their new series about finance and already tied down for ITV a four-year which will compete directly with the BBC's popular and respected "Sport• snight", and with this in mind have brought in Paul Lang, former editor of the BBC's Saturday afternoon sports magazine "Grandstand". Though so many of the heads that Thames have hunted have been in the news and current affairs areas, it is prob• ably in sport that the long term effects will be most significant, particularly in the negotiation of big exclusive contracts - a skill in which the BBC has dominated for many years, thanks (presumably) mainly to men such as Cowgill and Leitch and partly to an attitude among some sports organisations which equates the BBC with the national interest. It will certainly be months and possibly even years before it can be seen how much the BBC's domination has rested on sentiment, and how much on the expertise of particular men, now that some of the key characters have changed sides. Yet although their move may turn out James But/er Sam Leitch to have been the most important, it was TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 31 EUROPE that of Morecambe and Wise which, of course, caused most publicity and com• ment. When they announced their move in February a widespread assumption attracting sympathy to the BBC was that Thames had simply used some of their record profits to lure the comedians away from the penurious Beeb. By 1978 everyone had seemingly for• gotten the story that Morecambe and Wise were originally persuaded tojoin the BBC years previously by a simple offer to double the money they had been getting from Associated Television (ATV) • another of the companies in the ITV net• work.

SIMILAR FEES

Thames have, anyway, been at pains to emphasise that the fees they offered were not that much greater than the BBC's, but that the company's capacity to offer a feature film through their subsidiary, Euston Films, was what really clinched the deal. It is certainly no secret that Morecambe and Wise have been unhappy with their earlier ventures into films and would dearly love to leave a good one for posterity. Apart from John Ammonds, one of the elder stateman of the BBC's Light Enter• tainment department, who took early retirement to join Thames "as a silver• haired advisor" (in the words of one Thames executive) nearly all the other recruiting has been for news and current affairs. Michael Townson, editor of the BBC's late night current affairs magazine Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise "Tonight'), has moved over to edit "This Week"; Julian Mounter, another "Panorama" man, takes over "Time For material for new regional news bulletins that the ploy has been used to jack up a Business" from James Butler; Bernard at lunchtime, early evening, and after the salary from an existing employer; but by Wiggins who was producing BBC Bel• main national and international news at making it known that there is £7M fast's "Spotlight" will produce "Thames 10.00 p.m. Thames are hoping that Lon• ($12.6m) in the offing, and waving wads of At 6"; and Tim King, who made the don's two commercial radio stations and it under a good many noses, Thames have BBC's much admired documentary series London Weekend Television will share in made available an unusually powerful "Hospital", joins the Thames documen• that operation. lever to anyone who happens to want one. tary unit. Doubtless the people who join Thames The ironic twist in the tail of the story is to man the newsroom will move for higher that the move to interest broadcasters salaries just as all the others have. But it is most has not happened yet, and when it doubtful whether the increases will be as does, could be in the opposite direction. It big as BBC Club gossip suggests. Thames is an open secret inside Thames that insist that the story (which actually got Jeremy Isaacs, one of the most widely Nor is Thames finished yet. into print) of two BBC "Nationwide" staff respected executives in British tele• More recruiting is planned, on £6,500 ($1 1,700) being offered double vision, having moved up to Director of particularly to staff the to persuade them to move was nonsense: Programmes only to find a new highly according to Thames they answered a active managing director brought in regional news room. recruiting advertisement, were earning above him, has been pondering his own about £8,000 ($14,400) were offered position. £9,750 ($17,550) and decided not to If he were to reverse the move of 12 accept. years ago and rejoin the BBC he wDuld Whatever the exact details of any of the not become the first high ranking BBC Nor is Thames finished yet. More offers, it is noticeable that those most executive to have had an ITV career: Ian recruiting is planned, particularly to staff ready to name breathtakingly high figures Trethowan went to the BBC from ITV the regional newsroom which is being are almost invariably the ones deciding to and now he is Director General. formed under John Mahoney to supply stay where they are. It is not the first time CHRIS DUNKLEY in London

32 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 5T A nON REPORT

ernment has made a public (if vague) committment to increasing the signal Second on strength of the local station and Carter visualises doing this by repeater stations or ("who knows? Someday ... " he smiles) by satellite. Traditionally, the Government-owned corporation has been funded by its the bicycle income from commercials but the intro• duction of television meant that it had to ing from Florida. Others argued that there borrow heavily from the banks. The staff Thethingword to most BBC people may inmean television. only one In was little point in starting local television of 65 to run the three radio stations has the sweltering Bahamas, though, it con• when the Americans could do it all so doubled in the year since television came veys little of the monolithic solemnity of much better and suggested that the Gov• in. Carter estimates that it will be some the British Broadcasting Corporation. ernment would be better employed piping years before the corporation has paid off There, BBC is the colloquial abbreviation in TV by cable from the US mainland. its debts and says that new means offund• for Broadcasting Corporation of the "Y ou don't hear that kind of criticism ing - such as licence fees or direct gov• Bahamas - an organisation that could any more," says the youthful, New ernment grant - are being examined. scarcely differ further from its sober and York-educated Carter. "I think we've long-established British namesake. struck a patriotic chord in most Baha• This "other BBC" was set up in 1957 mians. As far as programming is con• SERIOUS CHALLENGE and comprises three radio stations and a cerned, we've been offering not just what Perhaps the most serious challenge that television station - the latter just one the Bahamian has been used to - that is faces the station though is one common to year old this July. But although the local Ame~ican programming- but also excel• all Caribbean services: the smallness of station is new, television is no novelty in lent programmes from Canada, the the market. Collectively, the entire the Caribbean country. Given the right United Kingdom and Europe. For the Caribbean does not spend more than $900 weather, many Bahamians have for long first time, people have also been able to an hour for a programme. On an indi• been able to receive up to five stations see other Caribbean productions and from Florida, with the aid of the 20-30ft vidual basis, the rate stretches from $50 to ones from developing countries in Africa $170 an hour. This is small beer compared antennae that sprout from the rooftops of and Asia. And for the first time Baha• to the $2,000 an hour that a neighbouring Nassau, the country's capital. mians have been able to see themselves." Miami station might spend and the Carib• The current, estimated population of bean therefore presents a less than entic• FREE SERVICE the Bahamas is around 200,000 - a large ing market for programme sellers. proportion of it in the main island, New This essentially free service from the Providence. Freeport, the country's sec• The countries of the region have sought American mainland (free, that is, after the ond city (on the island of Grand Bahama), a traditional remedy to this problem and Bahamian viewer has paid up to $300 for a has a cable TV system which allows peo• have banded together in the Caribbean TV set - taxed at a luxury item rate of 42 ple to see some seven American stations. Broadcasting Union (CBU) to buy pro• per cent - and as much again for the Ironically, however, its signal receiving ducts as a group. Every year they also antenna) meant that the Bahamas, unlike and strengthening apparatus points hold a week-long film market where dis• most developing countries, never towards the Florida coast - in the oppo• tributors can sell 12-months' wares to the attached any urgency to starting its own site direction to Nassau - and Freeport's region (this year's market is being held in television service. citizens as a result get better reception of Nassau this month). The system, says Carter, has worked well. "The corporation was looking at plans American programmes than they do of to introduce TV when Ijoined it in J 965," their own station. "We've built up a fairly good rela• says Charles Carter, its Deputy General tionship with distributors and manage to Manager. "There were some extensive SURVEY PLANNED get a lot of current stuff after the bigger studies made but none of them really got countries. Right now I'm running "The off the ground because most of them were There are no licence fees or any reliable Christians". That's been sold all over the inspired by people who wanted to sell the way of gauging how many television sets Caribbean and I'm second on the bicycle. Bahamas a system and the Government, there are in the country. Some 30,000 We've just bought John Kenneth Gal• especially the present .one (of Prime hotel rooms in Freeport - a major tourist braith's "Age of Uncertainty" from the Minister Lynden Pindling, who led the resort - have sets and there may be BBC. Bermuda has it first. I'm second country to independence five years ago) another 10,000 sets in New Providence. and Trinidad third. Each country makes has been rather leery ofthe carpetbaggers TV is popular too in Bimini - another individual deals, of course. but we're all who came into the country. island in a nation of700 islands and count• familiar with what the others are buying "So it wasn't really until there were less cays and rocks - where the Florida and very often we have to liaise and buy people in the corporation who knew coast is so near that signals can be picked something jointly to get it into the region enough about the media to start thinking up on tiny "rabbit-ear" aerials on top of to begin with." about inaugurating our own system that the set. The corporation plans a survey of The station, which also has to cope things really got started. " how many sets there are in the Bahamas with some wildly-different technical sys• Carter and his colleagues faced some but has held back, it says, until its own tems in the potpourri of ex-colonies that bizarre criticism in their bid to start service is well-established. makes up the Caribbean, spreads its net national television. A number of Baha• The southern half of the 760-mile-long wide amid the distributors. "YOll name mians advanced the theory that local archipelago that makes up the country them, we've negotiated with them - or television would simply block out the gets very poor reception of either US or tried to." says Carter. signals they were accustomed to receiv- Bahamian television. However, the Gov- JOHN McCAUGHEY in Nassau

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 33 AFRICA

Nigeria: Problems of development Indeed the task of increasing local· pro• lected because their own languages were ONvisionOctober (NTV) I, .los, 1975, became Nigerian the Tele• first duction and phasing out foreign prog• not selected for the programmes. We colour television station in Nigeria - IS rammes has been the major pre• eouldn't h'ave programmes for eaeh of the years after the establishment of television occupation of Tom Adaba, who, at 36, SO or so linguistic groups so· we gave up in the country. Since then the station has has been associated with NTV .los since the idea altogether." maintained a comparatively efficient its inception. A Mass Communication Now the programme planners are try• record of engineering and production. In graduate of the Ohio University, Tom ing to get round the problem through the several ways, however, it typifies all the Adaba is now the Director of Programmes use of drama both English and Hausa (the problems of television, not just in in .Ios. According to him the station has dominant Nigerian language). Nigeria, but in other similar developing approached this problem in a number of As Adaba explains further: '''We nations around the world. ways, some of which have proved believe that drama can bring out more of Initially established by a state gov• counter-productive and have since been the ethnic culture on a much broader ernment, NTV .los, like the other 18 sta• abandoned. basis. Drama is also a mirror of society tions in Nigeria, is now completely owned He explains: "When we started pro• and could se~'ve to highlight views and and regulated by the Federal Military duction, we introduced magazine prog• correct ills in a society. We have Government of Nigeria through a body• rammes in the seven major languages in increased our drama programmes from the Nigerian Television Authority our coverage area. The magazines, of 30 one English drama a week to three. The (NT A). minutes duration each day, comprised last addition "The Family" has received Centrally-located in .los, capital of news highlights of the week, music and such acclaim that we are hoping we might Nigeria's Plateau State, the station dance as ~ell as discussions of public have two episodes a week. Similarly transmits in VHF, with an average broad• issues of interest to the local people. To we've added one more Hausa drama and cast time of 6112 hours a day. According to ensure we were being watched we dis• the reception is equally good." the station's own official statistics, it tributed some 32 TV sets to the Local Another approach being used to started production in 1974 with a prog• Authorities and where necessary pro• increase local programming is through ramme mix of 64 per cent local production vided power generating plants for public programme exchange on a bilateral level (time-wise) and 36 per cent of foreign TV viewing. One year later we gave up among the various stations in the country. programmes. Last year, local prog• the magazine programmes due to pres• Programmes received from other stations rammes rose to 67.4 per cent only. sure from ethnic groups who felt neg- in this way take up 11 hours of broadcast

NW JOS PROGRAMME SCHEDULE APRIL 1 - JUNE 30, 1978 TIME SUNDAY MDNDAY I TUESDAY I WEDNESDAY I THURSDAY FRIDAY 4.00 - 4.05 CHRISTIAN SERMON

4.05- 4.30 BANANA SPLIT

4.30-5.00 UfO

MUSLIM SERMON

WORLD MUPPETSHOW STINGRAY GEORGE OFTHE JUNGLE 5.00 - 5.30 GUN SMOKE SIGMONO SEA MONSTER ABOUT US BEVERlY HllllBllllES BASIL BRUSH 5.30-6.00 BUTCHCASSIOY

MUSIC TElEMATCH A.RC STAR SOCCER SPORT5REVIEW CONNECTION 6.00-6.30 WORLD OF SPORTS

SCHOOlS 6.30-7.00 CHilDREN'S TIME fRENCH AT HOME SCHOOLS OEBATE CHALLENGE

7.00-7.15

TOWAROS 7.15-7.45 QUIZl TIME A NEW NIGERIA 7.45-8.00

8.05-8.30 I MEDICALSUMMARYCANNONGETMAN CENTRE SMART ALIVE CLOSE DOWN CHALLENGINGNEWS SEA FACE THEI LOCAL NEWS,- PLAY HOUSE NATION PROGRESS REPORT NETWORK--- THE WORLD TODAY THE lOCAL PROGRAMME SlATTERY'S PEOPLE 8.30-9.00 EPilOGUE & BEN CASEY

9.00-9.25 ~

9.40 - 10.00

10.00-10.30

10.30-11.00

11.00 -11.30

34 time each week on NTV Jos. So far, the even know the number of households equipped film and animation unit which trend in exchanged programmes is with TV sets in our coveragc area. We would service the Nigerian film industry towards drama and music. tend to programme for the elites bccause and the advertising industry. Now, even In addition to the 11 hours taken up by they are the pcople who complain when officials admit that lack of skilled man• exchanged programmes each week. the they don't likc particular programmes. So power alone has hampered the realisation Network Service of Nigerian Television we have to programmc what thcy'1l like," of this goal. obliges local stations to hook to its daily Hopefully this problcm will be solved Today, Jos like other stations in the transmissions which amount to about from the centrc when the Nigerian Tele• country, uses electronic news gathering nine hours a week. This includes the all• vision Authority sets up an effective equipment extensively and is equipped important daily Network news at <)-<).30 research unit as it hopes to do shortly. with NEC MNC 62 colour cameras and p.m. Ratings will howevcr be an insignificant Sony U-matic playback VRCs. With a This means that out of a weekly broad• factor on Nigerian TV as there is no com- staff strength approaching 500. among cast time of 451h hours on NTV Jos. the them. several graduate producers and exchange programme material and Net• directors, the station is one of the best work programmes take up a total of 20 staffed in Nigeria. In t~lct officials believe hours - nearly half the total weekly the station is fast approaching a situation broadcast time. NTV Jos is thus left with of excess executive capacity at the 251h hours a week. 26 per cent of which is expense of skilled middle-level techni• taken up by foreign programmes. cians who are the hallmark of quality TV Despite the desire of many Nigerians to production. see programming extensively indigeni• This is a problem that has been iden• sed, television executives at NTV Jos be• tified by the NT A as common to most lieve it is neither to the interest of the Nigerian stations and to which the public nor the station to completely ex• Authority is seeking an immediate and clude foreign programmes on the sche• long-term solution through the inten• dule., Given the low production budgets at sification of a nationally co-ordinated which the stations operate it is good training programme within Nigeria. economics to buy programmes from Government financing ~lI1d control of abroad. As Adaba sees it. foreign pro• NTV Jos has not resulte4 in overt cen• grammes enrich the overall programming sorship or undue interference in prog• by the station. He says: "I will never rammes. What it has done is encourage subscribe to the idea of eliminating fore• complacency and discourage motivation ign programmes completely. Some prog• and the type of drive that one gets in a rammes have universal appeal and could commercially oriented TV station. It be bought for Nigerian audiences. Others hasn't helped matters that some key offi• have a regional appeal and should be cials were coopted from the civil service phased out where they have no relevance at the inception of the station. to our society. My own preference is for Another thing that NTV Jos failed to do documentaries and police detective films. right from the beginning was to change Good police films can educate our own Tom Adaba the whole style of TV programming and police too. But even here I am screening petition - all stations operate within their presentation. In other words it failed to thoroughly and not just taking everything local areas only. bring in originality in programme type and on offer." An area in which NTV Jos has made an packaging - given the modern equip• Foreign programmes on NTV Jos are obvious mark is in engineering. Not only ment the station started with. Instead it mostly the conventional thrillers from was it the first station to go colour in the toed the lines of older NTV Kaduna - a Britain and the United States. The country but its picture quality and nearby station which had done the Nigerian TV audience is still to adapt to engineering continuity has remained the groundwork for the establishment of the habit of watching subtitled films in highest in the country. NTV Jos officials NTV Jos and from where most of the new French. German or Italian. Series like the put the cost of the st

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 35 FINANCE Restless Viacom: televisi

Viacom, which helps finance them and of cable television systems, with some most accounts, Viacom, the little• Byknown enterprise that has become the arranges distribution. These include 360,000 subscribers in five states, includ• world's leading independent syndicator "The Price is Right", Family Feud", ing 65,000 in Suffolk County and 220,780 of network television programmes, is a "The $25,000 Pyramid" and "The in Califo:'nia. The company grossed $35.7 company to watch. $128,000 Question". million from cable last year, compared Since June 1971, when it was spun off The impetus for these shows, known as with $29.4 million in 1976. from the cable and syndication arms of first run features, was the 1971 Federal Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) Communications Commission (FCC) rul• Inc., Viacom has grown into a lusty ing that no more than three of the four multimillion-dollar supplier of network prime time hours (7 p.m.-II p.m.) on television programmes and motion pic• network-affiliated stations in the top 50 tures, a leading cable-television operator, markets could be occupied by current or and a promising early entrant in pay tele• past network material. vision, For six consecutive years, Via• corn has achieved record revenues and Viacom profits. Year ended What's more, according to many tele• Dec. 31, 1977 Jan. 1, 1976 vision insiders, the industry is in for rad• Revenues 58.462,000 46,804,000 ical transformation. Although the net• Net income 5,556,000 3,782,000 works' influence and revenues have Earnings per share £1.48 £1.02 never been higher, many analysts predict that cable satellites and other technolog• Main line!\ of business ical marvels will turn the television indus• PerceT)tcontribution to 1977 revenues try inside out. And Viacom is clearly pos• Cable television 60.2 itioning itself to step into any vacuum that Domestic programming 23.7 may develop. Foreign p~~gramming 15.1 Pay televisipn programming 1.0 The company is smart, the way it's diversifying, said one Wall Street analyst. It's soon going to be a company to be Total assets, Dec. 31, 1977 $117,224,000 reckoned with. Current assets 33.422,000 Current liabilities 30,944,000 Stock price, May 18, 1978 LUCRATIVE LINE-UP N.Y.S.E. consolidated close 23 Stock price, 52-week range "",,,,,,24'/2-125/8 Viacom's lucrative lineup of syn• Emplpymeees, Dec. 31, 1977 500 dicated television programmes, dis• tributed to some 100 foreign countries and The rule largely failed to spur local within the United States, includes the programming, as had been hoped, but it "Mary Tyler Moore Show", "All in the provided a strong incentive for syn• Family", "Bob Newhart" , "Gunsmoke", dicated programming outside the net• "Family Affair", "My Three Sons", works. "The Bevedy Hillbillies" , "Gomer Pyle" , In particular, it greatly benefited Via• "Hogan's Heroes", "Andy Griffith", corn. Last year the company's net "Perry Mason", "The Dick Van Dyke revenues from foreign and domestic syn• Show", "I Love Lucy", "The Honey• dication amounted to $22.7 million, about mooners" and "Hawaii Five-O", plus $5 million more than the previous year. hundreds of cartoons. (For that ,matter, Viat9,m owes its inde• Many of these hit series are former pendent existence to the FCC, which had CBS network shows, for which Viacom ordered the networks out of cable and owns exclusive rights from the 1950s syndication.) through the 1970-71 television season. Viacom's syndication arm generally Viacom, a New York-based company, acts as middle man between the producer also owns distribution rights to some 350 and independent television stations (or feature motion pictures, including seven governments, which control prog• starring Elvis Presley, plus such vintage ramming in many overseas markets). The thrillers as "Spellbound" and "The Spiral company does not normally purchase Staircase" as well as "Rocky", "Annie shows outright, but instead arranges to Hall" and "The Deep". Whereas once distribute them for a percentage of the Viacom earmarked its movies almost gross - a practice that clearly minimises exclusively for commercial television, it the financial risk. Fees are based on a per is looking increasingly toward pay TV as episode basis and vary from market to well. market, among countries and within the Many of the game shows on afternoon same COLI ntry. or evening television are co-produced by Viacom is also the sixth largest owneJ<

36 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 on by proxy One of Viacom's boldest moves was Showtime's approximately 150,000 sub• about $7.50 per month, and the Showtime undertaken in July 1976with the creation scribers on about 80 cable systems in 30 package costs another $9.95 a month. of Showtime, its national pay television states. Analysts expect Showtime to give Home division for cable. Time Inc. 's Home Box For almost two years Showtime dis• Box Office a run for its money: Office is the clear leader in pay TV. with tributed its programmes to cable system Viacom continues to experiment. It is perhaps one million subscribers versus operators by cassette. But last October it currently test marketing a package of medical programmes to be sent to doc• tors' homes or offices, and a burglar-fire alarm system for cable subscribers in Day ton. Ohio. Recently Viacom took title to the National Broadcasting Company tele• vision network affiliate in Connecticut, a $15 million purchase in the nation's 21st largest television market, where 1976 television revenues exceeded $30 million. Two months ago the company agreed to pay $25 each for the I. I million out• standing shares of the Sonderling Broad• casting Corporation, a Miami-based company that operates nine radio stations in large markets plus a CBS-affiliated television station in Albany, N. Y. Last year Sonderling earned $2.5 million on revenues of $31.6 million. Although both acquisitions presumably were dictated by business considerations, they are also regarded as prudent moves to shield Viacom from any attempted takeover. Early last year the StoreI' Broadcasting (Clockwise from bottom) Many TV Company of Florida made a surprise bid game shows in the afternoon and even• to buy all 3.7 million Viacom shares for ing time slots are co-produced by Via• $55.7 million in cash, or $15 a share for cam. Their lucrative lineup of syn• stock that was then trading at IOJ IM. dicated programmes distributed to The offer was rejected, but the lesson over 100 countries includes (top left) apparently was not lost on Viacom of• "All in the Family" and (top right) "The ficials. Since transfer of broadcasting Mary Tyler Moore Show", licences must be approved by the FCC, the recent acquisitions are intended to provide additional protection should StoreI' or any other broadcast organ• signed a $7.5 million, six-year agreement isation cast longing eyes at Viacom. for nationwide transmission via the RCA Meanwhile, Viacom continues to Satcom II satellite. prosper. Last year it increased revenues The new system, similar to that by 25 per cent to $58.4 million, increased employed by Home Box Office, went into profits by 47 per cent to $5.6 million, and effect two months ago. Showtime prog• earnings per share increased 45 per cent rammes originate directly from the earth to $1.48. At last month's annual meeting, station in Vernon Valley, N.J. and are by Viacom president Ralph M. Baruch satellite to the various cable television announced that net income for the first systems. quarter increased by 34 per cent over last Showtime offers 14new entertainment year's first quarter. attractions each month, primarily movies "The stock is doing well because for and Las Vegas-type revues, including one the first time the company's syndication revue produced by Viacom. It recently business and cable business have come received distribution rights to 12specials together", said Harry Sandler, vice pres• of Columbia Pictures Pay Television and ident of Gold man Sachs & Company. "It plans to produce a magazine-format did well even when one of the businesses series similar to "60 Minutes". was up and the other down, but now Showtime spokesmen say they expect everything is pulling together." more than 300,000 subscribers by the end © 1978 by Company. Reprinted by of the year. The average cable cost is permission.

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 37 TECHNOLOGY Quick response ON THE COMPETITION: We have been kept them. They got to know the com• ELECTRONIChas virtually reshapednews gathering the operation (ENG) successful in selling in France regardless pany fairly well that way. Over the next of television journalism. With today's of Thompson CSF. Everybody knows couple of years, we were invited out there satellite-linked portable cameras and they had trouble with their Microcam. several times to show them what we had recording equipment, news editors have They had to take it back, redesign it ... it to offer, and the principal products we finally realised the industry's long• just doesn't work very well. That's not were interested in showing were broad• cherished technological goal of routinely just my opinion, it's the opinion of the cast and mobile communications equip• transmitting reports of events as they entire market-place. ment. The Chi nese aren't interested in unfold before the viewer in his living• Ikagami probably poses more of a chal• buying consumer products like television room. lenge for RCA in the United States than receivers. (fthey need them, they'll make Although stations woLlld always have they do in the Far East. They are not well them themselves. liked direct pick-up of unprogrammed known in Japan itself. I'm told. They've We don't really know what they're news events on live colour TV cameras, put a lot of effort into strengthening their using the two TK-76's for. They are not as late as five years ago, fast-breaking market in the US, probably at the expense too keen on giving all this information. news still depended on the mobility of the of some other areas. We have not seen a SELLING TO AFRICA: In Africa we shoulder-carried 16mm film cameras. significant amount of competition from have not had much success because most Following coverage of an event, the film would have to be developed, edited and converted to the required electronic for• mat on a telecine unit. The number of steps in this stock• to-screen process, with the resulting cumulative picture degradation, was great. Only a small part of the original fil m (estimates range from 5 per cent to lOpeI' cent) ever made it to the telecine, and the processing time-lag prevented news teams from filming events occurring later than two hours before air time. As the importance of TV news cover• age grew, engineering executives and editors in broadcast journalism began to appreciate the need for a more sophis• ticated system which would have the fol• lowing characteristics: -The immediacy of live TV pick-up, which would provide real-time news coverage. -Lightweight, simply-operated equipment... whose portability would ensure mll11mUm crew sIze. NBC camerawoman Ginny Bosch, using an RCA TK-76 minicam, and cor• -A camera-recorder system with respondent Hillary Brown interview Israeli Ministry of Police spokesman during immediate play-back capability on Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's visit to Jerusalem last year. reusable stock. One of the quickest responses from Ikagami in the Far East. The difficulty of the countries don't have a lot of money . hardware manufacturers came from selling there more often comes back to the We've had a couple of large orders for RCA's Broadcast Systems Division, basic ones- do they have any money and all-RCA broadcast equipment. We've developers of the TK-76 electronic cam• can they pay in hard currency. We've built a complete television centre in era. With over a thousand units in use done very well in Hong Kong, reasonably Nigeria at a cost of several million dollars world-wide, from Evansville, Indiana to well in Taiwan and Asia. We're not losing and another one in Johannesburg also at a Peking, the camera has netted its builders any significant number of sales but the cost of several million dollars, and Gabon more than $35 million in sales to broad• area in general isn't buying a whole lot, bought two large mobile units from us, casters in 32 countries. because like the people in Africa, they but as ageneral rule, most ofthe countries TV V/ORLD'S Judah Passow spoke don't,have a lot of money and they've got don't have a lot of money and as another with TK-76 Project Manager Rick Boy• more important things to do with it. _ general rule they are not able to pay in land at his office in Camden, New Jersey, SELLING TO CHINA: RCA developed hard, convertible currency - which where the man responsible for the cam• good relations with the Chinese gov• limits both our ability and our vvillingness era's marketing success reflected on ernment at the time of former President to do business there. topics ranging from competition from Richard Nixon's visit. because RCA went With their limited resources, the Afri• other manufacturers to ENG's future in along to install the satellite dishes that cans are interested in more important Third World countries. Below, excerpts broadcast the visit live. The Chinese liked things first - irrigation, military, things from their conversation. the idea so much, they just bought and like that. The only country we've done

38 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 In colour cameras as in video recorders (and many products besides), Am'pex has the knowledge of what today's broadcasters need, plus the capacity to produce it.

Our customers deserve the best. We deliver it.

Ampex International, Acre Road, Read ing, England. Tel: (0734) 864121 Tx: 847611 Ampex 8CC-14 camera for Electronic News Gathering and Electronic Field Production

VPR-20 lightweight ENG/EFP recorder

VPR-2 helical scan video recorder (which meets the new EBU format C for 7-inch continuous-field recorders)

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 39 Broadcast Breakthrough: The Bony BVH-I000, a unique one-inch VTR.

New developments in video broadcasting equipment SMPTE TilDe Code Reproduction: have come to this-Sony's BVH-lOOO.It's our top-of-the• With BVG-lOOOSony Time Code Generator/reader, the line recorder which combines both economy and quality BVH-lOOOiscapable of displaying the time code even in reproduction without color banding noise. slow and still modes to facilitate the decision-making in editing operation. Its advanced VITC (Vertical Interval Time Code) system also facilitates the kind of precision Sony's Unique 1.5 Head System: editing which was previously possible only with film. The compact BVH-lOOOincorporates the format of the future-I" tape plus Sony's exclusive 1.5 head system. Computer Controlled Editing: The head configuration completely eliminates missing A combination of the BVH-lOOOand an editor linked to a information caused by head switching of single head computer constitutes a perfect automatic editing system machines. specially effective for precise, quick, and easy tape-to• tape editing. The editor is capable of controlling up to Bidirex Search Function: eight BVH-lOOOs.Toensure foolproof operation, editing Another Sony exclusive. Bi-directional search capability points are digitally displayed on the CRT display device with a single control dial that gives editors a true "film" and the typewriter. It is also possible to keep the editing feel. Not one, but two search modes are provided. data in the form of a punched tape for later automatic In SHUTTLE mode, the tape can be moved in either editing. direction with coherent picture information, from still, step and normal speed to over 60 times normal speed. Easy Adjustments and Service: With BVT-lOOOSony DIGITAL TIME BASE The record current optimizer and the playback equalizer CORRECTOR, recognizable color pictures in BIDlREX incorporated in the BVH-lOOOassure quick and accurate shuttle speeds from still-frame to seven times normal adjustments of recording current in the recording mode. speed and monochrome pictures at shuttle speeds The BVH-lOOOalso adopts versatile design, consisting of greater than thirty times normal speed. In JOG mode, 5 major modules to make servicing easier. Consider the tape reels follow the rotation of the BIDlREX control Sony's broadcasting breakthrough. The BVH-lOOOis dial as if the editor were positioning the reels smoothly ahead of its time now and will be for a long time to come. by hand, while the BVH-lOOOretains a fully locked color For more information: wnteto picture. Thus, fast editing decision can be made. Video Products Department, International Division, Sony Corporation, p.a. Box 10,Tokyo A.P., Color Framing: Tokyo 141,Japan. Some high end production recorders don't offer color framing. Others make it available as an expensive option. But the BVH-lOOOprovides color framing capability as a standard feature. BONY:

A ca meraJs AT first glance, it doesn't look like an operation that so far has brought RCA over $35 million in sales. The TK-76 ENG camera is assembled by a small, cheerful team of engineers and technicians tucked away in a top-floor corner of a drab, cavernous industrial building in which the Broadcast Systems Division also manufactures communications equipment for missile-carrying nuclear submarines and studio cameras to broadcast TV quiz shows. Hunched over rows of long benches. technicians patiently assemble endless racks of circuit boards according to a computer-directed pattern which selects the com• ponents, tells them where it goes and which way it goes in. The assembled boards move on towards other technicians who position them in the TK-76's cast-aluminum frame. It's here that the operation stops looking like a small transistor radio factory and where the product takes on the unmistakable appearance of the world's largest selling electronic news camera. Once the camera body has been completed and its circuitry's performance checked, the unit is mated to one of four lenses available to customers (lenses made by Fujinon. Angenieux, Canon or Schneider). and handed over to production Circuit boards assembled by com• engineers for power-up bench testing. NTSC and PAL-M tests are conducted at the puter-controlled sequence. Camden, New Jersey headquarters. PAL and SECAM checks are done at the company's Jersey Isle facility in Britain. RCA builds five TK-76 cameras a day. Each one is put through 16 hours of testing before being packed into its shipping case. Cost: about $36,000 each, less lens. Photos by Judah Passow

Assembled circuit boards are installed The completed camera, with mated lens, begins a 16-hour run of bench tests. in TK-76 body frame.

Each component is inspected by quality control engineers before final assembly.

42 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 vie\N af a camera

Above: No doubt about what they make here - RCA's TK-76 assembly oper• ation in Camden, New Jersey. Below: Vincent Renna, Chief Duality Control Engineer for the TK-76project.

The end of the line: the 1000th TK-76 camera passes through final testing. Destination: station WTVW in Evansvi/le, Indiana.

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 43 TECHNOLOGY any significant kind of busincss with is Nigcria - Nigeria has oil. so they've got money, they've got a lot of money - [ wouldn't say to burn - but the other INot just countries are not wealthy and not able to pay in h,trd currency.

THE SOUTH AMERICAN MARKET: another camera The only countries with significant poten• tial in South America are Yenezuala and Brazil. and we have sold several TK-760 by having several microphones synched THE past, "paluche" was just slang studio cameras in Yenezuala. They are INfor "hand" to French cameramen. But up to the same camera," Beauviala not into electronic news gathering, so now it means "a camera" - a very inter• explained. "Since no such system there's no great ENG market out there. csting light-weight vide'o camera the size existed, I started to invent one. The idea In Brazil we've been reasonably suc• and weight of a hand-torch. was to free the machines by synching cessful in selling both cameras. The dit~ The Paluche was invented by a young them to a universal moment. in time, ficulty with Brazil is not the customer but Frenchman, Jean-Pierre Beauviala from which meant slaving the camera and the the government formalities - from time Grenoble, the director of a small firm recorder motors very precisely. This is to time the customer says "yes, I'll buy manufacturing another one of his inven• now known as the quartz system, but this," but until you have a government tions, the Aaton 16mm film camera which when I was fixing up my second-hand import license to bring it into the country, features a video view-tinder. Several of Arriflex with a Nagra, I didn't know that. it can be 9 to 12 months. We have a these cameras have been bought by the .. Anyway, I went to see the people at number of orders which our salesmen British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Eclair-Mathot to have a look at their consider sold in Brazil, which are not and French Television uses them occa• Coutant, and while I was there I showed considered bookable and shipable here sionally as well. them a photo of what 1 was doing to the until we have the letter of credit and the Arri 16 with a quartz clock. They thought import papers. It's purely a delay with the BEATNIK APPEARANCE it looked interesting and came down to Brazilian government. have a look in my loft. When they saw Beauviala is an interesting man. His what I was doing, they were very honest. LOOKING TOWARDS THE FUTURE: long hair and vaguely beatnik clothes give They asked me to patent my work, sell it Where is ENG technology going? The him more of an appearance ofa Bohemian to them, and join their company as an biggest effort in the business is going to be artist than the boss of a factory. He first engineering advisor." spent on improving the method of record• went to Grenoble in 1957 to study physics Eclair-Mathot made 3000 of ing. It's the limiting factor right now. All and maths at the university, but soon Beauviala's motors, for which he was of the higher quality ENG cameras - not became more interested in the university paid. Beauviala during this time was only our own - are already capable of cine club than in his studies. After gradu• working on the development of Eclair's making pictures sub~tantially better than ation, hc stayed on at Grenoble to teach ACL camera, and was also asked to any of the recording systems that are electronics, "and it was for my elec• develop a system for recording sound on commonly used for news gathering. And tronics course that I needed to make a film. The result of this effort was the one-inch portable machines are too film/' he said. That was ten years ago, patented, and Beauviala made a reported heavy and too expensive to use for ENG. and this first film has still not been made. $120,000 in royalties from sales. He was There's not much point in making the "I wanted to invent a new use of sound, subsequently fired, however, because he cameras a whole lot better than they are now, unless something is done with the recorder. In the camera area itself, there will be some effort at reducing size, weight and power consumption, but as you talk to a lot of people and a lot of cameramen, you find you reach a point of diminishing returns. Most cameramen will tell you that a camera in the order of 15 to 18 pounds is what they like to see. If you made them a 5 pound camera it would be too light. But the big technological challenge is the recorder - in building a unit that's smaller, lighter, cheaper and more dur• able than what the industry is now using. This, of course, will mean a new tape format. I think the 314in. format has been pushed to its limits. There are mod• ifications made by some companies that allow tapes to go more generations with• out getting so terribly noisy, but they do that at the expense of resolution, which The Aaton 16mm camera, designed by Jean-Pierre Beauviala. With design con• hasn't really made the overall picture any cepts tracing back to the Camiflex and Eclair NPR cameras, the Aaton has so far better. sold 200 units since 1977, with sales expected to top $2 million this year.

44 TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 refused to sell the company the patent for this system. Three other engineers re• signed from Eclair-Mathot and joined Beauviala in Grenoble where they founded "Aaton", spelled intentionally with a double "a" so that it would be first in the telephone directory. The Aatoil factory at that time con• sisted of Beauviala's loft. The four designer-engineers went to work on the camera of their dreams - a cheap but reliable p(irtable 16mm unit that would sit on the cameraman's shoulder like a snug old cat. One of the first people to show an interest in their work was Jean-Philippe Cm'son, founder of the Eclair Cor• poration of America and promoter of the NPR (Noiseless Portable Reflex), so suc• cessfully used by D. A. Pennebaker, Richard Leacock and the Maysles brothers. Before his untimely death in 1973, Carson had taken Beauviala's Aaton 73 prototype camera to the United States where he showed it to cinema innovators like Haskell Wexler. Carson, in fact. died on the way back from Mexico to join Beauviala in Grenoble. 1970 to '73 were lean years for Beauviala. Suddenly, though, the BBC and Swedish Television asked to see pro• Camera designer Jean-Pierre Beauviala shoulders his Aaton 16 camera totypes of the 16mm camera, and a local banker who believed in the long-haired resents more than just another camera. ity to shoot in what has become known as gang of camera fanatics covered their From the Camiflex he took the reflex mir• "available darkness". opens up new vis• overdraft. News of their work travelled. ror shutter which allows sharp focusing ual territory for today's film makers. Among those who came to Grenoble' to without measuring subject-to-Iens dis• Despite the Paluche's acceptance by visit their factory were Richard and tance. To this, he added a frontal view• organisations like the BBC. Beauviala Albert Maysles, Jean Rouch, Louis Malle finder to allow hand-held operation, a readily admits that the unit is far from and Norman Chapman of the BBC. In video output in the finder, and a quick• being the ultimate video camera. In fact. 1975 Chapman wrote Beauviala a letter change co-axial magazine. problems haunting conventional video concerning some delivery details in which The video-finder equipped Aaton 16 cameras plague the Paluche, too. To skirt he quoted from Shakespeare's "Julius has been a commercial success. 200 the need for connector cables, Beauviala Caesar": "There is a tide in the affairs of ~ameras were manufactured in 1977, and designed a miniature transmitter for the man, which, taken at the flood, lead on to the turn-over for the current year is Paluches used by the BBC. These trans• fortune.' , expected to reach $2 million. Germany's mitters are illegal in France, however, Arriflex is so concerned with the new because of that country's TV Monopoly DEVELOPMENT TROUBLE competition that it has reportedly tried to statutes. Beauviala is appalled by the attack Aaton with threats of law suits weight, size and price of existing video over certain patent rights. cameras, and by the severely limited edit• :' Aaton's 16mm camera was having The Paluche's development is almost ing possibilities in 3/4 inch video tape. development trouble, and Beauviala accidental. Beauviala detached the Although he now manufactures video brought in some electronic technicians to Aaton's viewfinder from the body one equipment, Beauviala is nevertheless intensity work on pelfecting the quartz day, and was struck with the idea that it highly critical of the material being shot in motor. A series of modifications, which could be modified to serve as a small that format. He maintains that the ease of had become apparent to the users of the video camera. "An eye at one's finger• shooting and the relatively low price of prototype models, lasted a year between tips" is the way one user described it. reusable tape stock combine to encourage their sale in 1973 and the presentation of Viewing the subject one is shooting people to shoot impulsively and sloppily. the production Model I at the 1974 through a shoulder-high reflex system is The lack of editing techniques leads to Photokina. The next 12 months brought the traditional body language of the boring results in the finished product. other problems. chiefly with sub• hand-held cameraman. Beauviala's "With a film camera," Beauviala says, contractors and internal organisation. All Paluche offers the possibility of a com• "the camera is rigorous for you. With that was holding the company together plete re-thinking of the relationship bet• video you need a very strict shooting plan financially at this point were the royalties ween cameraman and subject, and could and the courage to stop the bloody on the sale of 7000 sync motors for the eventually modify the whole language of thing!" Eclair 16, developed much earlier but for hand-held camerawork. Being able' to The Paluche is a black and white which Aaton held the patent. point and wield a camera as easily as a device, and Beauviala claims he is not Beauviala admits that his Aaton 16 torch. angling it upwards or downwards, going to work on a colour unit because of owes a lot to the old 1945 Camiflex, but at arm's length above your head or at the the high costs involved. nevertheless insists that his product rep- level of your shoes, coupled with a capac- JIM HOOGETTS in Paris

TV WORLD, JULY, 1978 4S NEWSBRIEFS

HOLLAND - The Dutch government and television stations, and the Quebec HOLLAND - NV Philips of Eindhoven, has fixed the licence fee for television for operations of the Bell Canada Telephone Netherlands has reached agreement with 1979 at G.126.00 ($56.25) a year - up Company and the Federal Government• Ampex Corporation of Redwood City, from G.120.00 ($53.50). This will make owned CBC television and radio net• California, to cobperate on one-inch hel• the Netherlands ninth in the table of work. The Government last year made ical videotape recorders and ENG/EFP licence fees for monochrome television French the official language in the pro• cameras. Philips will market the Ampex and 12th in the colour fee table. vlllce. VPR2 and VRP20 recorders and time base correctors on a worldwide non• RHODESIA - The Rhodesian daily IT AL Y - For the first time in its history, exclusive basis, while Ampex in turn will newspaper the Rhodesiall Herald has Ita]ian state broadcasting corporation include the new Philips model 14 camera recently announced the findings of its TV in its range of broadcast portable RAI made a profit in 1977. Surplus of cameras. survey. The majority of viewers feel the L. 7, I11 m ($8,165) was recorded despite standard of programmes has fallen to a L.20bn ($22.9m) investment in mod• very low level over the past ten years. ernising and amortising property and NEW ZEALAND - The State Broad• Economic sanctions have been in force L.26m ($29,860) in facilities and equip• against the country since the unilateral ment. Increase in the licence fee and casting Corporation recorded a five mil• declaration of independence (UDI) in introduction ofco]our are cited as reasons lion dollar profit last year after taking what its chairman, lan Cross, described 1965. Endless poor films are criticised for the results. (Cost of colour reception as "appropriate measures of self dis• among many other points. The air of dis• has doubled since 1976). Programme out• satisfaction resulted in the resignation of put was up at RAllast year- from 6,683 cipline" which included increasingadver• 12 leading production personnel and hI's of tcievision in 1970 to 7.256 hI's in tising rates, slashing viewing hours, some presenters. 1977. reducing staff by 3.5 per cent and cutting "periphera]" activities such as sports sponsorship. The State Broadcasting SOUTH AFRICA - About £2.25m UNITED STATES - The average US Corporation lost $2.5m in the 1970-77 ($4.05m) was spent on television adver• household now watches a Public Broad• financial year. tising in South Africa during the first four cast Service (PBS) television station for weeks of the year, since the introduction an average 187 mins a week, according to of commercials according to a survey the Corporation for Public Broadcasting GERMANY - Chancellor Helmut conducted by advertising agency, J. WaI• in Washington D.e. During the week of Schmidt has suggested that West Ger• ter Thompson. Biggest spending cate• 13 February, sampled by Nielsen, 42.3 mans have one television-free day each gory, at £ 176,500 ($3 17,7(0), was banking per cent of all households watched at least week. "We are not talking enough with and building societies; largest single six minutes of PBS. Largest audiences each other," he said in an interview in the advertiser was Elna Sewing Machines, 6.49m for a film on whales and 3 .86m for a mass-circulation newspaper Bi/d Olll which paid £39,000 ($70,200) during the documentary about the Bamiki-Bandu]a SOllllfaR. "That goes for married couples. month. Johnson & Johnson, at £34,000 Nrican tribe. parents, children and friends. I am dis• ($61,200), came second and Nether]ands turbed by the fact that we are becoming Bank Group (Nedbank) third at £32,800 more and more tongue-tied." If West ($59,040). UNITED STATES - Twentieth Century- Fox Telecommunications is Germans kept their television set turned off one day each week, it would give them teaming up with Bell & Howell Video the chance to discuss important problems AUSTRALIA - Managers of Australian Systems and Holiday Inns of America to TV stations have been given guidelines on provide feature films in US hotels and relating to marriage, the family and the nudity by the Australian Broadcasting motels. Films will be distributed via the education of children, Schmidt said, adding that television had many positive Tribunal. They note a recent tendency satellite operated by Southern Satellite towards screening of gratuitous nudity Systems, which at present serves 170 aspects but often gave people a false pic• which often contradicts the Film Cen• ture of real life and tended to portray vio• cable television systems. The hotel lence as a normal occurrence. sorship Board's attitudes to imported scheme will reach nearly 300,000 rooms drama. In future the inclusion on TV of via at least 500 receiving stations across sc'enes of full frontal nudity will require the United States. the prior approval of the Tribunal. filY! r5Y!@/?!Jij CHINA·-Is almost certain to get a colour UNITED STATES - Automation is now Advertiser's Index television tube production plant supplied a feature of some or all facilities in lOpeI' by Japan under a recent eight -year $20bn ABC Pictures Int. covercover40/4147391527 iiiivii385 cent of US commercial television and trade agreement. Hitachi officials have CVSSonyMTVPegasoITNBoshTwentieth -FinlandAmpexWorldvisionYLE-Finland Films Century Fox radio stations, report the Broadcast already been negotiating with the Chinese Financial Management Association and and Matsushita Electric and Toshiba are the Nationa] Association of Broad• also competing. The plant would have a casters. Some 40 per cent of respondents capacity of 600,000 tubes a year and to a recent survey had a complete in• would cost about Yen 30bn ($130.4m). house computer system rather than hav• China reportedly wants work to start on ing to share time on outside computer facilities. the project as soon as possible, so that the assembly lines could be in full operation in 1980. Tubes would be for the PAL col• CANADA - The separatist Quebec Gov• our system for which Hitachi has a ernment is demanding provincial control licence from AEG-Telefunken. Exports over cable television, te]ecommuni• from China of PAL receivers would prob• cations, licensing and regulation of radio ably not be covered by the licence.

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more than they can possibly hope to A: No, there is almost none to any degree. FROMcornerhis of glass-walled the CBS Evening office in News the recover as far as the actual income of the Q: But even to a lesser degree? room in New York City, Waiter Cronkite news department goes. presides over a broadcast journalism Q: Does ENG determine the content of A: No, there's not really. Of course, the organisation that outsiders regard with news in any way? reporters at the White House and other awe and which colleagues and com• branches of government are always under petitors view with a great deal of diffi• some pressure to report things as the dence. White House and the other sources would At 62, Cronkite is the Grand Old Man of like to have them reported, but that's no television news. He has anchored his more than anyone else, or in any busi• network's nightly newscast consistently ness, who tries to influence a reporter. for the last 15 years, while over at NBC Q: And on a higher level? and ABC programming executives have been locked in a continuing struggle to A: There is none at all. I can safely say invent formats and personality com• and would swear to, that in my 15 years of binations designed to unseat him as doing the Evening News, not once, has America's premier newscaster. any pressure been exerted on me from the As writers, editors and studio techni• network to put anything on the broadcast cians were pulling together all the ele• or keep anything off the broadcast. Now ments of another edition of the "CBS there was one case that I've never really Evening News", TV V/ORLD's Judah fully documented where apparently there Passow talked with Cronkite about some was some political pressure exercised and of the new trends in electronic jour• there was a reaction that caused us to nalism. shorten the piece here. That was in the PASSOW: Does ABe's new format signal Watergate case,the story as I have heard the end of New York's monopoly as the it in later years was that there was pres• national news originating centre? sure on the top network management and CRONKITE: Well, I suppose that could was relayed to the news management. be said about it if you believe New York then relayed down to our broadcast. has had a monopoly as a news originating Q: Could you go into a little bit of detail? centre. New York has only been a switch• ing centre, not an originating centre. I do WaIter Cronkite: "I am an employee A: No, I don't want to go into any further not see that ABC is going to originate any like everyone else around here." detail on it. But it was disguised in such a more material outside New York than way that I did not know it was political they have, or we have, or NBC has in the pressure. The way that the case was made past. Most of our material certainly A: In an indirect way it does. We are to me made such logical journalistic sense comes from outside New York. obviously a photo medium. If we have a that I yielded. Q: Do you see this as a possible future good picture, we certainly ought to use it. That does not mean we should ever use it Q: What would have been your reaction trend in network news programming? to the detriment of a. balanced news had you known what was going on? A: I don't see a lot of sense to that myself. report. We should not play up a story A: I would have quit. simply because we have a picture. I think it's interesting as a programme approach. It's more of a gimmick I think Q: What is your definition of news? Q: That form of tampering would lead you than an actual editorial function they're to quit? A: It's that which interests and concerns performing. Although, I think it perhaps A: Yes, I wouldn't work in a business like will give them a pace and a visual interest people. That's news. Ifit concerns you, if it has an effect on your life, it's news ... this if that were the norm. I think that's that wil] be different and, therefore, pos• The three network news broadcasts look another whole philosophical ballgame. I sibly worthy. very much alike. Why? Not because there mean, its their network, they own it. I Q: Do you feel network news depart• is any connivance, but because there are don't own it. If that's the way they want ments are gearing up to big budget enter• basic news standards. If a story smacks to run it, I'm not so sure that it's so ter• tainment ]evels? you in the face, this is the lead. This is the ribly wrong. Let them run it that way, but way you handle this story, this is the reac• that's not what I want to do with my life. A: Well. certainly not as far as CBS is tion you go for. concerned. A BC are certainly pouring a Q: Do you ever get the feeling that you lot of money into reconstruction of their Q: Is there any political pressure, subtle own the network? news operation. There is no doubt about or otherwise, on US network news from that. They are outspending the rest of us government officials similar to those A: No, I'm a long way from that. Quite a like mad. But it's clearly a lost leader exerted on broadcasters who work in long way from that. No, I am an employee situation. I'm sure they are spending state owned broadcast systems? like everybody else around here.

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