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U. S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS FOURTH CLASS MAIL POSTAGE AND FEES PAID ~ W .... SHINGTON, 0 C 20425 U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS 00- PERMIT NO. G73 OFFICIAL BUSINESS U.S.MAlL PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE. $300 Window Dress~ onthe Set: anUpdate U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is a temporary, independent, bipartisan agency established by Congress in 1957 and directed to: .. Investigate complaints alleging that citizens are being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices; .. Study and collect information concerning legal developments constituting discrimination or a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin, or in the administration ofjustice; .. Appraise Federal laws and policies with respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin, or in the administration ofjustice; .. Serve as a national clearinghouse for information in respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin; • Submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and the Congress. MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION Arthur S. Flemming, Chairman Stephen Horn, Vice Chairman Frankie M. Freeman Manuel Ruiz, Jr. Murray Saltzman Louis Nunez, Acting Staff Director For sale by tho Superintendent of Documents, u.s. Government Printing Office, Washlngton, D.C. 20402 AReport ofthe United States CO:m:m:issionon.CMl Rights Janua;ry1979 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Washington, D.C. January 1979 The President. The President of the Senate The Speaker of the House of Representatives Sirs: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights presents to you this report pursuant to Public Law 85-315 as amended. It has been just over a year since the Commission released Window Dressing on the Set: Women and Minorities in Television. Window Dressing reported the findings of studies of network television drama broadcast from 1969 through 1974 and network' news programs broadcast in 1974 and 1975. It also contained a study of the employment status of women and minorities at 40 local television stations, including all of those owned by the networks. The current report investigates whether the status of women and minorities has improved since the periods covered in Window Dressing. This report updates the network entertainment and news studies with the most recent information available: an analysis of portrayals of minorities and women on television drama from 1975 to 1977 and an analysis of minorities and women in the network news of 1977. It also contains an analysis of 1977 employment patterns at network headquarters and at network-owned stations. We urge your consideration of the facts contained in this report and request your good offices in implementing its recommendations. Respectfully, Arthur S. Flemming, Chairman Stephen Horn, Vice Chairman Frankie M. Freeman Manuel Ruiz, Jr. M urra y Saltzman Louis Nunez, Acting Staff Director iii PREFACE Television is a dominant factor in American life. It transcends space, catapulting viewers across the Nation and around the world, introducing them to diverse peoples in various settings along the way. Television is preeminent as a communicator of ideas and as an entertaimnent form. Just as in a moment of triumph it showed the thrust into space fairly and objectively, it elm achieve equivalent standards of presentation when grappling with cultural and racial diversity or when covering men and women. Because of the medium's capacity for flXing an image in the public mind, its responsibility for avoiding stereotypic and demeaning depictions becomes central to its role. The encompassing nature of the medium necessitates that diversity among decisionmakers, newsmakers, and newscasters become an integral aspect of television. Because the Commission's 1977 report entitled Window Dressing on the Set: Women and Minorities in Television documented a troubling distance from this goal, the Commission has reconsidered television's treatment of women and minorities. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTENTS The Commission is indebted to the following staff members who participated in the preparation of this report: Helen Franzwa Loukas, Project Director; Henry A. 1. COMMERCIAL TELEVISION: THE PORTRAYAL OF MINORITIES AND Gordon; and Carolyn Reid-Smith. WOMEN IN THE MID-SEVENTIES ........... , .... :.................................... 1 Gail Gerebenics, Office of General Counsel, provided helpful legal advice leading to Early Pqrtrayals of Minorities ................... """"""""""""""""""""'" 1 the preparation of chapter 5. Portrayal of Minorities in the Mid-1970s ................................................. 2 Rosa L. Crumlin had the major responsibility for typing the manuscript and Black Situation Comedies................................................................... 2 preparing the tables. Typing assistance was provided by Cheryl Blake, Lucille Portrayal of Women in the Mid-1970s .................................................... 5 Boston, Gloria Ferrer, Mary Moore, Roberta Sanders, and Patsy Washington. Conclusion. .. .. .. • . .. .. .. .. .. 6 The report was prepared under the overall supervision of Caroline Davis Gleiter, 2. PORTRAYAL OF MINORmES AND WOMEN IN TELEVISION DRAMA': 7 Proportion of Characters by Race and Sel( .............................................. : 8 Acting Assistant Staff Director, Office of Program and Policy Review. Age of Characters.................... ......................................................... 10 Lawrence Reidman and Bonnie Mathews served as editors. Preparation for Comic Roles ................................................................................... 10 publication was the responsibility of Deborah A. Harrison, Vivian Hauser, and Violence ........................................................................................ 15 Audree Holton under the supervision of Vivian Washington, Publication Support Occupational Portrayals.... ...................... ........................................... 15 Center, Office of Management. Major Occupational Categories ......................................................... 15 We appreciate the work of the following students who served as coders of the news: Specific Occupational Titles ............................................................. 16 Hector Corporan, Kendall Lambert, Catherine Lauwers, Theresa Marron, Brian Discussion ..................................................................................... 16 Mosley, Bassey Obot, Fernando Sandoval, Alexandra Sharpe, and Carl Thiesfield. Conclusion ..................................................................................... 20 Dean Lionel Barrow of Howard University's School of Communications and Dr. 3. MINORITIES AND WOMEN IN NETWORK TELEVISION NEWS ........... 23 Nancy Signorielli of the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of News Content ............................................................................." ... 23 Pennsylvania rendered valuable assistance to this project. Topics of News Stories .................................................................... 23 Newsmakers ................................................................................ 24 Newsmaker Roles .......................................................................... 24 New~ Correspondents ........................................................................ 25 Tne Commission's Sample ............................................................... 25 Analysis of All Correspondents Appearing in 1977 .................................. 27 Discussion .. : .. : ............................................................................... 29 Women and Minorities as Anchors ..................................................... 29 Minorities and Women as Correspondents ............................................ 31 Conclusion ......................................................................... , ........... 32 4. EMPLOYMENT OF MINORITIES AND WOMEN AT LOCAL TELEVISION STATIONS AND THE NETWORKS ...................................................... 33 Equal Employment Opportunity at Local Stations ..................................... : 33 Women and Minorities in Policymaking Positions ...................................... 34 Affirmative Action in Television Employment .......................................... 36 Equal Employment Opportunity at the Networks .. " ................................... 40 5. TELEVISION'S EFFECT ON VIEWERS AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT . 44 Television's Effect ............................................................................ 44 Television's Effect on Children .......................................................... 46 The Effect of Televised Violence on Children ......................................... 46 The Effect of Television Advertising on Children .................................... 48 The Effect of the Portrayal of Minorities and Women on Children ............... 49 The Role of the Federal Communications Commission ................................ 50 vi vii The First Amendment and Children's Television............................... ...... 51 FIGURES Violence, the Family Hour, and the First Amendment... ..........................