Electrical Power Systems Technology
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Electrical Power Systems Technology Third Edition This page intentionally left blank Electrical Power Systems Technology Third Edition Stephen W. Fardo Dale R. Patrick Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fardo, Stephen W. Electrical power systems technology / Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick. - - 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-10: 0-88173-585-X (alk. paper) -- ISBN-10: 0-88173-586-8 (electronic) -- ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-0027-0 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper) 1. Electric power systems. 2. Electric machinery. I. Patrick, Dale R. II. Title. TK1001.F28 2008 621.31--dc22 2008033611 Electrical Power Systems Technology / Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick. ©2009 by The Fairmont Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc. 700 Indian Trail Lilburn, GA 30047 tel: 770-925-9388; fax: 770-381-9865 http://www.fairmontpress.com Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA E-mail: [email protected] Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd. 23-25 Blades Court Deodar Road London SW15 2NU, UK E-mail: [email protected] Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10: 0-88173-585-X (The Fairmont Press, Inc.) 13: 978-1-4398-0027-0 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. iv Contents Preface .................................................................................................................ix UNIT I POWER MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND FUNDAMENTALS .................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Power Measurement Fundamentals ....................................... 5 Units of Measurement—Conversion of SI Units— Scientific Notation Chapter 2 Power System Fundamentals .................................................15 The System Concept—Basic System Functions—A Simple Electrical System Example—Energy, Work, and Power—Types of Electrical Circuits—Power in DC Electrical Circuits— Maximum Power Transfer—Overview of Alternating Current (AC) Circuits—Vector and Phasor Diagrams—Impedance in AC Circuits—Power Relationships in AC Circuits—Power Relationships in Three—Phase Circuits Chapter 3 Power Measurement Equipment ...........................................59 Measurement Systems—Measuring Electrical Power— Measuring Electrical Energy—Measuring Three-Phase Electrical Energy—Frequency Measurement—Synchroscopes— Ground -Fault Indicators—Megohmeters—Clamp-On Meters Telemetering Systems UNIT II ELECTRICAL POWER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .............79 Chapter 4 Modern Power Systems .......................................................... 83 Electrical Power Plants—Fossil Fuel Systems—Steam Turbines— Boilers—Hydroelectric Systems—Nuclear Fission Systems— Operational Aspects of Modem Power Systems Chapter 5 Alternative Power Systems ...................................................117 Potential Power Sources—Solar Energy Systems—Geothermal Power Systems—Wind Systems—Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Systems—Nuclear-Fusion Power Systems—Nuclear-Fusion Methods—Future of Nuclear Fusion—Fuel-Cell Systems—Tidal Power Systems—Coal-Gasification Fuel Systems—Oil-Shale Fuel-Production Systems—Alternative Nuclear Power Plants— Biomass Systems v Chapter 6 Alternating Current Power Systems ................................... 137 Electromagnetic Induction—Basic Generator Operation— Single-Phase AC Power Systems—Single-Phase AC Generators— Three-Phase AC Generators—High-Speed and Low-Speed Generators—Generator Frequency—Generator Voltage Regulation—Generator Efficiency Chapter 7 Direct Current Power Systems .............................................157 DC Production Using Chemical Cells—Characteristics of Primary Cells—Characteristics of Secondary Cells—DC Generating Sys- tems—DC Conversion Systems—DC Filtering Methods—DC Reg- ulation Methods UNIT III ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ......... 203 Chapter 8 Power Distribution Fundamentals ......................................207 Overview of Electrical Power Distribution—Power Transmission and Distribution—Radial, Ring, and Network Distribution Systems—Use of Transformers for Power Distribution— Conductors in Power Distribution Systems—Conductor Area— Resistance of Conductors—Conductor Sizes and Types— Ampacity of Conductors—Ampacity Tables—Use of Insulation in Power Distribution Systems Chapter 9 Power Distribution Equipment ............................................239 Equipment Used at Substations—Power System Protective Equipment—Power Distribution Inside Industrial and Commercial Buildings—The Electrical Service Entrance—Service Entrance Terminology Chapter 10 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Distribution Systems ............................................................. 255 Single-Phase Systems— Three-Phase Systems—Grounding of Distribution Systems—System Grounding—Ground-Fault Protection—Wiring Design Considerations for Distribution Systems—Branch Circuit Design Considerations—Feeder Circuit Design Considerations—Determining Grounding Conductor Size—Parts of Interior Electrical Wiring Systems UNIT IV ELECTRICAL POWER CONVERSION SYSTEMS ...........289 Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Electrical Loads ........................................293 Load Characteristics—Three-Phase Load Characteristics vi Chapter 12 Heating Systems .....................................................................307 Basic Heating Loads—Electrical Welding Loads—Power Considerations for Electric Welders—Electric Heating and Air Conditioning Systems Chapter 13 Lighting Systems ....................................................................327 Characteristics of Light—Electrical Lighting Circuits— Branch Circuit Design—Lighting Fixture Design— Factors in Determining Light Output Chapter 14 Mechanical Systems ...............................................................349 Basic Motor Principles—DC Motors—Specialized DC Motors— Single-Phase AC Motors—Three-Phase AC Motors—Specialized Mechanical Power Systems—Electric Motor Applications UNIT V ELECTRICAL POWER CONTROL SYSTEMS .................. 401 Chapter 15 Power Control Devices ..........................................................405 Power Control Standards, Symbols, and Definitions—Power Control Using Switches—Control Equipment for Electric Motors—other Electromechanical Power Control Equipment— Electronic Power Control Chapter 16 Operational Power Control Systems ...................................427 Basic Control Systems—Motor—Starting Systems— Specialized Control Systems—Frequency—Conversion Systems—Programming the PLC Chapter 17 Control Devices ...................................................................... 453 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers—SCR Construction—SCR I-V Characteristics—DC Power Control with SCRs—AC Power Control with SCRs—Triac Power Control—Triac Construction— Triac Operation—Triac I-V Characteristics—Triac Applications— Static Switching—Start-Stop Triac Control—Triac Variable Power Control—Diac Power Control—Electronic Control Considerations Appendix A Trigonometric Functions .......................................................471 Appendix B The Elements ...........................................................................473 Appendix C Metric Conversions ................................................................475 Index ................................................................................................................ 481 vii This page intentionally left blank Preface Electrical Power Systems Technology (Third Edition) provides a broad overview of the production, distribution, control, conversion, and mea- surement of electrical power. The presentation method used in this book will allow the reader to develop an understanding of electrical power sys- tems. The units of the book are organized in a systematic manner, begin- ning with electrical power production methods. The fundamentals of each major unit of the book are discussed at the beginning of the unit. These fundamentals provide a framework for the information that follows in each unit. The last unit has been expanded to include control devices. This book deals with many important aspects of electrical power, not just with one or two areas. In this way, it will give the reader a better un- derstanding of the total electrical power system—from the production of electricity to its conversion to other forms of energy. Each unit deals with a specific system, such as production, distribution, control, conversion, or measurement. Each system is broken down into subsystems. The subsys- tems are then explored in greater detail in the chapters that make up each unit. In order to understand the contents of this book in depth, the reader should have a knowledge of basic electrical fundamentals. The mathemat- ical presentations given are very simple and are used only to show the practical relationships that are important in electrical power system op- eration. This book is recommended as a textbook for an “electrical power” or “electrical generators and motors” course. It would be a suitable text for vocational-technical schools, community colleges, universities, and, pos- sibly, some technical high school programs. Many illustrations