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Mobility Discourses in Past, Present and Sustainable Planning: the Case of Karachi

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Mobility Discourses in Past, Present and Sustainable Planning: the Case of Karachi School of Architecture and Built Environment Department of Sustainable development, environmental science and engineering Mobility discourses in past, present and sustainable planning: The case of Karachi Sofie Malm Degree Project in Environmental Strategies, Second Cycle TRITA-FMS-EX-2015:15 www.kth.se Denna uppsats har varit mer än bara forskning för mig. Det har varit en resa att utforska ett arv efter min farafar och vägen dit har gett mig erfarenheter och vänner för livet. Detta är till dig Lasse. Abstract Mobility is seen as something inevitable in cities in that it is almost considered a right. Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan and classified as a megacity with its 20 million people. It also has a transport system in crisis, which is best describes as severe congestion on roads and an insufficient public transport system. Through using discourse analysis this study has investigated sustainable mobility in the first and the current city plan of Karachi: The Greater Report on Karachi 1952 and Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020. This has been done through an analysis of what is considered ‘good’ or ‘desired’ mobility, as well as how the problem representations behind the solutions are stated in the plans and how the plans relate to social equity and environmental concerns. Findings show how a high mobility historically was and still is important in the plans, which is exemplified through a preference for the car and a mass transit system for Karachi. Another common element is how congestion acts as a driver for the development of both transport system. Notably is that Karachi today has a low car ownership per capita and high public transport use. Public transport is used by the poorer people who to a large extent have no other choice but to use it, but wants to get out of having to use it. The public transport system is also mainly run by the informal system, which is not preferred by the plan. Therefore the current public transport system is not desired even though it is used by the majority of the population, and the trend is moving towards more individualized motorized modes of transport, not in line with sustainable development. The findings result in a discussion that problematizes the current direction in planning and the way mobility is perceived by putting the findings in a bigger perspective and searching for how these problem representations have come to be. The discussion also includes possible future directions in urban planning in Karachi that can be used to promote sustainable mobility. Keywords: Discourse analysis, Karachi, Sustainable mobility, Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020, The Greater Report on Karachi 1952 Sammanfattning Mobilitet är något oundvikligt I städer, det ses nästan som en rättighet. Karachi är Pakistans största stad och klassificerad som en megastad med dess 20 miljoner invånare. Karachis har också ett transportsystem i kris, som bäst beskrivs genom grav trafikstockning och ett otillräckligt kollektivtrafiksystem. Genom att använda diskursanalys så har denna studie undersökt hållbar mobilitet i den första och den nuvarande stadsplanen för Karachi: The Greater Report on Karachi 1952 and Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020. Detta har gjorts genom att analysera vad för mobilitet framställs som ’bra’ eller ’önskvärd’ och hur problem representationerna, som ligger grund till lösningarna, skrivs fram i planerna samt hur planerna förhåller sig till social rättvisa och miljöproblem. Slutsatserna visar på att en hög mobilitet var historiskt, or är fortfarande väldigt viktiga I de båda stadsplanerna, exempel som påvisar detta är att båda förespråkar bilen och kollektivtrafik (med hög kapacitet). En annan gemensam nämnare är trafikstockning och hur detta drivit på utvecklingen I de båda trafiksystemen. Noterbart är att Karachi idag har ett lågt bilinnehav per capita och ett högt kollektivtrafiksanvändande. Kollekivtrafiken används av den fattigare delen av befolkningen som inte har något annat val än att använda den, men som vill komma ut ur att behöva använda den. Kollektivtrafiksystemet styrs också av den informella sektorn, vilket inte är önskvärt planen sett till. Därför är det nuvarande systemet inte önskvärt, och trenden går mot fler privatfordon., vilket inte är i fas med hållbar utveckling. Slutsatserna resulterar i en diskussion som problematiserar den nuvarande riktningen i planering och hur mobilitet ses på genom att sätta slutsatserna i ett större perspektiv och utforska hur dessa har uppkommit. Diskussionen avslutas genom att ge möjliga tillvägagångssätt för en framtida planering i Karachi för att promota hållbar utveckling. Nyckelord: Diskursanalys, Karachi, Hållbar mobilitet, Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020, The Greater Report on Karachi 1952 Acknowledgements Först och främst, tack Lasse för att du varit en inspiration och stöttat mig i min resa. Jag överdriver inte när jag säger att utan dig skulle detta inte blivit av. Tack också till min fantastiska handledare. Josefin för att du hjälpt och stöttat mig på denna resa, jag har alltid känt mig prioriterad och har kommit in till våra möten full av skrivkramp och ut full av skrivkraft. Jag är så glad att du varit min handledare. Du är en inspiration. Tack också till ni på SWECO och på avdelningen plan. Inte minst till min underbara handledare Helena, för att du delat med dig av dina erfarenheter och framförallt gett din energi och tid. Du är också en inspiration, och lycka till i Kabul! Samt till alla medarbetare och Pia, jag kommer sakna att sitta med er. Last but not least, a big thank you to NED University, Karachi, Pakistan and Dr. Noman Ahmed for taking care of me and making sure I made the most of my visit to Karachi, it was a great help to my research. I feel privileged for all the wonderful people I met and for all the help I got during my stay. I think you know who you are. Special thanks to all the people who took the time to be interviewed, showing me their Karachi and to Fahmida for your hospitality and helping to organize my stay. Rabia and Sabir, thank you. Visiting Karachi is an experience I will never forget. I will be back. Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Urban challenges connected to mobility ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Plans and Mobility ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 The use of discourse ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Aim .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Research problem/questions ...................................................................................................................... 3 2 Theory and Method .................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Discourse analysis as theory ........................................................................................................................ 4 2.1. Analytical framework .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Sustainable mobility ........................................................................................................................................ 5 2.3 Method .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.3.1 Text analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3.2 Interviews & observations .................................................................................................................... 7 3 Context and background ...................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Historical background .................................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.1 Demographic changes .......................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Planning in the past ............................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.3 Transport history ................................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Current context ................................................................................................................................................ 14 3.2.1 Current traffic situation ....................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 A Mass Transit System ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.3 Foreign vs local
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