13/06/2012
Transport Demand Management, Traffic Restrictions and Manfred Breithaupt Parking Management Senior Transport Advisor, GIZ
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Challenges in developing cities
Humans love to move, travel, discover… by different ways and modes…
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Challenges in developing cities
In most cities, mobility is dominated by personal motorized transport. Many people choose cars to move around…
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Challenges in developing cities
Road transport is a major contributor to air pollution and climate change. Transport contributes to 23% of energy-related CO2 emissions and is still growing!
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Challenges in developing cities
Worldwide, 1.3 Million road deaths and up to 50 Million people injured per year
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Challenges in developing cities
10-25% of urban areas are taken by road transportation infrastructure - A lot of space for cars but…
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Challenges in developing cities
…where is the space for people? the silent pedestrian, the invisible cyclist must be seen… and heard
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. Failures in Urban and Transport Planning
Trends in cities . Rapidly increasing car ownership and use . Declining mode share of public transport, walking, and cycling . Declining city centres; rapid decentralisation into car- oriented suburban sprawl
Focus was given to road design: . More infrastructure for cars . More space for motorized vehicles . Unsustainable focus Source: Xie/GTZ 2006, Beijing 13.06.201213.06.2012 Page Seite 8
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Road construction can never keep up with demand. Road building is an expensive way of dealing with travel demand. With already now 1 billion cars on our planet, where will this end? Some forecasts see 4 billion cars by 2050. This scenario calls for sustainable options.
Source: Karl Fjellstrom 13.06.2012Page Seite 9
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Urban life takes place in public spaces, not in cars on roads.
Most of what provides joy and is memorable in a city are its pedestrian spaces. - Peñalosa/ITDP
Source: Peñalosa/ITDP
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IBM commuter pain idex
Fuente: IBM Commuter Pain Index 13.06.2012Page Seite 11
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. Tackling the Problem
Traditional focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars, more space for motorized vehicles, unsustainable focus
Source: City of Münster 13.06.201213.06.2012Page Seite 12
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Why public transport priority? Corridor Capacity
(people per hour on 3.5 m wide lane in the city - pphpd)
Suburban Mixed Regular BRT BRT Cyclists Pedestrians Heavy Rail Rail Traffic Bus single lane Light Rail double lane (e.g. Hong Kong) (e.g. Mumbai)
2 000 9 000 14 000 20 000 19 000 22 000 43 00080 000 100 000 Source: Botma & Papendrecht, TU Delft 1991 and own figures
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Reform Zoning, Street Codes for Expanded Choices
. Channelize traffic with medians, traffic calming, street design . Adopt codes for “Complete Streets” so pedestrians and bicycles are routinely & safely accommodated & encouraged . Adopt street design codes accommodating Bus Rapid Transit . Ensure public transport is extended to areas of development
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. Some modes of transport are greener than others
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CO2 emissions from passenger transport vs. modal split: Selected cities, different lifestyles
Share (%) of public CO2 emissions (kg transport, walking per capita per year) and cycling Houston 5% 5690 kg
Montreal 26% 1930 kg
Madrid 49% 1050 kg
London 50% 1050 kg
Paris 54% 950 kg
Berlin 61% 774 kg
Tokyo 68% 818 kg
Hongkong 89% 378 kg
Source: UITP 13.06.2012Page Seite 16
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The challenges in urban transport and TDM
Transport Demand Management shall
• reduce the total volume of traffic • Urban areas require proper road networks • promote shifts towards more sustainable modes of transport • New roads attract more traffic and reduce the viability of public transport with the objectives to
• Transport benefits will be offset by future • reduce traffic congestion congestion • reduce adverse effects on the environment or public health
• generate additional revenue to improve public transport and NMT by pricing mechanisms
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We Can’t Build Our Way Out of Congestion
Transportation systems worldwide are undergoing a shift from supply side techniques to demand management
Supply side Demand side HOV New Area Parking lanes highways license or control fee Adding lanes Congestion charges Public Cordon transport tolls improvements HOT lanes Taxation Public transport policy Toll roads priority
Adapted from Derek Turner Consulting
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Old idea in new words
125 A.D. Rome saw in 125 A.D. a serious traffic problem. As a result a regulation was imposed that restricted the number of ox carts, food delivery transport, and chariots in the centre of Rome.
Mosaic from a bathroom in Ostia/Rome
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History repeats- the need for TDM today
Current times
TDM emphasises on the movement of people and goods, not just on motor vehicles, and gives priority to public transit and non- motorized modes, especially under congested urban conditions.
Karl Fjellstrom
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The famous traffic spiral
A ‘vicious spiral’ of increasing car traffic and urban sprawl leading to ever more demand for road space
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Transport Demand Management measures
Transport demand management measures (including fiscal policies) Land use development controls Public transport integration Parking controls and management Regulatory controls such as odd/even systems Physical measures such as bus and pedestrian priority Pricing & charges through fuels, annual taxes Congestion charging
TDM policies should be implemented as isolated instruments, but – for being successful – have always to be embedded in a comprehensive framework of Transport Demand Management measures.
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The push and pull approach
Source: Müller, P., Schleicher-Jester, F., Schmidt, M.-P. & Topp, H.H. (1992): Konzepte flächenhafter Verkehrsberuhigung in 16 Städten”, Grüne Reihe des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen der Universität Kaiserslautern No. 24.
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TDM as part of a sustainable transport system
GIZ, 2009
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TDM - Checklist
Planning Integration of Land Use and e.g. Transit-oriented Instruments Transport Planning developement Public Transport Promotion e.g. Priority at Intersections Good Strategies for Non-Motorised Modes e.g. Cycling Policy example Regulatory Physical Restraint Measures e.g. Pedestrian zones Instruments Traffic Management Measures ITS s score Regulation of Parking Supply Maximum parking limits more Low Emission Zone In City Center than 10 Speed Restrictions (30 km/h) In built up areas out of Economic Road Pricing e.g. during peak hours Instruments Tax Incentives e.g. for cleaner vehicles the 16 Parking Pricing Off- and on-street parking criteria Information Public Awareness Campaigns E.g. participation in Mobility Instruments Weeks Stakeholder Conferences On transport policy documents Driver Training / Eco Driving e.g. for City drivers Promotion of Mobility Management e.g. Employer Passes, flexible in Companies work hours Technology Promotion of Cleaner Technology e.g. Green Procurement 13.06.2012Page Seite 25
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. International Experiences Examples: Berlin – Shared Space in Berlin 1908 Unter den Linden/ Friedrichsstraße:
The street belonged to everyone:
automobiles, buses, carriages, pedestrians
In this era, people were enthusiastic about technology and the achievements of modernity; while at the same time they felt anxious about the rapid and radical changes in their social and economic life. In Germany, this contradictory experience was especially harsh and perceptible in the urban metropolis of Berlin. Source: Internationales Verkehrswesen, 100 Jahre DVWG, p. 17 13.06.201213Page Seite 0626 2
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Singapore in the 70’s…before congestion charging
Source: LTA 13.06.2012Page Seite 27
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Singapore today… after 30 years of road pricing and public transport investment
CBD and motorway toll rates adjusted 4x/year to keep traffic speeds at peak system performance
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Electronic Road Pricing in Singapore (2)
Ang Mo Kio - Expanded coverage in time & space CTE Outer Cordon BKE
Bukit Timah PIE - Total 48 gantries (incl CBD, ECP major arterials AYE & expressways) CBD Area Licensing Zone
Original data from LTA Singapore 13.06.2012Page Seite 29
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Effect of ERP on driving behaviour
The choices are -pay and enjoy good traffic conditions -change the time of travel to pay less or nothing -change the route to avoid paying -change the mode of transport to pay less -change destination -group trips for economy -abandon trip
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Cost of Vehicle Purchase in Singapore
Open Market Value (OMV)
– OMV is assessed by the Customs & Excise Department, taking BMWinto 325i(A) account the purchase price, freight, insurance, handling and all other charges incidental to the sale and delivery of the car from country ofS$ Euro manufacture to Singapore. OMV 64543 30735 Registration fees Duty 12909 6147 – Registration Fee (RF) $140 GST 3550 1690 – Additional Registration Fee (ARF) 110% of OMV1 ARF 83906 39955 130% of OMV2 COE 26000 12381 – Certificate of Entitlement (COE) Bid Total 190908 90909 – Customs Duty 20% of OMV – Goods & Services Tax: 5% based on the CIF value (cost, insurance & freight) 1 For cars registered with COEs obtained from March 2004 tender exercise and onwards. 2 For cars registered with COEs obtained before March 2004 tender exercise.
http://www.lta.gov.sg/motoring_matters/motoring_vo_tax_pte.htm 13.06.2012Page Seite 31
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Vehicle Quota System, and Certificates of Entitlement (2) COE Open Bidding MARCH 2007 1st Open Bidding Exercise has ended on 07/03/2007 16:00 hrs Results for MARCH 2007 1st Open Bidding Exercise Category Quota QP($) PQP($) ACar (1600cc & below) &Taxi 2,687 12,602 BCar (Above 1600 cc) 1,274 13,502 CGoods Vehicle & Bus 681 1 D Motorcycle 471 964 E Open 1,282 13,201 QP: Quota Premium PQP: Prevailing Quota Premium Category Received Successful Unsuccessful Unused ACar (1600cc & below) &Taxi 5,296 2,680 2,616 7 BCar (Above 1600 cc) 2,248 1,250 998 24 CGoods Vehicle & Bus 647 647 0 34 D Motorcycle 777 471 306 0 E Open 2,159 1,277 882 5
Received: Total Bids Received Unused: Unused Quota carried forward Source: Land Transport Authority http://www.onemotoring.com.sg/publish/onemotoring/en.html 13.06.2012Page Seite 32
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2008 Honda Civic sedan VTi‐S AT (1,8L AT) ‐ Price in USD US $ 21.300 Australia $ 30.645 Thailand $ 34.612 UK $ 41.945 Mumbai, India $ 43.910 Malaysia $ 49.908 Singapore $ 77.800
$ ‐ $ 10.000 $ 20.000 $ 30.000 $ 40.000 $ 50.000 $ 60.000 $ 70.000 $ 80.000 $ 90.000
Source: Time Out Magazine Singapore, Marzo 2008 13.06.2012Page Seite 33
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Bidding System in Shanghai – Monthly average price
License plate trend in Shanghai 60000
50000
Price in yuan Price in 40000
30000 average monthly 20000 price in yuan
10000
0 ø 2002 Jun 07 Jul 07 Aug 07 Okt 07 Nov 07 Dec 07 Jan 08 month
In 11 auctions held 2007, the average bid was more than 40,000 Yuan per plate.
Source: own compilation, Jan 2008 13.06.2012Page Seite 34
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Case Study: Beijing
Travel Demand Management Through odd and even License plate number policy During Olympic road traffic reduced by 23%
Traffic volume before and in Game time on west 3rd. Ring road in morning peak hour
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Case Study: Beijing
Modal Split Change
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Case Study: Beijing
City Parking fee Challenges （Rmb/H）
NY 70
Tokyo 40 Car Usage Hong Kong 8-40 Beijing 10
Shanghai 10-20
Jakarta 2-3
Tokyo LA HK London Beijing Daily 14 43 39 30 45 Mileage(km) Source: Dr. Guo Jifu 13.06.2012Page Seite 37
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Case Study: Beijing The new policy in Beijing
. Make Public Transport the first choice
. Rethink role of NMT
. Travel Demand Management is extremely important
. Green Transport
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Beijing lottery scheme
. Lottery system (between those who request it) . Maximum amount of permits to buy a car (in 2011, allowance of 240 thousand cars). Previously 1 Mill new veh per year. . Additional permits (160 thousand) for those who scrap their old vehicle or sell it to an authorized concessionaire. . Vehicle entry regulated (veh. with registrations from outside Beijing are nt allowed to travel within the city center) and fleet has been renovated
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Copenhagen bike network
EVERY major arterial has a bike lane
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Induced Bicycle Traffic
Cycling in MODAL SPLIT: 36% go to work on bicycle Copenhagen increased by 23% use car 100% from 33% use public transport 1990 to 2000 13.06.2012Page Seite 41
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Mayor Peñalosa of Bogota proved its not just for the rich. 300km of bike lanes built from 1998 to 2002
Source: Slide developed by ITDP 13.06.201213.06.2012Page Seite 42
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Financial: National Instruments
1. Fuel Taxes and Surcharges “On a global level between 80 to 90% of all revenues derived from the transport Charges on fuels levied by governments, sector are being raised from fuel taxes” sometimes additional fuel surcharges by provinces of cities Characteristics: • Simple, cost-efficient and reliable way of charging • Most appropriate way to focus on the user-pay-principle • Political acceptability sometimes problematic, political pressure sometimes keep fuel prices low
Case Study: Fuel surcharge in Colombia •In all Colombian cities a 20% surcharge to all gasoline sales is levied •Half of revenues are used for Bogotá’s TransMilenio System •Private vehicle owners finance one third of a mass transport system •72% of passengers belong to low income citizens
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Financial: National Instruments
1. Fuel Taxes and Surcharges Retail Prices of gasoline in US cents per litre, 2008 “As a rule of thumb, a level of revenue equal to 10 -15 US cents per litre of fuel is usually adequate to cover the costs of maintenance for the whole road network of a country. Mechanisms must be placed to channel such national-level resources also to the local level.”
Figure by GTZ, 2009 13.06.2012Page Seite 44
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Financial: National Instruments
2. Vehicle related Taxes and Charges Tax or charge on car ownership Characteristics: • Taxes are very flexible, can be varied depending on engine size, carbon emissions, environmental standards, income, weight or number of axes • Taxes are able to reflect externalities • Political acceptability may be problematic
Considerations: • Liaise with central government to set the optimal tax for the local context • Differentiate the charge to reflect external costs
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Financial: National Instruments
2. Vehicle related Taxes and Charges EU countries
• 17 of the EU‘s 27 member
states meanwhile apply CO2 – based car taxation • 15 countries also offer cash incentives for buying electric vehicles
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CO2 based veh. taxation in France
Output in grams Price of Co2/km < 60 + 5000 € < 100 + 1000 € 101 – 120 + 700 € 121-130 + 200 € 131 – 160 0 161 – 165 - 200 € 166 – 200 - 750 € 201 – 250 - 1600 € > 250 - 2600 €
Source: http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/Le-bonus-ecologique-incitera-des.html
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Vehicle Related Taxes and Charges
Penalties for new cars (New car taxation in France)
• In 2010, penalties start at €200, rising to €750 for emissions above 160 grams, €1,600 above 195 grams, and €2,600 above 245 grams.
• According to a French agency report in May 2010, penalties helped to nearly quintuple the number of vehicle models emitting less than 110 grams of CO2/km in the past two years, with 95 models offered in 2009 compared with 20 in 2007.
• The number of vehicle models eligible for some kind of bonus more than doubled, from 506 in 2007 to 1,156 in 2009.
• Some 50 percent of new vehicles sold in France in 2009 emitted less than 120 grams of CO2/km.
Photo by http://www.2space.net/newsImage/about.php?about=endures
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Source: comons.wikimedia.org 13.06.201213.06.2012Page Seite 49
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Financial: Local Instruments
Parking Management
. Increased parking supply means more driving . Restraining parking supply, boosting parking cost helps reduce driving . Limits set on parking supply in many places. New paradigm: not minimum but maximum parking standards. . Bollards installed to limit sidewalk parking . Information-based parking management in Europe, US, Japan
From Michael Replogle
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Why do we need parking management…
Source: Wagner, GIZ Photo DVD Source: Wagner Source: Breithaupt, GIZ Photo DVD
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Why do we need parking management…
Source: Wagner, GIZ unpubl. 13.06.201213.06.2012Page Seite 52
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Why do we need parking management…
Source: Thiemann-Linden, GIZ Photo DVD 13.06.201213.06.2012Page Seite 53
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Our cities need….
Parks…………………not car parks!
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Challenges
. Increasing emissions of green house gases and noise caused by parking-space-search-traffic:
Cruising for curb parking generates about 30% of the traffic in central business districts Study of a 15-block business district (Los Angeles) shows (per year): 1. 1.500.000 excess vehicle km = 38 trips around the world 2. Wastage of 177.000 liters of fuel 3. Production of 730 tons of carbon dioxide
(Source: Donald Shoup, The New York Times, March 29, 2007)
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Parking Management
Source: Seattle Urban Mobility Plan (January 2008)
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Two dimensions
Fees for parking . Recover full cost of the parking facility + land involved . Only recover full cost of parking facility . Subsidized parking . Free parking
Availability of parking . Limit availability of parking space . Do not limit availability of parking space
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On-street pricing I
No meters Meters Prices quadrupled
Grosvenor square, London Source: ITDP/TRL
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On-street pricing II
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00 Parking fees per h [in RUB] fees Parking
50.00
0.00
Parking fees per hour in different European cities (Prices in RUB) Source: GIZ internal working paper 13.06.201213.06.2012Page Seite 59
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Menu of Parking Regulation and Policies..
• Limit on-street parking • Parking requirements / duration (amount of time standards(Min size per that a vehicle can be left in dwelling) a spot). • Unbundle Parking • Limit use of on-street • Parking Maximums (% share) parking to area residents. • “In-lieu” fees • Limit on-street parking of large vehicles. • Mandatory off-street parking proof to purchase vehicle • Prohibit on-street parking on certain routes at certain • Bicycle Parking times (such as arterials during rush hour). • Parking information systems
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Strategies I
AVOIDING
SMOOTHING SHIFTING
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Strategies
AVOIDING Source: comons.wikimedia.org
Reducing the need for car travelling and parking . Coherent and integrated urban development concepts . Compact city with mix of urban functions . Maximising urban mobility while minimising length and number of necessary trips
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Strategies
SHIFTING
. Commendable alternatives to MT e.g.: - Fast, safe, accessible, reliable and comfortable Public Transport network - Non-motorizes private transport infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists . Intermodality between transportation systems (transport associations with common ticketing) as well as between private and public transport (P+R)
. Parking guidance systems for MT All images: comons.wikimedia.org
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Strategies SMOOTHING
Both images: comons.wikimedia.org . Pricing (on-/off-street) Source: Broadus, GIZ . Smart pricing . Time limit of maximum stay . Limitation of available parking places . Parking zones . Residential parking only . Stringent enforcement . Physical (urban) design . New technologies
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Limitation of available parking lots
Conventional approach: .Problematic in dense urban areas Minimum parking requirements in order to meet the demand . Feeding the “predict and provide” spiral
. Subsidization of parking at everyone’s expense
. Short-term parking is more space Alternative: efficient than all-day parking Meeting only minimum level of demand in urban centres . Shifting parking to periphery (P+R)
. Promoting public transport and non motorized transport
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Strategic steps of implementation
. Establishment of Parking Zones . Access limitation in city centre . Reduction of parking supply in city centre . Parking Pricing . Reduced parking fee for low emission cars . Improve other transportation modes . Establishment of P+R parking facilities . Enforcement improvement . Shared parking . Increase public awareness, promotion
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Measure it, Manage it, Price it
. Parking regulation, management, enforcement, pricing is key TDM strategy – needs legal, institutional support . London sets parking charges to keep average 85% occupancy
From Michael Replogle Illegally parked cars block bikeways and sidewalks in Changzhou
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Munich
“Being mobile in Munich through parking management” (Promo-slogan City of Munich)
Policy Goals (1998-2003 MOBINET) . Congestion mitigation . Public space recalmation . Alternative mode promotion
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Munich
Strategies . Attractive public transport, P+R and B+R facilities . Demand-orientated parking guidance systems . Parking zones with different characteristics . Stringent parking regulation throughout the city . Parking pricing throughout the city . Maximum parking standards for new buildings
Source: Kuehn, GIZ DVD 6/13/201213.06.2012Page Seite 69
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Munich
Examples I: Parking zones
. No parking allowed (red) Parking zones. Source: City of Munich . No parking allowed (resident parking at night) . Alternating no parking-mixed parking (mixed parking at night) (orange) . Alternating mixed-short stay (all €1/h, residents free at night) (yellow) . Alternating resident-mixed (visitors €1/h, residents free) (yellow) . Altstadtring special short-stay (visitors €2,5/h, 2 h max, residents with special permit only)
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Munich
Examples II: Park and Ride . 120 parking facilities for intermodal transport at urban railway or metro stations . 26.100 parking lots available, of which 25.300 are used on an average working day
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Munich
Parking management impacts in numbers . Car trips: - 14% . Bicycle: + 75% . Walking: +61% . 1.700 fewer automobiles owned by residents . Reduction of overnight parking by 25%, . Reduction of all-day parkers by 40%
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Zone-model parking system, Pécs/Hungary
Fees: Zone I: 200 HUF/h (0.78 Euro) Zone II: 100 HUF/h (0.39 Euro) Zone III: 60 HUF/h (0.23 Euro)
The shortest available parking interval: 30 minutes
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Establishment of P+R parking facilities, Cork/Ireland
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Parking in Germany – other measures
. Strict reductions in the number of parking lots in the city centres . Closing of particular streets or areas for passenger cars (except deliveries and taxis, Muenster, Germany and sometimes buses) . Restricted parking areas (“Residents only“) . Parking guidance systems
Karl Fjellstrom
Berlin 13.06.2012Page Seite 75
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Parking in Germany - Pricing
. All parking paid via meters & ticket vending machines . City parking costs 1-2 Euro/hour, some places 3 Euro . Bremen and increasingly other cities: Parking tickets may be used by two persons as public transport tickets for trips within city center during the parking time . All mega events (concerts, sports events): the entrance ticket includes public transport ticketKarl Fjellstrom
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Conclusion: Some Key Concepts for Parking Management
. Manage and price for 85% . Discourage free parking occupancy of on-street spaces to provision in urban centers maximize value of parking assets . Use smart card systems to . Limit and regulate parking in manage priced automated central areas parking . Establish maximum, not . Promote bicycle parking, minimum parking requirements smart bikes, bicycle linkages . Use markets and taxes to ensure to public transport high daily parking fees while keeping short-term parking fees more modest to support retail . Encourage employer provided public transport, discourage free parking
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Transport demand management: Regulatory controls
Prohibition on motor vehicles from being driven into central areas on certain days of the week “Odd-even” or other license- plate based schemes attempt to keep each vehicle from being driven 1-2 days a week •Mexico City •Bogota •Sao Paulo •Manila
Multiple side-effects limit their effectiveness
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Making number plate restrictions work
Mechanisms to avoid purchases of second cars (otherwise, number plate restrictions can encourage used car purchases)
1. Apply restriction to peak periods only
2. Ban four numbers each day (instead of two)
3. Change number combinations quarterly or bi-annually
4. Vehicle registrations at the same address receive same ending plate number
5. Require new number plates for used car purchases
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Socialization and Marketing: Building Public Support
. Consumption patterns, attitudes respond to marketing, education, choices, pricing . Community and private sector involvement key to winning acceptance of reforms
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Car Free Days
. Changing cultural & institutional perceptions . Showing biking as fashionable, high status activity and good fun for middle and upper class . Building economic development opportunities, support for bikeway development . Good models: Bogota, Curitiba
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Today leaders will put TDM at the heart of their efforts to foster healthy, economically successful cities
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Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Training document
Contents
• Road Pricing and Congestion Charging • Parking measures • Physical restraint measures • Fuel pricing, vehicle taxation, environmentally oriented taxation • Land use • Public transport • Case studies of TDM measures
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Parking management module
. Defining parking . Management strategies . Institutional issues . Implementation . Parking and land development
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For further information visit:
German International Cooperation www.gtz.de\transport
Sustainable Urban Transport Project www.sutp.org
Download ITDP “Parking U-turn“: www.mobilnist.org.ua\ru
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