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Atomic Spectrometry Update – a Review of Advances in Environmental Analysis Cite This: J JAAS ASU REVIEW View Article Online View Journal | View Issue Atomic spectrometry update – a review of advances in environmental analysis Cite this: J. Anal. At. Spectrom.,2016, 31,35 Owen T. Butler,*a Warren R. L. Cairns,b Jennifer M. Cookc and Christine M. Davidsond Received 11th November 2015 DOI: 10.1039/c5ja90061a www.rsc.org/jaas 1 Air analysis 3.3.6 X-ray spectrometry 1.1 Review papers 3.4 Analytical quality assurance 1.2 Sampling techniques 4 Analysis of geological materials 1.3 Reference materials and calibrants 4.1 Reference materials and data quality Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. 1.4 Sample preparation 4.2 Solid sample introduction 1.5 Instrumental analysis 4.2.1 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass 1.5.1 Atomic absorption and uorescence spectrometry spectrometry 1.5.2 Atomic emission spectrometry 4.2.2 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy 1.5.3 Mass spectrometry 4.3 Sample dissolution, separation and preconcentration 1.5.3.1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 4.4 Instrumental analysis 1.5.3.2 Other mass spectrometry techniques 4.4.1 Atomic absorption and emission spectrometry 1.5.4 X-ray spectrometry 4.4.2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 1.5.5 Other spectrometric techniques 4.4.3 Other mass spectrometric techniques This article is licensed under a 2 Water analysis 4.4.3.1 Thermal ionisation mass spectrometry 2.1 Sample preconcentration and extraction 4.4.3.2 Secondary ion mass spectrometry 2.2 Speciation and fractionation analysis 4.4.3.3 Accelerator mass spectrometry 2.3 Instrumental analysis 4.4.3.4 Isotope ration mass spectrometry Open Access Article. Published on 08 December 2015. Downloaded 9/25/2021 1:30:10 PM. 2.3.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry 4.4.4 X-ray spectrometry 2.3.2 Laser based spectroscopy 5 Glossary of terms 2.3.3 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 6 References 2.3.4 Vapour generation techniques 2.3.5 X-ray spectrometry 3 Analysis of soils, plants and related materials This is the 31st annual review of the application of atomic 3.1 Review papers spectrometry to the chemical analysis of environmental samples. 3.2 Sample preparation This update refers to papers published approximately between 3.2.1 Sample storage and pre-treatment August 2014 and July 2015 and continues the series of Atomic 3.2.2 Sample dissolution and extraction Spectrometry Updates (ASUs) in Environmental Analysis1 that 3.2.3 Preconcentration procedures should be read in conjunction with other related ASUs in the series, 3.3 Instrumental analysis namely: clinical and biological materials, foods and beverages;2 3.3.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques;3 3.3.2 Atomic emission spectrometry elemental speciation;4 X-ray spectrometry;5 and metals, chemicals 3.3.3 Atomic uorescence spectrometry and functional materials.6 In the field of air analysis, highlights 3.3.4 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 3.3.5 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy within this review period included: the development of a new laser fluorescence instrument for the ultratrace determination of mercury vapour; single particle ICP-MS studies and the coupling of a Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, SK17 9JN, UK. E-mail: owen. elemental analysers to mass spectrometers for the improved [email protected] characterisation of carbonaceous aerosols. In the arena of water bCNR-IDPA, Universita Ca' Foscari, 30123 Venezia, Italy analysis, methods continue to be developed: for the extraction and cBritish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK preconcentration of elements, As, Cr, Hg and Sb species and dUniversity of Strathclyde, Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 J. Anal. At. Spectrom.,2016,31,35–89 | 35 View Article Online JAAS ASU Review determination of elemental constituents in colloidal and NP fractions. Sampling pumps attempt to maintain a constant, known airow Emerging elements of interest include Gd derived from MRI agents during sampling exercises otherwise sampling volume will be discharged at low level from medical facilities in water courses. unknown and hence worker concentration exposure indeter- Instrumental developments reported included the use of MC-ICP- minate. Despite integrating pulsation dampers within pump MS for isotopic tracer studies and a review of TXRF techniques and designs, nevertheless, periodic pulsations remain, for example associated preconcentration procedures for trace element analysis. due to reciprocating motion of a piston stroke. The EN standard In the period covered by this update several articles have explored 1232 recommends that the amplitude of pulsations be <10% of the analysis of soil extracts for geochemical prospecting. There has the mean ow rate and provides a way of assessing such been widening interest in the use of CS-AAS and in the application deviations. Researchers at NIOSH16 have now developed an of techniques capable of direct sample analysis such as slurry alternative assessment approach which they consider to be sampling ETAAS and ETV-ICP-AES. Portable XRF instrumentation is more representative of real-world pump performance and have now being used in many disciplines to quantify trace elements in noted that, for a range of pumps tested, pulsation measure- soils – bringing a need for better transfer of analytical knowledge ments that were 1.5–2.2 times higher than those measured to non-specialist users – and the growing use of portable XRF in using the codied EN approach. Findings from this study will proximal sensing is also noteworthy. Recent research indicates that be reported to the consensus committees to be considered when geological applications still drive many of the instrumental and this EN standard and other similar EN/ISO standards are up for methodological advances in LA-ICP-MS. Fundamental studies revision. Deposit of particles to the internal surfaces of the continued to shed light on the processes involved and hence ways widely used 37 mm closed faced cassette sampler can result in of improving the analysis of laser-produced aerosols and to measurement results that are biased low if only the lter itself is minimise matrix and fractionation effects. A new technique LA- analysed. For this reason, recent guidelines recommend that DOF-MS (distance of flight) was described. The utility of LIBS and these surfaces be wiped and the wipe material employed be portable XRF for in situ survey work continues to show promise but analysed alongside the lter. This is a cumbersome procedure issues such as appropriate calibration regimes and data processing Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. and in response acid digestible cellulose acetate cassette inserts protocols will still need to be addressed. have been developed that t inside samplers that are bonded to the lter. In summary they act as a liner thus preventing particle losses to walls. Researchers at NIOSH17 have undertaken a study, through parallel measurements of airborne levels of Pb 1 Air analysis and Sn in a solder manufacturing plant, to show that using 1.1 Review papers these new inserts gave comparable results to the current prac- tice of analyzing lters with their corresponding sampler Useful review papers were published that provide a summary of surface wipe. This article is licensed under a the current and emerging technologies for the characterization Exploiting new developments in sampler technologies for the of the elemental component in atmospheric particles7 (22 improved assessment of worker exposure to airborne pollutants 8 references); brown carbon aerosols (377 references) airborne is of interest to a number of research groups. Elemental carbon nanoparticles9 (91 references) and in nanomaterials (57 refer- is typically used as a marker for worker exposure to diesel fumes Open Access Article. Published on 08 December 2015. Downloaded 9/25/2021 1:30:10 PM. ences).10 Given the overlap in measurement science and the fact but analytically it is not possible, with combustion-based that airborne particles can deposit into the seas, then this laboratory techniques, to differentiate between carbon in diesel review11 (142 references) on the analysis of major and trace fume samples from carbon derived from coal dust samples. elements in marine particles is also recommended. Particles Aerosols in a coal mine environment, where diesel powdered and fumes from smoking can contribute to the degradation of equipment is used, exhibit an aerodynamic bimodal particle air quality and here so it was interesting to note a review of the distribution with a distinct accumulation mode peak at 0.12 12 development of standardised methods to test cigarette smoke mm, attributable primarily to diesel fume emissions and (70 references) and a review of analytical methods to test the a coarse mode peak at 6 mm attributable primarily to coal chemical components of e-cigarette cartridges and rell uids13 particles with a minimum between modes at 0.8 mm. Work (47 references). Researchers in the UK have considered poten- commissioned by MSHA18 in the USA exploited this biomodal tial methods14 (9 references) for the determination of total distribution through the design and validation of two new sharp halogenated compounds in H for use in membrane fuel cells 2 cut cyclones operating at a nominal 0.8 mm cut size that would and have proposed that ICP-MS provides the best currently allow the preferential sampling of diesel fume over coal dust. available analytical solution. NIOSH researchers19 established procedures (extraction methods and IC/ICP-MS analysis) to estimate the respiratory 1.2 Sampling techniques deposition of the nano fraction of selected metals in welding Evaluation of existing personal air sampler systems to monitor fume using a recently developed nanoparticle respiratory workers' exposure to airborne particles continues to be of deposition (NRD) sampler. It was noted that a large fraction of growing interest.
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