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Chapter ^W0 60 Chapter ^W0 60 Chapter Two Introduction to Nakhon Sri Thammarat Province 1. Southern Region: Southern Thailand is known as a fertile and scenic area which has traditionally been rich in natural resources such as fish, tin, timber and rice. The shape of southern Thailand, a narrow isthmus, features an 1,800 km long coastline bordering the Andaman and the Gulf of Thailand. Although Southern Thailand makes up only about 14% of the total land area of Thailand, it has more than 70% of the total coastline in the country. The coastal zone here is a traditional source of prosperity for its people. Approximately 13% of Thailand's population lives in the fourteen southern provinces, where the average population density is 80 people per square kilometer*. Economic growth and natural disasters in recent years have focused attention on the southern provinces. The world-wide boom in shrimp farming brought major changes to coastal areas throughout Thailand starting in 1987, with southern Thailand becoming the major center by 1989. Unprecedented rains in November of 1988 caused thousands of ‘ Boromthanarat, S., Cohb, S., Lee, V. (1991). (\)ustal Management in Pak Phanang: A Historical Perspective of the Resources and Issues. Hat Yai, Thailand:('oaslal Resources Institute, Prince ofSongkla University 61 landslides in the mountains that had been deforested for rubber plantations and severe flooding in the eastern lowlands, resulting in the loss of more than 400 lives and property loss in excess of USS300 millions. These two recent events, along with the destruction of mangroves, loss of fishery resources and the pollution accompanying rapidly increasing human population have led to repeated suggestions that environmental issues cannot be ignored in the economic growth of the area. The south of Thailand obviously covers a large longitudinal area. Geographically, southern Thailand extends through the Kra Isthmus from Chumphon, 460 kilometers south of Bangkok, to the Thai-Malaysian border, and is bordered in the east by the Gulf of Thailand, to the west by the Indian Ocean. More famous however are the many tourist beaches and island resorts. Most famous and probably already overdeveloped is the island of Phuket. The provinces of Phang-Nga and Krabi also house many attractive hotels and resorts. Hilly and mountainous, covered mainly in rain forests. The land is rich in mineral deposits. This area also receives the most annual rainfall. Lush tropical islands, dazzling palm-fringed beaches, coral reefs teeming with colorful marine life, picturesque fishing villages with distinctive hand painted boats, remote national parks, forested mountains, waterfalls, historic cities, ubiquitous rubber estates, scenic wildlife sanctuaries, the juxtaposition of temples and mosques clearly define the region's visual appeal. 62 Map 2.1 Map o f Thailand Administrative Division ; ‘ 1'■ » *■ 1 r 't;-' ? 63 2 Nakhon Sri Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat, the second largest province of the South and the land of predominant Buddhism during the Srivijaya Period, is 780 kilometres from Bangkok. It occupies an area of 9,942 square kilometres consisting of high plateau and mountains in the west then sloping down towards the east and becoming a basin along the coastline of the Gulf of Thailand. It is a province of 1.6 million people located on the lower part of the southern Thai peninsula. Map 2.2 Southern Provinces o f Thailand COASTAl /O N F S 64 2 / Geography The province is located on the shore of the Gulf of Thailand on the east side of the Malay Peninsula. The terrain is mostly rugged hilly forest area. It contains the highest elevation of southern Thailand, the Khao Luang with 1,835 m, now protected in the Khao Luang national park^. 2.2 History The area around Nakhon Si Thammarat was part (according to some scholars) of the Srivijaya kingdom from the 3rd century until king Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai occupied it and added it to his kingdom. With the fall of Sukhothai it fell it its successor, the Ayutthaya kingdom. Nakhon became a province in 1932. The provincial capital, known simply as Nakhon or Nakhon Sri, has historically been known by several other names. Before it came under the Srivajayan Empire in the 8th century it was known as Lagor and was part of the Tambralinga Kingdom. The kingdom was well established and had a flourishing trade with the Indian, Arabic and Dvaravati states. Later, with the arrival of Buddhist monks from Ceylon, the name was changed to the Pali-Sanskrit Nagara Sri Dhammaraja (City of the ^ Stuart Munro-Hay. Nakhon Sri Thammarat - The Archaeology, History and Legends o f a Southern Thai Town. 65 Sacred Dhaima King) from which Thai phonetics created Nakhon Sri Thammarat. 3. Brief Background of the Province On the West Coast in the south of Thailand during Ratanakosin era, there emerged a new province. A stone inscription at Wat Sema Muang, Nakhon Si Thammarat, referred to the place along the West Coast of the Indian Ocean as "Muang Trang." 3.1 Developed from a passageway to become a city From historical evidences, "Muang Trang" was not mentioned anywhere prior to the Sri Ayuthya dynasty. Those mentioned were Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Chaiya, Chumphon, Phetchaburi, Kuiburi, Pranburi, Klongwan, Bang Tapan, Tanao Si, Marid, Tawai and Sam Khok. It was therefore assumed that Trang should formerly have been merely a passage way linking Nakhon Si Thammarat and Phatthalung, and subsequently developed into a city when it became more populated. 3.2 Over 5,000 years of community traces. The community of Trang area could be traced back to the prehistoric era evidenced by Neolithic artefacts. Human skeletons unearthed at Tham Khao Phra, Amphor Huay Yod. Stone axes all over the province. Fragments of pottery and tripod pots at Khao Pina, Khao Sam Bat, Tham 66 Khao Phra and colourful paintings at Khao Bae Na, are all indicative of traces of over 5,000 years of civilisation of Trang community. 3.3 One of Twelve Satellite Towns Though some written historical records referring to Trang community exist, but the cultural history of its development into township has always been vague until the discovery of the stone inscription at Wat Serna Muang, Nakhon Si Thammarat. The inscription was about King Sri Thamma Sokaraj's erecting Nakhon Sri Thammarat at Hat Sai Kaew in B.E. 1098 (555), and a Buddha's relic cottage therein. In erecting a mother town, according to Brahman tradition, satellite towns must also be erected. According to the inscription, there were 12 such satellite towns, called the 12 animal years. Muang Trang was one of the animal years, the year of horse, and therefore had a horse as its town insignia. Muang Trang had then officially come into existence, and had since gone through 3 major developments. 3.4 Erection of theCity of Trang at Kuan Thani. According to the directory of Nakhon Si Thammarat, B.E. 2345 (1802), during the reign of King Rama 11. Phraya Borirak Phubet (Nol) was appointed govemor of Nakhon Si Thammarat Succeeding Chao Phraya Nokhon (Phat). He, therefore, proposed that his son, Muang, be appointed govemor of Trang. The king then gave Mr. Muang a title of Luang Upai Rajthani, and appointed him the first govemor of Trang. A town shrine was erected at Kuan Thani (Still exists at Tambon Kuan Thani, Amphor 67 Kantang, and 8 km south of the city). In B.E. 2367 (1824), A significant historical event occurred at Trang in Kuan Thani, during which England sent Captain James Low to negotiate on commercial benefits of the Malaysian Peninsula with Phraya Nakhon (Nol) in Trang. In B.E. 2381 (1838), when Phra Songkram Vichit was Trang governor, the So-called Koh Yao pirates attacked Trang and finally took over the city. However not long after, forces from Nakhon Si Thammarat and Songkhiia subdued the pirates. 3.5 Moved to Kantang In B.E. 2433 (1890), King Rama V visited the south and paid his first visit to the city of Trang. He contemplated that the city (at Kuan Thani) was in a ver>' dilapidated condition compared with The Chinese community at Tambon Kantang (where pepper was cuhivated for export to Penang). The king, therefore, reasoned that under a capable governor, the city could have been ver>' well developed owing to its fertile land. He then caused Phraya Rasdanupradit Mahissaraphakdi, or Kho Sim Bee Na Ranong, who had successfully developed Phuket to his satisfaction, to transfer from Krabi to become the governor of Trang in B.E. 2433 (1890). Phraya Rasdanupradit contemplated that the location of Trang at Kuan Thani was too far away from the coast, unsuitable for trading purposes and difficult to expand. With his strong intention to make Trang a significant seaport in the West Coast, he, therefore, sought permission from the king to move the city from Kuan Thani to Tambon Kantang, and obtained the king's permission in B.E. 2436 (1893). When the City was moved to 68 Tambon Kantang, Phraya Rasdanupradit laid down so many foundations for development for the city of Trang, that the citizens referred to him as "the king of Development". He was able to make the city's rapid economic growth possible from rearrangement of Town plan. Foreign trade encouragement, construction of Kantang seaport and a road linking Trang and Phatthalung through Phap Pha mountain region, which at that time was an extremely Difficult task but was perfectly completed under his able supervision. To commemorate his numerous contributions, the local people erected a statue of Phraya Rasdanupradit in B.E. 2494 (1951) at his former residence, which is still in existence to date in the city of Trang. 3.6 Another move to Thap Thiang Though Trang had been very prosperous under the leadership of Governor Phraya Rasdanupradit.
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