DOCSLIB.ORG

The Development of Apostasy and Punishment Law in Islam 11 Ahi 632 Ad - 157Ahi 774Ad

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Development of Apostasy and Punishment Law in Islam 11 Ahi 632 Ad - 157Ahi 774Ad THE DEVELOPMENT OF APOSTASY AND PUNISHMENT LAW IN ISLAM 11 AHI 632 AD - 157AHI 774AD By SamuelHosain, Lamarti A ResearchThesis Submitted to the Faculty of Divinity of Glasgow University In CompleteFulfilment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted on January2002 ii ABSTRACT As in Judaism and Christianity, the sin of apostasyis strongly condemnedas one of the gravest enormities (Ar. ahadu al-kabdir). In common with them, Islam is clear that the eternal punishmentof apostatesis sure and certain in the hereafter.But unlike Judaismand Christianity today, Islam is known to go further and condemnthem to death in the here and now. Strangely enough, with the exception of Saudia Arabia where Shariah is still in force, there is no evidencethat apostatesare still being executed in other Islamic countries. Yet, any attempt to cancel,abolish or re-interpret the apostasylaw has remained virtually impossible. This doctrine is generally held to be an unquestionable axiom of faith as it rests entirely on the prophetic tradition. Our researchattempts to demonstratefrom a historical/theological standpoint that the faith and messageof early Islam as presentedin the Qur'dn stands in glaring contrast to this doctrine. The political events of the late Umayyad and early Abbasid periods seem to have provided the fertile soil for the invention of those traditions on which later jurists elaborated a complex set of rules Vis-A-vis the legal status of the apostates.These rules have largely remainedto this day unchangeablythe same. Attention should be drawn to the fact that Qur'dnic quotations throughout this research work are from the translations of A. Yfisuf All, M. Marmaduke Pickhtall, N. J. Dawood and A. J. Arberry. In some places we felt that some corrections were necessary,and we have been bold enough to make them. This research study has not been an easy task to undertake. The difficulty of this subject could only be matched by the difficulty of finding material literatures relative to it. However, the fi-uits of our efforts presentedin this researchwork might at least serve as a starting point towards further researchesinto the origins and development of the punishmentof apostasyin Islam. Finally, I wish to expressmy profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mona Siddiqui for her valuable help and guidance during my three years as a researchstudent. My gratitude iii also goes to her colleagueDr. Lloyd Ridgeon for his time and advice, and for being a constant source of encouragement.My thanks are also due to my Presbytery of Irvine and Kilmarnock for freeing me from any presbyterial duties so that I can attend to my researchstudy without hindrance. I am especially indebted to Mr. Peter Anderson, my Church Youth leader, for initiating me into the world of computer Software and guiding me through its intricacies. What merit this work may have is due to the help and guidance of all these people whilst its weaknessesand faults must be attributed to me alone. iv CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Introduction viii EARLY ISLAM, ITS CONTEMPORARY FAITHS AND FEAR OF APOSTASY I 1.1. The Multi-Faith World of Pre-Islamic Arabia I 1.1.1. The Minor Religious Groups 2 1.1.2. The Major Religious Groups 5 1.2. The Rise of Islam and the Multi-Faith Crisis 11 1.2.1. The Prophet's Wars with the Jews 13 1.2.2. The Edict of 'Umar and the Prophetic Tradition 15 1.2.3. The Enforcement of the Edict in Muslim Sources 17 1.3. The Expulsion of Najranite Jews and Christians 19 1.3.1. A Politically Motivated Action 20 1.3.2. A Theologically Motivated Action 21 1.3.3. Danger Removed, but not the Remnant 28 2 THE QUR'ANIC VIEW OF OTHER FAITHS AND THE APOSTASY INDICTMENT 30 2.1. Islam in Qur'dnic Perspective 30 2.1.1. Al-Mu'miffin (The Believers) 30 2.1.2. Al-Hunafa' (Yhepre-Islamic Arab Monotheists) 33 2.1.3. Al-MuslimFan (7he Muslims) 35 2.2. Other Faiths in Qur'dnic Perspective 38 2.2.1. Al-Mushrilcýin(Yhe Associanists) 39 2.2.2. Al-Yah(id (Ae Jews) 41 2.2.3. An-Nasard (7he Christians) 43 2.3. Islam: Old yet ever New 45 2.3.1. Islam and its Antonym 'Kqft' 47 V 2.3.2. The 'Kiifi-IShirk' and the People of the Book 53 2.4. The Apostasy Indictment and the Qur'dnic 'Daivd' 56 2.4.1. A Recall to the Faith of Abraham and Ishmael 59 2.4.2. A Recall to the Faith of Moses and Jesus 60 2.4.3. Apostasy and Related terms 61 3. APOST ASY AND PUNISHMENT IN THE QUR'AN: A CASE FOR DIVINE RETRIBUTION 68 3.1. Apostasy: The Narrowing of the Wider Application 68 3.1.1. Apostasy in Islamic Jurisprudence 69 3.1.2. The Axiomatic Articles of Faith 73 3.2. Apostasy in the Qur'anic text 74 3.2.1. Other Qur'dnic Synonyms 77 3.2.2. Divine and Human Retribution 85 4. THE PROBLEM OF THE TRADITION, AND THE APOSTASY LAW 96 4.1. The Meaning of 'Hadith' and 'Sunnah' 96 4.2. 'Hadith' its Opponents and Exponents 97 4.2.1. The Opponents of 'Hadith' 98 4.2.2. The Proponents of 'Had-ith' 101 4.2.3. Shafi'i and the Divine Authority of 'Hadith' 105 4.2.4. 'Hadd: Its meaning and Development 107 4.2.5 The Outside Influence 109 4.3. Apostasy and Punishment in 'Had1th' III 4.3.1. 'Hadi-th Ar-Riddah' (a) III 4.3.2. 'Hadith Ar-Riddah' (b) 118 5. ABD BAKR, FIRST CALIPH, AND THE APOSTASY WARS 124 5.1. The Sources of the 'Apostasy Wars' 124 5.1.1 Western Critical Perspectives of the 'Apostasy Wars' 125 5.1.2. Liberal Muslim Perspectives of the 'Apostasy Wars' 129 5.2. The Causes of the 'Apostasy Wars' 133 5.2.1. A War on Believers for Withholding 'Zakdh' 134 5.2.2. A War on Unbelievers for withholding 'Sadaqah' 137 5.2.3. Wars of Conquests 139 6. WAS THERE AN EARLY MOVE TOWARDS PUNISHMENT FOR APOSTASY? 153 vi 6.1. The Apostasy Issue In Transition 153 6.1.1. Apostasy in the Theocratic Age 154 6.1.2. Apostasy and the Rise of Theo-politics 159 6.2. The Policies of AbIi Bakr and his Successors 163 6.2.1. The Critical Rule of Abli Bakr 165 6.2.2. 'Umar and his StableRule 167 6.2.3. 'UthmAn and the 'Fitna' (Unrest) 170 6.2.4. Ali and more Unrest 172 6.3. The Authority of the Primary and SecondarySources 176 6.3.1. The Judgementof God 176 6.3.2. The Judgementof Man 178 UMAYYAD AND ABBASID PROVENANCE OF TIHE TWO TRADITIONS 182 7.1. The Umayyad Regime 182 7.1.1. 'Ikrimah, his time and 'Hadith Ar-Riddah' (a) 184 7.1.2. 'Ikrimah and his Kharijite Affiliation 187 7.2. The Abbasid Regime 190 7.2.1. A]-Awza'T and 'Had-ith Ar-Riddah' (b) 192 7.2.2. 'Hadi-th Ar-Riddah' (b) and the Problem of Isnad 197 CONCLUSION 200 Vil ABBREVIATIONS AJSL American Journal ofSemitic Languages BJRIL Bulletin of the John Ryland Library BO Biblioteca Orientalis DWI Die Welt des Islams El Encyclopedia of Islam (f irst edition) JA Journal asiatique JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society, JD1 Journal de Droit International JPOS Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JRAS Journal ofthe Royal Asiatic Society iss Journal of Semitic Studies MLPS Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Mw The Muslim World Religion TGUOS Transartions of the Glasgow Otiental Society WMANT WissenschaftlicheMonographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament,Neukirchen - Huyn viii Introduction In recent years, a few liberal voices have been heard in the Muslim world vis-a-vis the thorny question of apostasyand punishment in Islam. Seldom explicitly, but mostly implicitly, these voices called for honest and courageous steps towards a re-assessmentand re- interpretation of the long-standing question of apostasyin Islam. The necessityof bringing this issue into consonancewith modernity, they argued, is of the utmost importance. The response,however, has been meagre and varied. Published almost entirely in a few small booklets, the response ranged from negative, to positive, to ambivalent. The negative, which is in the main defensive, warns that a step in this direction would be a blatant intrusion ' upon an axiomatic article of faith (al-ma'lfim mina ad-di-n bi ad-darfirah). The positive tends to emphasise the importance of the Qur'An, which gives no prescribed punishment for apostasy, over the 'Hadi-th' that does. Usually the traditions (i. e. Hadi-ths) on apostasy and punishment are squeezed into harmony with the Qur'dnic passage pertaining to 'al-muhdribTn' (the armed 2 opponentS). Thus, the apostate worthy of death is none other than the one who having renounced his faith, went and joined the armed opposition camp. It may not be far off the mark to argue that such traditions may originally have referred to the inimical and fighting 3 apostates. Undeniably, there is some merit in this argument as we have already shown in this researchwork. The ambivalent response,however, appearsto want to have it both ways. One is free to renounceIslam and embraceanother faith providing he exercisesabsolute silence. What he has done is a matter between him and God. But he may be put to death if he voices his views, which can influence others and cause 'fitnah' (disorder) in the Muslim community.4 Seefor example, Abd al-'Aziz Al-Mat'ini, 'Uqahdt al-Irtidad 'an ad-Din bayn al-Adilldt al-Shariyah wa Shubuh6tal-MunkirTn (Cairo 1993).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Meccan Era in the Light of the Turkish Writings from the Prophet’S Birth Till the Rise of the Mission - I
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Vol 9 No 6 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) Social Sciences November 2018 . Research Article © 2018 Noura Ahmed Hamed Al Harthy. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). The Meccan Era in the Light of the Turkish Writings from the Prophet’s Birth Till the Rise of the Mission - I Dr. Noura Ahmed Hamed Al Harthy Professor of Islamic History, Vice Dean of Scientific Research, University of Bishe, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Doi: 10.2478/mjss-2018-0163 Abstract The prophet’s biography had a supreme place in the Turkish writings. In this vein, the present research’s title is “The Meccan Era in the Turkish Writings from the prophet’s birth till the Prophetic Immigration to Medina”. Therefore in this research, a great amount of information about the Meccan era in the Turkish Writings from the prophet’s birth till the Prophetic Immigration to Medina was collected. It also included prophet’s life before and after the mission till the immigration to Abyssinia, the boycott, passing the second Aqaba Pledge, the Prophet's stand towards some contemporary nations and finally, the conclusion and the list of citied works and references. Before the prophet Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah's (PBUH) birth, the Arabian Peninsula lived in full darkness then it was enlightened by Islam. The prophet (PBUH) was not detached from the universal arena; rather, he was aware of the surrounding nations led by the Persians and Romans during that time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recantation of Galileo Galilei By: Eric Bentley
    NAME __________________________________________ DATE __________________ Global History and Geography 10 R/E Unit 5: An Age of Revolutions (1750 – 1914) Section 1: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment LITERATURE SELECTION The Recantation of Galileo Galilei By: Eric Bentley In the 1600’s, the Roman Catholic Church taught that the earth was the center of the universe. Galileo Galilei, however, observed otherwise. After publicly supporting Copernicus’s theory that the earth revolves around the sun, Galileo was declared a heretic. At odds with Church teachings, he was asked to recant, or formally deny, this theory. As you read this excerpt, think about the consequences of Galileo’s struggle with the Church. Palace of the Roman Inquisition - Firenzuola [Head Inquisitor] enters: Firenzuola: Please be seated, Professor. Galileo sits. A private conference has been deemed desirable before the tribunal reconvenes. Let me ask you an academic question. What is a Church? Not what does it stand for. What is it? Galileo: An institution, of course— Firenzuola: An institution. Among other institutions of this world… competing against other institutions of this world. Competing for what? Power. It is our power against theirs. Or we will no longer exist in this world… Galileo: I’m naïve in politics, but how is the Church threatened by un-political activities such as mine? How is it threatened by the motion of the Earth around the Sun? Firenzuola: Pause. The Church is a fabric of traditions, nothing else. None of these traditions must be broken or the fabric as a whole would fray, wear through, disintegrate… There has never been a more dangerous time for our institution… our church… than now! The spread of Protestantism has not stopped as we had hoped.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Archival Sources Ars¸ivi, Bas¸bakanlık Osmanlı (BOA) FO 195/237; 1841 FO 248/114 India Offi ce G/29/27. In Arabic Afghani, Ahmad al-. Sarab fi Iran: Kalima Sari‘a hawla al-Khumayni wa-Din al-Shi‘a, n.p., 1982. ‘Alawi, Hasan al-. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla al-Qawmiyya fi al-‘Iraq 1914–1990, n.p., 1990. Alusi, Shukri al-. al-Misk al-Adhfar, Baghdad: al-Maktaba al-‘Arabiyya, 1930. Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-. Al-Tibyan fi Sharh al-Burhan, 1249/1833. Amin, Muhsin al-. A‘yan al-Shi‘a, Sidon, vol. 40, 1957. Bahr al-‘Ulum, Muhammad Sadiq. “Muqaddima,” in Muhammad Mahdi b. Murtada Tabataba’i, Rijal al-Sayyid Bahr al-‘Ulum al-Ma‘ruf bil-Fawa’id al-Rijaliyya, Najaf: n.p, 1967. Din, Muhammad Hirz al-. Ma ‘arif al-Rijal fi Tarajim al-‘Ulama’ wal-Udaba’, Najaf, vol. 1, 1964–1965. Dujayli, Ja‘far (ed.). Mawsu‘at al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa’, 1993. Fahs, Hani. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla fi Lubnan: Malamih fi al-Ru’ya wal-Dhakira, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1996. Hamdani al-. Takmilat Ta’rikh al-Tabari, Beirut: al-Matba‘at al-Kathulikiyya, 1961. Hawwa, Sa‘id. Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 1969. ———. Al-Khumayniyya: Shudhudh fi al-‘Aqa’id Shudhudh fi al-Mawaqif, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1987. ———. Hadhihi Tajribati wa-Hadhihi Shahadati, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1988. Husri, Sati‘ al-. Mudhakkirati fi al-‘Iraq, 1921–1941, Beirut: Manshurat dar al- Tali‘a, 1967. Ibn Abi Ya‘la. Tabaqat al-Hanabila, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginnings of English Protestantism
    THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH PROTESTANTISM PETER MARSHALL ALEC RYRIE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UK West th Street, New York, -, USA Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, , Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on , Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town , South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Baskerville Monotype /. pt. System LATEX ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library hardback paperback Contents List of illustrations page ix Notes on contributors x List of abbreviations xi Introduction: Protestantisms and their beginnings Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie Evangelical conversion in the reign of Henry VIII Peter Marshall The friars in the English Reformation Richard Rex Clement Armstrong and the godly commonwealth: radical religion in early Tudor England Ethan H. Shagan Counting sheep, counting shepherds: the problem of allegiance in the English Reformation Alec Ryrie Sanctified by the believing spouse: women, men and the marital yoke in the early Reformation Susan Wabuda Dissenters from a dissenting Church: the challenge of the Freewillers – Thomas Freeman Printing and the Reformation: the English exception Andrew Pettegree vii viii Contents John Day: master printer of the English Reformation John N. King Night schools, conventicles and churches: continuities and discontinuities in early Protestant ecclesiology Patrick Collinson Index Illustrations Coat of arms of Catherine Brandon, duchess of Suffolk.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Islamic Finance
    HANDBOOK OF ISLAMIC FINANCE Dr. Mabid Ali Al-Jarhi Professor of Economics and Finance Ankara Social Sciences University Dr. Abdulazeem Abozaid Professor of Islamic Finance Qatar Foundation Dr. Adnan Owaida Assistant Prof. of Economics and Finance Ankara Social Sciences University Editorial Board Dr. Ahmad Fayez Al-Harsh Assistant Prof. of Economics and Finance Ankara Social Sciences University Dr. Tawfiq Azraq Assistant Prof. of Economics and Finance Ankara Social Sciences University Dr. Abdulrahman Yazici Assistant Prof. of Economics and Finance Ankara Social Sciences University Translated from Arabic by Dr. Abdulazeem Abozaid Page 1 of 490 Table of contents Table of contents 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter One ................................................................................................................................................ 23 Shariah Justifications of Islamic Finance ..................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................................ 40 Economic Advantages of Islamic Finance ................................................................................................... 40 First advantage: economic efficiency ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sunni – Shi`A Relations and the Implications for Belgium and Europe
    FEARING A ‘SHIITE OCTOPUS’ SUNNI – SHI`A RELATIONS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR BELGIUM AND EUROPE EGMONT PAPER 35 FEARING A ‘SHIITE OCTOPUS’ Sunni – Shi`a relations and the implications for Belgium and Europe JELLE PUELINGS January 2010 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont - The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1538 9 D/2010/4804/17 U 1384 NUR1 754 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • By Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of
    FROM DIWAN TO PALACE: JORDANIAN TRIBAL POLITICS AND ELECTIONS by LAURA C. WEIR Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Pete Moore Department of Political Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2013 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Laura Weir candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree *. Pete Moore, Ph.D (chair of the committee) Vincent E. McHale, Ph.D. Kelly McMann, Ph.D. Neda Zawahri, Ph.D. (date) October 19, 2012 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Maps and Illustrations viii List of Abbreviations x CHAPTERS 1. RESEARCH PUZZLE AND QUESTIONS Introduction 1 Literature Review 6 Tribal Politics and Elections 11 Case Study 21 Potential Challenges of the Study 30 Conclusion 35 2. THE HISTORY OF THE JORDANIAN ―STATE IN SOCIETY‖ Introduction 38 The First Wave: Early Development, pre-1921 40 The Second Wave: The Arab Revolt and the British, 1921-1946 46 The Third Wave: Ideological and Regional Threats, 1946-1967 56 The Fourth Wave: The 1967 War and Black September, 1967-1970 61 Conclusion 66 3. SCARCE RESOURCES: THE STATE, TRIBAL POLITICS, AND OPPOSITION GROUPS Introduction 68 How Tribal Politics Work 71 State Institutions 81 iii Good Governance Challenges 92 Guests in Our Country: The Palestinian Jordanians 101 4. THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES: FAILURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE RISE OF TRIBAL POLITICS Introduction 118 Political Threats and Opportunities, 1921-1970 125 The Political Significance of Black September 139 Tribes and Parties, 1989-2007 141 The Muslim Brotherhood 146 Conclusion 152 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Muhammad Speaking of the Messiah: Jesus in the Hadīth Tradition
    MUHAMMAD SPEAKING OF THE MESSIAH: JESUS IN THE HADĪTH TRADITION A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Fatih Harpci (May 2013) Examining Committee Members: Prof. Khalid Y. Blankinship, Advisory Chair, Department of Religion Prof. Vasiliki Limberis, Department of Religion Prof. Terry Rey, Department of Religion Prof. Zameer Hasan, External Member, TU Department of Physics © Copyright 2013 by Fatih Harpci All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Much has been written about Qur’ānic references to Jesus (‘Īsā in Arabic), yet no work has been done on the structure or formal analysis of the numerous references to ‘Īsā in the Hadīth, that is, the collection of writings that report the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. In effect, non-Muslims and Muslim scholars neglect the full range of Prophet Muhammad’s statements about Jesus that are in the Hadīth. The dissertation’s main thesis is that an examination of the Hadīths’ reports of Muhammad’s words about and attitudes toward ‘Īsā will lead to fuller understandings about Jesus-‘Īsā among Muslims and propose to non-Muslims new insights into Christian tradition about Jesus. In the latter process, non-Muslims will be encouraged to re-examine past hostile views concerning Muhammad and his words about Jesus. A minor thesis is that Western readers in particular, whether or not they are Christians, will be aided to understand Islamic beliefs about ‘Īsā, prophethood, and eschatology more fully. In the course of the dissertation, Hadīth studies will be enhanced by a full presentation of Muhammad’s words about and attitudes toward Jesus-‘Īsā.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Flashes Collection
    1 THE FLASHES COLLECTION 2 3 From the Risale-i Nur Collection The Flashes Collection Bediuzzaman Said Nursi 4 Translated from the Turkish ‘Lem’alar’ by Şükran Vahide 2009 Edition. Copyright © 2009 by Sözler Neşriyat A.Ş. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced by any means in whole or in part without prior written permission. For information, address: Sözler Neşriyat A.Ş., Nuruosmaniye Cad., Sorkun Han, No: 28/2, Cağaloğlu, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: 0212 527 10 10; Fax: 0212 520 82 31 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.sozler.com.tr 5 Contents THE FIRST FLASH: An instructive explanation of the verse, “But he cried through the depths of the darkness…” the famous supplication of the Prophet Jonah (UWP), showing its relevance for everyone. 17 THE SECOND FLASH: The famous supplication of the Prophet Job (UWP), “When he called upon his Sustainer saying: ‘Verily harm has afflicted me…’” is expounded in five points, providing a true remedy for the disaster-struck. 21 THE THIRD FLASH: Three points expounding with the phrases “The Eternal One, He is the Eternal One!” two important truths contained in the verse, “Everything shall perish save His countenance…” 30 THE FOURTH FLASH: The Highway of the Practices of the Prophet (UWBP). This solves and elucidates with complete clarity one of the major points of conflict between the Sunnis and the Shi‘a, the question of the Imamate, and expounds two important verses in four points. 35 THE FIFTH FLASH is included in the Twenty-Ninth Flash. THE SIXTH FLASH is also included in the Twenty-Ninth Flash.
    [Show full text]
  • Quran-The Linguistic Miracle
    1 QUR’AN - the LINGUISTIC MIRACLE BOOK Contents Section 1: The Arabic Language Chapter 1: Introduction to the Arabic Language (Why it’s Unique): .............................................. 4 Chapter 2: Etymology of Arabic (Base Letters & their meanings) ................................................. 7 Chapter 3: Grammar vs Phonetic Languages, and Arabic (Letter Sounds & Shapes): ................. 15 Chapter 4: Richness of 3 Letter Arabic Vocabulary (Rich Meanings): .......................................... 28 Chapter 5: Words longer than 3 Root Letters (Fusing words) ...................................................... 35 Chapter 6: Synonyms and Antonyms: (Words are known by their ‘Relatives’) ........................... 38 Chapter 7 - Classical Arabic Poetry: .............................................................................................. 41 The Generous man & the Mu’allaqah of ‘Amr bin Kulthum ......................................................... 41 Palindromes (spelling something the same in reverse): .................................................. 44 Chapter 8: Balaaghah & Eloquence (Subtle meanings) ............................................................... 45 Past tense (maaDiy) vs Present-Future tense (muDaari’): ............................................... 45 Noun (constant) vs Verb (temporary):.............................................................................. 46 Female Plural used for non-Female objects = ‘Handful’ (less than 10) ............................ 47 Chapter 9: What
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyads
    NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE CODE: ISL 271 COURSE TITLE: THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYADS. ISL127 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE ISL271 THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYADS Course Team Muhibbudin G. Yusuf (Developer/Writer) - EACOED, OYO Prof. A.F. Ahmed (Editor/Programme Leader) - NOUN Dr A.R. Mustapha (Coordinator) - NOUN ii ISL127 COURSE GUIDE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos. Abuja Office 5, Dar’es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published By: National Open University of Nigeria First Printed 2012 ISBN: 978-058-635-0 All Rights Reserved iii ISL127 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………………………...…. 1 What You Will Learn in This Course ………………………….…... 1 Course Aims …………………………………………………….…. 1 Course Objectives………………………………………………..…. 2 Working through the Course…………………………………….…. 2 Study Units……………………………………………….………… 2 Textbooks and References ………………………………………… 3 Assignment File………………………………………………..…… 4 Course Overview and Presentation schedule………………….…… 4 Assignment……………………………………………….……….… 5 Tutor-Marked Assignment …………………………………….…... 5 Final Examination and Grading………………………………….…. 6 Course Marking Scheme………………………………………….… 6 How to Get the Most from This Course………………………….…. 6 Facilitators/Tutor and Tutorials………………………………….…. 8 Summary……………………………………………….…………… 8 iv Introduction Welcome! ISL127: The Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyads is a two-unit course available in the second semester for the B.A. Islamic Studies programme at the National Open University of Nigeria. This course aims at exposing you to the history of the four Orthodox Caliphs. The course places particular emphasis on their biographies and contributions to the development of Islam.
    [Show full text]