Preliminary Conceptual Design of a Multicopter Type Evtol Using Reverse Engineering Techniques for Urban Air Mobility

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Preliminary Conceptual Design of a Multicopter Type Evtol Using Reverse Engineering Techniques for Urban Air Mobility 항공 우주 해상 J. Adv. Navig. Technol. 25(1): 29-39, Feb. 2021 도심항공 모빌리티(UAM)를 위한 역설계 기법을 사용한 멀티콥터형 eVTOL의 기본 개념설계 Preliminary Conceptual Design of a Multicopter Type eVTOL using Reverse Engineering Techniques for Urban Air Mobility 최 원 석1 · 이 동 규1 · 황 호 연2* 1세종대학교 항공우주공학과 2세종대학교 항공우주공학과, 지능형드론 융합전공학과 Won-Seok Choi1 ꞏ Dong-Kyu Yi1 ꞏ Ho-Yon Hwang2* 1Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea 2Department of Aerospace Engineering, and Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea [요 약] 대도시 도심의 교통 정체를 해결하기 위한 방법의 하나로 전기수직이착륙 개인항공기(eVTOL PAV)를 활용한 도심항공 모빌리 티(UAM)의 관심이 증가하고 있다. 도심항공 모빌리티에 사용할 비행체인 eVTOL은 추진방식에 따라 복합형, 틸트 로터형, 틸트 날 개형, 틸트 덕티드 팬형, 멀티콥터형으로 분류된다. 본 연구에서는 멀티콥터형인 에어버스사의 시티에어버스를 기본 모델로 주어진 임무 형상에 맞게 역설계 기법을 사용하여 기본 개념설계를 수행하였다. 공력해석 프로그램인 OpenVSP를 사용하여 표면적과 양항 비, 항력계수를 계산하였다. 각 임무 구간별 소요되는 동력을 계산하였고, 그에 맞는 배터리와 모터를 비교하여 선정하였다. 또한 eVTOL 구성품별 중량을 추정하여 전체 총 중량을 예측하였다. [Abstract] As a means of solving traffic congestion in the downtown of large city, the interest in urban air mobility (UAM) using electric vertical take-off landing personal aerial vehicle (eVTOL PAV) is increasing. eVTOL configurations that will be used for UAM are classified by lift-and-cruise, tilt rotors, tilt-wings, tilted-ducted fans, multicopters, depending on propulsion types. This study tries to perform preliminary conceptual design for a given mission profile using reverse engineering techniques by taking the multicopter type Airbus’s CityAirbus as a basic model. Wetted area, lift to drag ratio, drag coefficients were calculated using the OpenVSP which is an aerodynamic analysis software. The power required for each mission section of CityAirbus were calculated, and the corresponding battery and motor were selected. Also, total weight was predicted by estimating component weights of eVTOL. Key word : eVTOL, UAM, PAV, Multicopter, Aircraft design. https://doi.org/10.12673/jant.2021.25.1.29 Received 19 January 2021; Revised 30 January 2021 Accepted (Publication) 24 February (28 February 2021) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution *Corresponding Author; Ho-Yon Hwang Non-CommercialLicense(http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the Tel: +82-2-3408-3773 original work is properly cited. E-mail: [email protected] Copyright ⓒ 2021 The Korea Navigation Institute 29 www.koni.or.kr pISSN: 1226-9026 eISSN: 2288-842X J. Adv. Navig. Technol. 25(1): 29-39, Feb. 2021 Ⅰ. 서 론 전 세계 자가용 승용차가 기하급수적으로 늘어나면서, 도심지에서 교통 정체는 피할 수 없는 문제가 되었다. 이 를 해결하기 위해 교통시설을 끊임없이 확장하였지만, 근 본적인 문제는 여전히 해결되지 못한 과제로 남아있다. 교통 컨설팅 회사 INRIX의 2018년 연구에 따르면 교통 체증에 갇힌 시간은 세계 주요 도시에 매년 수백억 달러 의 손실을 입힐 수 있다고 발표하였다. 미국 로스앤젤레스 는 운전자가 1년 중 피크 시간대에 교통 체증으로 인해 평균 102시간을 소비하는 것으로 세계 1위를 차지하였다. 모스크바와 뉴욕시의 운전자는 모두 91시간을 소비를 하 그림 1. 2025년~2040년 미국 전기수직이착륙 시장 전망[3] Fig. 1. US passenger eVTOL market size 2025 to 2040 였고, 브라질의 상파울루(86), 샌프란시스코(79)가 뒤를 이 [3]. 었다. 이는 전체적으로 한 도시에서 매년 337억 달러의 손 해를 보며, 운전자당 평균 2,982달러에 해당하는 수치이다. 이러한 수치는 자동차에 갇힌 운전자의 생산성 저하, 도로 운송비용, 연료 소모와 같은 요인에 기인한다[1]. 이러한 교통 체증의 해결 방안으로 eVTOL을 활용한 도심항공 모 빌리티(UAM; urban air mobility)가 주목을 받고 있다. 1970년대 말부터 도심 내 수요 대응형 항공교통을 주 도한 헬기의 경우, 연간 생산 대수가 약 1천여 대로 매우 제한적이며, 대당 백만 달러 이상의 고가인데다, 고도 500 피트 상공 비행 기준 약 87dB의 소음을 유발하여 도심에 서의 빈번한 운용도 현실적이지 않다. 세계의 주요 국가들도 이러한 2차원적인 교통체계를 3 차원으로 확장하는 교통망 구축 필요성에 공감하여, 개인 항공기(PAV; personal aerial vehicle)를 활용하는 것을 하나 그림 2. 전기수직이착륙 분류[4] 의 대안으로 판단하고 있다. 과거 2000년대 초반까지의 많 Fig. 2. Taxonomy of eVTOL configuration [4]. 은 PAV 모델은 고정익을 사용하는 도로주행형(roadable)으 로 이착륙을 위하여 간이 활주로 같은 인프라가 필요하였 (Airbus), 볼로콥터(Volocopter), 릴리움(Lilium)등 많은 국가 으나, 현재 대다수 모델은 이를 필요로 하지 않는 수직이 에서 eVTOL 개발을 진행하고 있으며 우리나라에서는 현 착륙(VTOL; vertical take-off landing) 방식을 적용하고 있다 대자동차가 우버와 협력하여 S-A1을 공동으로 개발하고 [2]. 있다. 전기를 동력으로 사용하여 호버와 수직 이착륙이 가능 한 방식을 전기추진 수직이착륙(eVTOL; electric vertical take-off and landing)이라고 한다. eVTOL은 기존 항공기가 Ⅱ. eVTOL 분류 사용해왔던 화석연료를 사용하지 않고 전기로 구동되어 환경오염이 없고, 소음이 적어 UAM 수요에 대처할 수 있 현재 300가지가 넘는 다양한 형태의 도심용 수요대응 는 차세대 항공산업이다. (intra-city on-demand)을 위한 전기수직이착륙 항공기가 설 전기차와 자율주행차 기술개발로 시작된 미래 교통수단 계되고 있으며, 그림 2와 같이 115가지의 TVC (thrust 개발 경쟁으로 eVTOL 기술을 활용한 에어택시 개발에 중 vector control) 방식, 45가지의 복합형(lift+cruise), 그리고 장기적으로 계획을 수립하거나 투자하는 기업이 늘고 있 80가지의 멀티콥터형이 개발되고 있다[5]. eVTOL 항공기 다. 글로벌 컨설팅 기업 딜로이트(Deloitte)가 발표한 보고 는 크게 약 100 km/h의 속도로 순항하는 저속형과 200 서에 따르면 미국의 eVTOL 시장 규모는 그림 1과 같이 km/h에 달하는 고속형으로 분류할 수 있으며, 저속형에는 2025년 34억 달러 규모에서 2040년에는 177억 달러 규모 날개가 없는(wingless) 구조인 멀티콥터형, 고속형에는 복 로 급격히 성장할 전망이라고 한다[3]. 합형, 틸트 로터/덕티드 팬형, 틸트 날개형이 있다. 미국의 우버(Uber), 위스크(Wisk), 유럽의 에어버스 2-1 저속 멀티콥터형 https://doi.org/10.12673/jant.2021.25.1.29 30 도심항공 모빌리티(UAM)를 위한 역설계 기법을 사용한 멀티콥터형 eVTOL의 기본 개념설계 멀티콥터형 eVTOL 항공기는 4개 이상의 고정된 로터를 각도로 기울어질 수 있는 다수의 프로펠러나 덕티드 팬을 갖는 전기추진 수직이착륙 항공기를 일컫는다. 멀티콥터형 가진 기체이다. 틸트 덕트는 프로펠러 블레이드 팁 속력을 eVTOL 항공기는 호버링 효율과 안정성이 높으며 조작이 줄일 수 있으며 덕트의 추가 양력 발생으로 추력을 높일 간단하다는 장점이 있지만, 상대적으로 속도가 느리고 체 수 있지만, 제어가 어려우며 순항 시 항력이 크게 증가한 공시간이 짧아 도심 내의 단거리 이동에만 적합하다. 볼로 다는 단점이 있다[10]. 틸트 로터/덕티드 팬형 항공기의 대 콥터사의 볼로콥터(Volocopter) 2X(그림 3)는 18개의 로터 표적인 예로는 조비(Joby) 사의 조비 S4(그림 6)와 벨(Bell) 를 통해 로터 고장 시에도 12개의 로터만으로도 착륙할 사의 벨 넥서스(Nexus)(그림 7)가 있다. 수 있는 등 높은 안정성을 보여준다[6]. 틸트 날개형은 추력편향(TVC; thrust vector control) 방식 쿼드콥터형 VTOL 항공기는 4개의 고정된 로터를 가지 으로 기울일 수 있는 날개에 로터를 부착시켜 수직이착륙 며, 위아래로 로터가 부착된 동축 로터의 형태로 자주 사 과 받음각 조절을 할 수 있는 기체이다. 상승비행에서 전 용되며 저속으로 비행하는 항공기에 적합한 설계 방법이 진 비행으로의 전환은 프로펠러가 기체의 무게를 지탱할 다[7]. 쿼드콥터형 항공기의 예로는 이항(Ehang) 사의 이항 만한 추력을 내는 동시에 날개의 각도를 변경할 수 있도 184(그림 4), 에어버스(Airbus)사의 시티에어버스(CityAirbus 록 하는 균형 작업이다[11]. ) 등이 있다. 2-2 고속 멀티콥터형 복합형 eVTOL 항공기는 기존 고정익 항공기의 전진 비 행을 위한 프로펠러와 수직 이착륙을 위해 양력을 생성하 는 프로펠러가 분리되어 존재하는 특성을 가진 기체이다. 이 방법으로 멀티콥터형보다 빠른 속도로 비행을 할 수 있지만, 전진 비행 시에는 이착륙용 로터를 사용하지 않으 므로 불필요한 항력이 생기게 된다는 단점이 존재한다[8]. 복합형 항공기의 대표적인 예로는 키티호크(Kitty Hawk)사 의 코라(Cora)(그림 5)가 있다. 그림 4. 이항사 이항 184[12] 틸트 로터/덕티드 팬형은 이륙, 착륙, 비행 및 호버링 Fig. 4. Ehang 184 [12]. 등의 필요한 목적에 따라 고정된 날개에 대해 서로 다른 표 1. 도심용 수요대응형 UAM 특성[4] Table 1. Characteristics of intra-city UAM [4]. Category Intra-city ODM Thin-haul Commuter Range of service Downtown Urban seats 1 - 4 4 - 9 Take-off and landing VTOL (E)STOL mtehod Propulsion method Electric power DEP or hybrid Range ~ 100 km 160 - 480 km 그림 5. 키티호크사 코라[13] Cruise speed 100 – 300 kph 360 – 550 kph Fig. 5. Kitty Hawk Cora [13]. 그림 3. 볼로콥터사 볼로콥터 2X[9] 그림 6. 조비사 조비 S4[14] Fig. 3. Volocopter 2X [9]. Fig. 6. Joby S4 [14]. 31 www.koni.or.kr J. Adv. Navig. Technol. 25(1): 29-39, Feb. 2021 순항 속도는 120 km/h의 속도로 최대 15분의 순항 비행이 가능하며, 4명의 승객이 탑승할 수 있다[17]. 4개의 리튬이온 배터리의 총 저장 에너지는 110 kWh이 며 140 kW의 4배 출력을 낼 수 있다. 8개의 피치 로터는 지멘스(Siemens)사의 SP200D 다이렉트 드라이브 모터 8개 를 사용하여 구동된다. 본 연구는 표 3에 나타낸 이탈리아의 밀라노 폴리테크 니코 대학교에서 연구한 시티에어버스의 설계값[18]을 바 탕으로 중량, 동력 및 항력에 대한 역설계를 통해서 멀티 콥터형 eVTOL의 기본 개념설계를 수행하였다. 그림 7. 벨사 넥서스[15] Fig. 7. Bell Nexus [15]. 여기서, PTOW는 예측 가능한 이륙중량, CTOW는 직접 계 산한 중량의 총합, FoM은 제자리 비행성능이다. 본 연구에서도 PTOW는 시티에어버스의 설계이륙 총중 량인 2,200 kg으로 가정하였으며, eVTOL 구성품별 중량을 추정하여 CTOW를 계산하였다. 표 2. 에어버스사 시티에어버스[17] Table 2. CityAirbus specifications [17]. CityAirbus specifications Crew 1 Capacity 4 그림 8. 릴리움사 릴리움 제트[16] Fig. 8. Lilium jet [16]. Length 8 m x 8 m Size Propeller 2.8 m (diameter) 틸트 날개형은 틸트 로터형보다 로터의 하방풍 Take-off weight 2,200 kg (downwash)이 날개에 미치는 영향이 감소하고 여러개의 Blade tip speed 120 m/s 로터로 인한 분산전기추진(DEP; distributed electric propulsi Speed Cruise speed 33.33 m/s on)에 의한 후류가 저속에서 날개 위의 공기 속도를 높여 양력을 증가시키고, 로터 뒷부분의 유도된 공기흐름이 호 Endurance 15 min 버링 및 전진 비행 때 날개의 받음각을 줄여주는 역할을 Cruising altitude 500 m 하는 이점 또한 존재한다. 하지만 이는 교란에 민감하며, Motor Siemens SP200D 날개의 각도 전환 시 복잡한 조작과 제어가 필요하다는 단점이 있다.
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