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7. Scottish Music Manuscripts from the Eighteenth Century Dedicated to the Flute 153

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7. Scottish Music Manuscripts from the Eighteenth Century Dedicated to the Flute 153 Ford, Elizabeth Cary (2016) The flute in musical life in eighteenth- century Scotland. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7351/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Flute in Musical Life in Eighteenth-century Scotland Elizabeth Cary Ford BA (West Virginia Wesleyan College) MM (Peabody Conservatory of the Johns Hopkins University) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Music School of Culture and Creative Arts, College of Arts University of Glasgow May 2016 1 Abstract All history of the flute in Scotland begins with William Tytler’s 1792 assertion that the flute was unknown in Scotland prior to 1725. Other generally accepted beliefs about the flute in Scotland are that it was only played by wealthy male amateurs and had no role in traditional music. Upon examination, all of these beliefs are false. This thesis explores the role of the flute in eighteenth-century Scottish musical life, including players, repertoire, manuscripts, and instruments. Evidence for ladies having played flute is also examined, as are possible connections between flute playing and bagpipe playing. What emerges is a more complete picture of the flute’s role in eighteenth-century Scottish musical life. 2 Contents Abstract 1 Contents 2 List of Tables 3 List of Figures 4 Library Sigla 6 Acknowledgements 7 Author’s declaration 8 1. Introduction 9 2. Gentlemen amateurs 31 3. Lower-class male amateurs 55 4. Ladies 65 5. Professional musicians 84 6. Repertoire 116 7. Scottish music manuscripts from the eighteenth century dedicated to the flute 153 8. Instruments 175 9. Conclusions 193 Appendix A: Images 197 Bibliography 210 3 List of Tables Table 1. McGibbon’s Flute Transpositions 131 4 List of Figures Figure 1: John Gunn, The School of the German Flute, page 7 99 Figure 2: John Gunn, The School of the German Flute, page 10 100 Figure 3: John Gunn, The School of the German Flute, page 10 100 Figure 4: John Gunn, The School of the German Flute, page 15 102 Figure 5: Donald MacDonald, A Collection of the Ancient Martial Music of Caledonia, “Failte Phronsa,” page 1 135 Figure 6: Francesco Barsanti, Clout the Cauldron 137 Figure 7: John Reid, Opening of Solo V, 1796 139 Figure 8: John Reid, Opening of Solo V, 1756 140 Figure 9: Pietro Urbani, Bush Aboon Traquair 148 Figure 10: Pietro Urbani, “Maid of Selma,” primo part, A Favorite Selection of Scots Tunes properly arranged as Duettos for Two German Flutes or Two Violins 149 Figure 11: Sonata 1ma, flauto primo, MMC 491 161 Figure 12: Satyr with a flute, fountain, Linlithgow Palace 197 Figure 13: Ceiling of the Muses’ Chamber, Crathes Castle 197 Figure 14: Reconstructed Crathes Castle Flute 198 Figure 15: Pages one and two of Alexander Bruce’s manuscript 198 Figure 16: Hotteterre’s fingering chart 199 Figure 17: Cosmo, 3rd Duke of Gordon, by Philippe Mercier 199 Figure 18: Sir Gilbert Elliot of Minto by William Aikman 200 Figure 19: Lieutenant John Reid, unknown artist 201 Figure 20: John Reid, unknown artist 202 Figure 21: Medallion of John Reid, by James Tassie 203 5 Figure 22: General John Reid, unknown artist 204 Figure 23: General John Reid, Kirby’s Wonderful and Eccentric Museum 204 Figure 24: William Tytler, by John Jones after Henry Raeburn 205 Figure 25: Susanna, Lady Eglinton, by William Aikman 205 Figure 26: Robert Tannahill 206 Figure 27: “The Green Woods of Trough”, MS Robertson 1 207 Figure 28: Flute possibly having belonged to William Nicholson 207 Figure 29: Flute player from The Caledonian Pocket Companion 208 Figure 30: Flute by Urquhart 209 Figure 31: “Eiserne Zeit” by Mathaeus Merian 209 6 Library Sigla MMC: The Montagu Music Collection, Boughton House, Kettering, Northamptonshire GB-Lbl: The British Library, London GB-En: The National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh GB-Ap: Aberdeen Public Library, Aberdeen GB-Enr: National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh GB-Gm: Mitchell Library, Glasgow GB-Er: University of Edinburgh Library, Edinburgh GB-Gu: University of Glasgow Library, Glasgow 7 Acknowledgements This thesis would have been impossible without the financial support of the University of Glasgow Kenneth Elliott Scholarship for Postgraduate Research in Music and the St Andrews Society of Washington, D. C., Scholarship, as well as numerous funding awards from the University of Glasgow College of Arts and School of Culture and Creative Arts. It would have been equally impossible without the generosity, support, guidance, and patience of the following people and organizations: Linda Sabak, Larry and Kaaren Ford, David McGuinness, Colin St Martin, Wendell Dobbs, the students of the 2007 Timber Flute Festival, Chris Norman, the participants of Boxwood 2014, Ted Duncan, Elizabeth Miller, John Ford, Jenny Moore, Alex Ford, Karen Winter, Aaron McGregor, John Purser, James Beaton, Hugh Cheape, Keith Sanger, Rob McKillop, Martin Johnson, the staff of the Wighton Collection, Gillebrìde MacMillan, the staff at the A. K. Bell Library, Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, Allan Wright, Pam Jackson, Gareth Fitzpatrick, His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Karen McAulay, Jo Clements, Uncle Barack, Susan Weiss, Warwick Edwards, Alison McGillivray, Graham Hair, the Musica Scotica Trust, John Gallagher, Bill Harris, Martin Wenner, Nancy Hadden, Jed Wentz, Anne Smith, Janice Dockendorff Boland, Laurel Swindon, Kim Pineda, Tom Cady, Adrienne Greenbaum, Kenny Hadden, Hamish Napier, Rod Cameron, Jenny Nex, the Friends of St Cecilia’s Hall, Almut Boehme, Ronnie Gibson, Emma Lloyd, Sherezade Garcìa-Rangel, Gordon Turnbull, John Butt, Eva Moreda Rodriguez, Amanda Smith Biela, Harry Campbell, Morag Greig, Andrew Woolley, Andy Greenwood, Richard Sher, Robert Ford, Ruth Perry, Stuart Edyman, Deborah Kemper, Paul Boucher, Jeremy Barlow, Albert Hutchings, John Bates, Robert Head, Sylvester, Stephen Jackson, Robert Bigio, Rosalind Halton, Christopher D. S. Field, Elaine White, David Clements, and, especially, Hamish. 8 Author’s declaration Name: Elizabeth Cary Ford Student number: 1100935F Course name: Ph.D. in music Assignment: Ph.D. thesis I confirm that this assignment is my own work and that I have: Read and understood the guidance on plagiarism in the Student Handbook, including the University of Glasgow Statement on Plagiarism Clearly referenced, in both the text and the bibliography or references, all sources used in the work Fully referenced (including page numbers) and used inverted commas for all text quoted from books, journals, web etc. Provided the sources for all tables, figures, data etc. that are not my own work Not made use of the work of any other student(s) past or present without acknowledgement. This includes any of my own work, that has been previously, or concurrently, submitted for assessment either at this or any other educational institution, including school Not sought or used the services of any professional agencies to produce this work In addition, I understand that any false claim in respect of this work will result in disciplinary action in accordance with University regulations DECLARATION I am aware of and understand the University’s policy on plagiarism and I certify that this assignment is my own work, except where indicated by referencing, and that I have followed the good academic practices noted above. Signed: Date: 9 1. Introduction 1.1 William Tytler’s origin myth for the flute in Scotland I have heard, that Sir Gilbert Elliot, afterwards Lord Justice Clerk, who had been taught the German flute in France, and was a fine performer, first introduced that instrument into Scotland about the year 1725.1 The antiquarian, solicitor, and flute player William Tytler of Woodhouselee (1711–1792) wrote this in his 1792 essay on a St Cecilia’s Day concert in Edinburgh, and it has served as the origin myth of the history of the transverse flute in Scotland ever since. The evidence, however, shows that Tytler’s statement is inaccurate. Travel between Britain and continental Europe brought flutes to Scotland much earlier than 1725. Letters and manuscripts from Scotland show that the German flute was known there by 1702 at least,2 and Pierre Bressan was making flutes in London by 1691.3 The first Irish music published in Ireland was for flute, in 1724. There is no reason to suppose Scotland lagged behind Europe in terms of flute-related activities. This evidence for flute-related activities in Scotland prior to 1725 will be examined in detail throughout this thesis. The transverse flute, or German flute, was one of the most popular instruments in the eighteenth century, yet it is noticeably absent from studies of Scottish music. References to the transverse flute and flute-players are present, but fleeting; all are based on the assumption that the instrument was simply not known prior to the first quarter of the century. That flute sonatas were written and published in Scotland and that most publications of Scottish tunes with variations listed flute on the title page is ignored,4 without considering the question of why one would bother going to the trouble of marketing music to flute players when there were not very many flute players around to 1 William Tytler, “On the Fashionable Amusements and Entertainments in Edinburgh in the last Century,” Transactions of the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland Vol 1 (1792): 509.
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