Koodinvaihto Suomalaista Viittomakieltä Vieraana Kielenä Käyttävien Kuulevien Opiskelijoiden Ja Opettajien Luokkahuonevuorovaikutuksessa

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Koodinvaihto Suomalaista Viittomakieltä Vieraana Kielenä Käyttävien Kuulevien Opiskelijoiden Ja Opettajien Luokkahuonevuorovaikutuksessa ”Eli me kuullaan?” Koodinvaihto suomalaista viittomakieltä vieraana kielenä käyttävien kuulevien opiskelijoiden ja opettajien luokkahuonevuorovaikutuksessa Pro gradu -tutkielma Maija Tjukanov Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen, suomalais-ugrilaisten ja pohjoismaisten kielten ja kirjallisuuksien laitos Helmikuu 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen, suomalais-ugrilaisten ja poh- joismaisten kielten ja kirjallisuuksien laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Maija Tjukanov Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title ”Eli me kuullaan?” Koodinvaihto suomalaista viittomakieltä vieraana kielenä käyttävien kuulevien opiskelijoiden ja opettajien luokkahuonevuorovaikutuksessa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Suomen kieli Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu –tutkielma Helmikuu 2016 125 sivua ja 4 liitesivua Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielman aiheena on kuulevien opiskelijoiden ja opettajien koodinvaihto ja koodien yhdistäminen suo- malaisen viittomakielen (SVK) ja suomen kielen välillä. Tavoitteena on selvittää, millä tavoin kuulevat, suomalaista viittomakieltä vieraana kielenä opiskelevat henkilöt yhdistävät suomea ja viittomakieltä luok- kahuonevuorovaikutuksessa. Lisäksi analysoidaan, miten suomen kieli ja SVK yhdistyvät yksittäisten puhu- jien vuoroissa ja miten vuorovaikutuksessa hyödynnetään viittomakielen näköaistiin ja käsien liikkeisiin sekä suomen kielen ääntöelimistöön ja kuuloaistiin perustuvia modaliteetteja. Aineisto on kuvattu am- mattikorkeakoulussa viittomakielentulkkiopiskelijoiden ja heidän kuulevien opettajiensa keskusteluista. Tutkimusmetodeina käytetään keskustelunanalyysia sekä vuorovaikutussosiolingvistiikkaa. Tutkielma vahvistaa aiemmissa tutkimuksissa tehtyä havaintoa siitä, että kuulevien henkilöiden puhu- tun kielen ja viittomakielen samanaikainen käyttö eli koodien yhdistäminen on huomattavasti tavallisempaa kuin vaihto koodista toiseen. Koodien yhdistämisellä on luokassa erilaisia tehtäviä: Ensinnäkin sitä käytetään korostamaan lausuman kohtia, jotka ovat keskeisiä vuorovaikutuksen kannalta. Käytöltään tällainen koodien yhdistäminen voi muistuttaa elehdintää, mutta viittomat tuovat puheeseen kielellistä informaatiota, jota ei eleillä voitaisi ilmaista. Toiseksi koodien yhdistämisellä voidaan leikilliseen moodiin yhdistettynä herättää luokkahuoneessa sosiaalisia identiteettejä, joilla rakennetaan ryhmäkuuluvuutta. Kolmanneksi koodien yhdistäminen voi vaikuttaa puhutun kielen rakenteisiin niin kutsuttuna puhuttuna viittomakielenä, jolloin kielten yhdistämisen motiivina voi olla esimerkiksi viittomakielen etualaistaminen vuorovaikutuksessa. Pu- huttu viittomakieli voi toimia myös samankaltaisissa sosiaalisia identiteettejä rakentavissa tehtävissä kuin muu koodien yhdistäminenkin. Tutkielmassa osoitetaan, että koodinvaihdot liittyvät usein tilanteisiin, joissa toinen kieli tai sen modali- teetti on vuorovaikutuksessa toista käytännöllisempi resurssi. Suomenkieliseen puheeseen vaihdetaan viit- tomakielestä vain harvoin. Suomen kielen käytön syinä ovat esimerkiksi ymmärrysongelmien ratkaiseminen tai keskustelukumppanin huomion kohdistaminen. Vaihdot tapahtuvat yleensä kuiskaten. Viittomakieltä taas hyödynnetään erityisesti muusta toiminnasta irrallisissa toissijaisissa keskusteluissa, kun halutaan esi- merkiksi säilyttää luokassa vallitseva hiljaisuus. Viittomakielen visuaalisuudesta on apua myös sujuvan vuo- rovaikutuksen ylläpitämisessä päällekkäispuhunnasta aiheutuvan hälyn välttämisen tai etäällä olevan kes- kustelukumppanin kanssa kommunikoinnin vuoksi. Lisäksi viittomakielen modaliteetti voi toimia tulkintaa ohjaavana kontekstivihjeenä, jolla implikoidaan vuoron hiljaisuutta tai äänekkyyttä. Yleensä luokkahuonees- sa käytettävää kieltä ei erikseen määrätä, mutta toisinaan opettaja voi ohjata opiskelijoita suoritettavan tehtävän kannalta tarkoituksenmukaisemman kielen valintaan. Useimmiten viittomakielen valitsemiseen kietoutuu sekä käytännön puhetilanteeseen liittyviä että tulkintaa ohjaavia metaforisia syitä. Tutkielma antaa uutta tietoa tähän mennessä hyvin vähän tutkituista kuulevien henkilöiden tavoista käyttää sekä viitottua että puhuttua kieltä aidoissa vuorovaikutustilanteissa. Työssä osoitetaan, että sekä opiskelijat että opettajat suhtautuvat koodinvaihtoon luokkahuoneessa sallivasti ja viittomakielen ja suomen kielen vaihteluilla on käytännön syiden lisäksi useita samankaltaisia metaforisia tehtäviä kuin puhuttujen kielten välisellä koodinvaihdollakin. Yksikielisten viittomakielisten määrä on vähenemässä , joten tutkielma avaa keskustelua kieliyhteisöstä, jonka jäseniä lienee tulevaisuudessa yhä enemmän. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Koodinvaihto, koodien yhdistäminen, suomalainen viittomakieli, kaksimodaalinen kaksikielisyys, suomen kieli, luokkahuonevuorovaikutus, keskustelunanalyysi, vuorovaikutussosiolingvistiikka Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen, suomalais-ugrilaisten ja pohjoismaisten kielten ja kirjallisuuksien laitos ”Mietitäänpä, miten me voisimme keskustella veden alla?” (Hippo lastenohjelmassa Viittomakieli pelastaa! 2015; käsikirjoitus: Anne Sjöroos; käännös: Anne Sjöroos, Pia Taalas ja Karoliina Franck) Sisällys 1 Johdanto .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Tutkimuksen kohteena kaksimodaalinen kaksikielisyys ................................................... 3 1.2 Aineisto .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Litterointi ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Viittomakielentulkkiopiskelijat ja opettajat....................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Luokkahuoneen kielet ....................................................................................................... 6 2 Tutkielman taustaa ............................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Suomalainen viittomakieli (SVK) ..................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Suomalaisen viittomakielen rakenteesta .......................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Viittomakielten suhde eleisiin ......................................................................................... 12 2.2 Tutkimusmetodit .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Keskustelunanalyysi ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Vuorovaikutussosiolingvistiikka ....................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Metodien soveltaminen viittomakielisiin keskusteluihin ................................................ 20 2.3 Koodinvaihto ................................................................................................................ 23 2.3.1 Koodinvaihto vuorovaikutuksessa ................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Koodinvaihto ja koodien yhdistäminen kahden modaliteetin välillä .............................. 25 2.3.3 Muita puhuttujen kielten ja viittomakielten välisiä kontaktimuotoja ............................. 30 2.3.4 Koodien yhdistäminen ja elehdintä ................................................................................. 32 3 Koodien yhdistäminen luokan omana kielimuotona ............................................................. 34 3.1 Viittomat puhetta korostamassa ja täydentämässä ...................................................... 35 3.2 Koodien yhdistäminen ryhmäkuuluvuuden rakentajana ................................................ 44 3.3 Viittomakieltä puheessa ............................................................................................... 60 3.4 Yhteenveto ................................................................................................................... 71 4 Kielen modaliteetti koodinvaihdon perusteena .................................................................... 73 4.1 Suomen kielen hyödyntäminen ..................................................................................... 73 4.1.1 Suomen kieli huomionkohdistimena ............................................................................... 74 4.1.2 Suomen kieli ymmärrysongelmien ratkaisijana ............................................................... 78 4.1.3 Yhteenveto ....................................................................................................................... 82 4.2 Viittomakielen hyödyntäminen ..................................................................................... 83 4.2.1 Viittomakielen käyttäminen osana hiljaisuuden normin noudattamista ........................ 84 4.2.2 Viittomakielen visuaalisuuden hyödyntäminen ............................................................... 89 4.2.3 Modaliteetti kontekstivihjeenä ........................................................................................ 96 4.2.4 Yhteenveto ....................................................................................................................
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