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Predator Activity Associated with Gopherus Flavomarginatus Burrows

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Predator Activity Associated with Gopherus Flavomarginatus Burrows Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 387-389 (2018) (published online on 09 May 2018) Predator activity associated with Gopherus flavomarginatus burrows Sara Valenzuela-Ceballos1, Gamaliel Castañeda-Gaytán1,* and Ernesto �ecerra1 Due to being endemic, and because their fossorial in Mexico (due that �e �ere searching for vertebrate habits apparently increase the presence and abundance of associated to the tortoise burro�s, �e did not take numerous other species, the �olson tortoises, Gopherus into account the sex of the bolson tortoise burro�s flavomarginatus (Legler, 1959), are considered both a inhabitants). Active burro�s �ere selected based on flagship and keystone species for the Mapimi �iosphere external characteristics according to Auffenberg and Reserve (Aguirre et al., 1997). �urro�s of this species Franz (1982) and Cox et al. (1987). Observations of can measure over five meters in length and have a depth predators included coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823), of 1.6 meters (Auffenberg, 1969, Morafka, 1982, Aguirre bobcats (Lynx rufus Schreber, 1777), foxes (Urocyon et al. 1984). These burro�s provide a thermal gradient cinereoargenteus Schreber, 1775 and Vulpes macrotis that ranges bet�een 42°C at the entrance to 28°C at 30 Merriam, 1888), badgers (Taxidea taxus Schreber, cm inside (Morafka, 1982). Due to these characteristics, 1777) and skunks (Mephitis mephitis Schreber, 1776). such burro�s are an attractive place for other vertebrate These species appeared regularly on photographs that and invertebrate species looking for refuge. Thirty- sho�ed them near the burro�s, apparently looking for six vertebrates have been observed occasionally, prey. Among the burro� entrance observations t�o temporarily or seasonally occupying the burro�s of predation events �ere recorded during 2014, the first G. flavomarginatus, (Valenzuela-Ceballos unpublished �as the predation of a black tail-hare (Lepus californicus data). The importance of burro�s of other Gopherus Gray, 1837) by a coyote (Canis latrans) (Figure 1). tortoises for facilitating the occurrence and trophic The hare �as taking refuge inside of the burro� �hen interactions of multiple species is �ell documented; for it �as caught. The second predation event �as upon example, for the G. flavomarginatus sister taxa, Gopher a kangaroo rat (Dipodomys sp.) by a burro�ing o�l tortoises (G. polyphemus), 60 vertebrate species and (Athene cunicularia Molina, 1782) (Figure 2). The 302 invertebrate species �ere observed making use kangaroo rat �as near the burro�’s entrance �hen the of their burro�s (Jackson and Milstrey, 1989, Ashton burro�ing o�l chased it. and Ashton, 2008). Ho�ever, similar associations Gopher tortoise burro�s �ere found to be a key factor and interactions at G. flavomarginatus burro�s have for the abundance and interactions of a broad range not previously been published. To document species of species (Ashton and Ashton, 2008 and Catano and use and interactions at �olson tortoise burro�s �e Stout, 2015). While �olson tortoises and their burro�s installed 9 cameras (�ushnell Trophy cam®, 8 mega have not had the same level of detailed studies, their pixel) directed to�ards nine active adult bolson tortoise burro�’s cooler microclimate in a region �here daytime burro� entrances �ithin the Mapimi �iosphere Reserve summer temperatures regularly exceed species’ thermal tolerances (Morafka, 1982), plus the abundance of predator activity at the burro� entrances argue that �olson tortoises and their burro�s may play a similar, keystone species role in the Chihuahuan Desert. The regular visitation of predators at �olson tortoise burro�s 1 Facultad de Ciencias �iológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado suggests that these sites probably are suitable not just as de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México. a refuge for vertebrates, but also provide an important * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] predator / prey interaction. 388 Sara Valenzuela-Ceballos et al. Figure 1. The picture sho�s a hare (Lepus californicus) being predated by a coyote (Canis latrans) on the entrance of a �olson tortoise burro�. Figure 2. �urro�ing o�l (Athene cunicularia) �ith a kangaroo rat (Dipodomys sp.) prey at the entrance of a �olson tortoise burro�. Predator activity associated �ith Gopherus flavomarginatus burro�s 389 References Catano P.C., Stout I. J. (2015). Functional relationships reveal keystone effects of the gopher tortoise on vertebrate diversity Aguirre G, Adest GA, Morafka DJ (1984) Home range and in a longleaf pine savanna. �iodiversity Conservation 24: 1957- movement patterns of the �olson Tortoise, Gopherus 1974. flavomarginatus. Acta Zoológica Mexicana 1: 1–28. Cox J, Inkley D, Kautz R (1987) Ecology and habitat protection Aguirre, G., D. J. Morafka, and G. A. Adest. 1997. Conservation needs of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) populations strategies for the �olson Tortoise, Gopherus flavomarginatus, in found on lands slated for large-scale development in Florida. the Chihuahuan Desert. Proceedings: conservation, restoration, Florida Game and Fresh�ater Fish Commission Non-game and management of tortoises and turtles – An International Wildlife Program Technical Report 4: 69. Conference, pp. 333-338. Ne� York Turtle and Tortoise Society, Jackson D.R., Milstrey E.G. (1989). The fauna of gopher tortoise Ne� York, Ne� York. burro�s. In: Gopher tortoise relocation symposium proceedings, Ashton, R. E., Ashton, P. S. (2008). The Natural History and p. 86-98. Diemer, J.E., D.R. Jackson, J.L. Landers, J.N. Layne Management of the Gopher Tortoise. Gopherus polyphemus. and D.A. Wood, eds. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Auffenberg W, Franz R (1982) The status and distribution of the Commission Nongame Wildlife Program Technical Report No. gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). In: �ury R (Ed.) North 5, Tallahassee. American Tortoises: Conservation and Ecology. US Fish and Morafka D. (1982). The status and distribution of the bolson Wildlife Service (Washington, DC), Wildlife Research Report tortoise. In: North America tortoises: conservation and ecology, 13: 95–126. p. 71-94. �ury, R.�., ed. Auffenberg W. (1969). Tortoise behavior and survival. Rand McNally, Chicago, II. Accepted by Eric Munscher.
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