QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIA

WINTERZ 2019/20oo quariAISSUE 107

CHELONIAN CRISIS WHY TURTLES AND TORTOISES ACROSS THE WORLD ARE IN URGENT NEED OF ACTION

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE HOW A NEW RCP WILL TRANSFORM CHELONIANS' PROSPECTS 1 NOT FOR SALE WHY ILLEGAL TRADE REMAINS A CRITICAL THREAT zoofeed

Scientific concepts for Primates Herbivores Carnivores Birds Fish-Eaters

We feel responsible for those we are familiar with. Therefore Granovit Zoofeed partners with zoos to implement scientific nutrition concepts that keep animals strong and healthy.

Participate in science based feeding technology and share our passion for responsible zoo animal nutrition. www.granovit.ch

Contact our distribution partners: France: SERLAB www.serlab.fr | Scandinavia: BROGAARDEN® www.brogaarden.eu For other markets: Granovit Zoofeed www.granovit.ch | T. +41 61 816 16 16 | [email protected] zoofeed Contents Zooquaria Winter 2019/20

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4 From the Director’s chair 18 A turtle solution Our Director introduces this special chelonian issue, Supporting the European pond turtle and announces the launch of EAZA's new campaign 19 Plans for a radiant future 5 Noticeboard The perilous position of the radiated tortoise The latest news from the EAZA community 20 Chelonia conservation 6 Births & hatchings A visual guide to the facts and figures of tortoise Success stories from the turtle and tortoise world and turtle conservation 8 Together for nature 21 A recipe for success Reports from three recent conferences demonstrate An imaginative kitchen-themed exhibit is raising the vital importance of global co-operation awareness of the plight of an endangered turtle

10 Asking the right questions 22 The great turtle rescue EAZA's new Which Fish? campaign shines the Lessons learned from the Hong Kong confiscation spotlight on marine conservation 24 Chelonians in Cambodia 12 Turtles in trouble Why the ACCB is a hotspot for turtle conservation Zooquaria talks to IUCN SG Executive Vice-Chair Anders Rhodin about the role he plays in chelonian 26 Save our sulcata conservation Is SOS Sulcata the last chance for this species? 14 Meet the chelonians 27 Home comforts As a new RCP is finalised for chelonians, we look at Making a home for the enigmatic leaf turtle what it aims to achieve in the years to come 28 Making light work 16 Origin unknown How Jersey Zoo perfected its light and heat How confiscated animals can create studbook issues provision for its resident turtles Scientific concepts for Primates Herbivores Carnivores Birds Fish-Eaters 17 The return to Rote Island 30 Trade wars Why the highly endangered snake-necked turtle is a Tackling illegal trading in tortoises and turtles worthy subject for an EAZA EEP We feel responsible for those we are familiar with. Therefore Granovit Zoofeed partners with zoos to Zooquaria implement scientific nutrition concepts that keep animals strong and healthy. EDITORIAL BOARD: EAZA Executive Office, PO Box 20164, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Executive Director Myfanwy Griffith ([email protected]) Email: [email protected] ISSN 2210-3392 . Cover image: Radiated tortoise shell © Vassil CC Participate in science based feeding technology and Managing Editor David Williams-Mitchell ([email protected]) For information on print subscriptions to Zooquaria visit: Editor Joanna Swinnerton http://www.eaza.net/about-us/communications share our passion for responsible zoo animal nutrition. www.granovit.ch Editorial Staff Katharina Herrmann, William van Lint The views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of EAZA. Designer Louise Tait The paper used for printing is FSC quality (sustainable). Organic inks are used. Zooquaria is the quarterly magazine of the Plates for printing are free of chemicals. All waste is disposed of in an environmentally European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). friendly manner. Printed by Euro Mail BV. 3 Contact our distribution partners: France: SERLAB www.serlab.fr | Scandinavia: BROGAARDEN® www.brogaarden.eu For other markets: Granovit Zoofeed www.granovit.ch | T. +41 61 816 16 16 | [email protected] FROM THE DIRECTOR’S CHAIR

I am pleased to share with you this special issue on plans being made to reintroduce Rote Island snake-necked chelonians, in which we look at the terrible situation that turtles (p. 17), and efforts to safeguard a population of confronts chelonians and at the conservationists working to European pond turtles (p. 18). In situ support is typified by make a difference. I must admit that my personal knowledge the ACCB project of AllwetterZoo Münster in Cambodia of chelonians is somewhat limited, so I was fascinated by (pp. 24–25) and Amiens Zoo’s project in Senegal (p. 26). the insights that this issue provides; for example, I never Finally we look at welfare within exhibits, and UV lighting knew that many tortoise and turtle species were such avid especially (pp. 28-9), and the exhibits themselves – one for climbers! Anders Rhodin, Chair of the IUCN SSC Tortoise leaf turtles at Prague Zoo (p. 27), and one for Vietnamese and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (see his interview pond turtles at ZSL London (p. 21) – exhibits that meet the with David Williams-Mitchell on pp. 12–13), introduces needs of the species while telling a powerful story about these us to the current conservation situation whereby more highly threatened species. than 50 per cent of species are currently threatened with Last but not least, I have to deviate from chelonians to extinction. In their articles, both Anders Rhodin and Chris highlight the launch of our Which Fish? Conservation Shepherd, former head of TRAFFIC and now Monitor at the Campaign 2020–2021 (p. 20). I know many of you have Conservation Research Society (p. 30), identify that many of already joined and encourage those who haven’t to visit the pressures on chelonian populations are primarily human www.whichfish.eu and sign up today. Whether it be fish, in origin, and primarily based around habitat loss and trade chelonians or any other taxa, what is clear is that EAZA (both legal and illegal). It is therefore heartening to read also Members are at the forefront of conservation activities and of the great efforts of many EAZA Members in combating I wish everyone much continuing success in this work in these threats through a range of ex situ and in situ activities. 2020 and beyond. Many of you will be aware of my love of data, and my regular reminders to add data to our Conservation Database, and so I am also happy to see a summary infographic on chelonian conservation statistics on page 20. A great example of how the EAZA community was able to mobilise collective conservation action is summarised in Myfanwy Griffith the article about the Hong Kong turtle confiscation, whereby Executive Director, EAZA 10,000 turtles were seized in a customs operation (pp. 22–23). Due to our coordinated efforts, many of these turtles were given homes by EAZA Members and they have helped guide EAZA’s efforts in husbandry and conservation to this day. A common theme, and subsequent obstacle, for confiscations is that of identifying origins of confiscated animals. Given that confiscations are regular, and zoos are often asked to receive such individuals, this can lead to issues of management and housing. Mark de Boer at Rotterdam Zoo outlines the issue as it pertains to Egyptian tortoises, a widely trafficked species (p. 16). The issue of varying subspecies of tortoises and turtles and subsequent conservation classification and action also means that focusing on genetic analysis will greatly aid effective decision-making in both confiscations and our other work. As our knowledge increased, we were able to write a Regional Collection Plan (RCP) for chelonian species in 2019, which assessed 51 species over two days and recommended 29 as new-style EEPs, including 10 for new species. The roles are primarily as insurance populations, but there’s a lot of research and in situ support built in, too. TAG Chair Matt Goetz shares the details on pp. 14–15. The RCP also identifies that many chelonians are ideal candidates for 4 the One Plan approach. We look at reintroductions and the NOTICEBOARD

EAZA SIGNS THE ABU DHABI IUCN WORLD CONSERVATION EAZA CORPORATE MEMBERS DECLARATION CONGRESS AB Aqua Medic GmbH The year 2020 marks the end of the In 2020, IUCN will hold its four-yearly Aqua-Teknik A/S Decade of Biodiversity, along with the World Conservation Congress, the Arie Blok Animal Nutrition Aichi Targets and the whole United largest global forum for conservation Beresford SAS Nations Convention on Biological and an important driver of species Billings Productions, Inc Diversity (CBD) framework. This means and habitat protection. The 2020 BioZoo Information that the CBD will spend this year iteration of the Congress will take Brogaarden ApS Bureau d'Etudes AKONGO taking evidence from stakeholders place in Marseille, France in June. Bureau d'Etudes Bioparc and designing a new framework for EAZA will be present and will take an Carl Stahl Architecture the decades to come. active part in the proceedings; we China Light Festival BV We cannot pretend that the CBD have sponsored two motions (on law Close to Bone strategy has thus far been effective in enforcement in the commercial trade Crossborder Animal Services BV stopping biodiversity loss, although in tigers and tiger parts, and the Dorset Identification BV public understanding of the concepts trafficking of songbirds, in line with EKIPA and the scale of the problem is much the Silent Forest campaign’s Fachjan further advanced than at the priorities), co-sponsored another five Fox Consulting beginning of the 2010s. Time, motions, and support the 37 motions Gantner Ticketing however, is not on the planet’s side, sponsored or co-sponsored by EAZA/ Granovit HMJ Design and as a result, the International Union IUCN Members. In addition, EAZA IFA SKYFAST for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) made a ‘Speaker Pitch’ for the Forum Immotion has issued the Abu Dhabi Declaration, of the WCC (this is the part of the KaGo & Hammerschmidt GmbH a manifesto for action that the Union Congress that does not include votes Kiezebrink International and the declaration’s signatories on motions) which has been Lionhouse Architects intend as a call to arms for the accepted, meaning that we will Marine Nutrition international community. present on the topic of ‘How does Mazuri The Abu Dhabi Declaration calls for visiting a zoo or aquarium help Nautilus an end to species decline by 2030, and conservation?’ To ensure that we have Nieuwkoop for the groundwork to be done to a strong and unified presence, IUCN Pangea Rocks allow for species recovery by 2050. The members who are also EAZA Ralf Nature Rasbach Architeken declaration is undoubtedly ambitious; Members are asked to contact Ravensden Plc however, IUCN calculates that without Sandrine Camus (Sandrine.Camus@ Ray Hole Architects such ambition, we are likely to lose eaza.net), who will be coordinating Saint Laurent S.A. thousands of species, including some EAZA work for the WCC; please keep Sanero Kunstfelsen of the world’s best-known animals and us up to date with your plans. Seafoodia plants, unless there is a concerted TVK Zoodesign effort by governments, international EPZQF IN TRANSLATION Zoological Adviser agencies, the business community, The European Professional Zookeeper Zoologistics conservationists and the public to Qualification Framework (EPZQF), an Zoopoli prevent their extinction. With a view Erasmus+ project that has been Zooprofis to demonstrating our commitment to coordinated by EAZA with input from the protection and recovery of animal EAZA Members and educational species, EAZA has signed the institutions specialising in the training declaration, along with many of our of keepers, is now available in to their own training, professional Members. Any organisation can sign translation. development and recruitment. This the declaration and append their logo The goal of the EPZQF project was complements existing community to the document by writing to to identify the key skills, knowledge translations and will open up the [email protected], and we urge every and competences that zookeepers framework to more people. So far in EAZA Member to take the time to read need to be able to carry out their 2019, the EPZQF team has added the Declaration and sign up. You do duties successfully. As a result of this translations in Czech, Portuguese and not have to be an IUCN member to project, there is now a clear set of Croatian, and Spanish, German and sign the Declaration. expectations that can be applied Italian translations will be available The Convention on Biological across the European Union and the early in 2020. You can find the Diversity’s Conference of the Parties wider EAZA region. EAZA translations, together with the will take place in Kunming, China in commissioned professional original framework in English, online October next year, and will set out the translations of the framework into modules and other resources on the framework for at least the next 10 other languages to support more EPZQF website: years. EAZA Members in applying the EPZQF https://www.zookeepers.eu/ 5 BIRTHS & HATCHINGS

NEW ARRIVALS

TURTLE SUCCESS Philipp Wagner, Curator of Research and Conservation, Allwetterzoo Münster, Germany, reports on three projects that are being supported by the International Centre of Turtle Conservation

THE RAREST ZOO HATCHLINGS IN THE WORLD ZHOU'S BOX TURTLE (Cuora zhoui) is one of the rarest tortoises in the world. Thought to be endemic to China, all known ‘wild’ specimens have been traced back to Chinese food markets and the species has never been found in nature. Fewer than 200 adult individuals were available from the trade between 1990 and 2009, and no new specimen has been seen since then. Therefore we think that the species is already extinct in the wild. The 200 wild-caught founders decreased in human care relatively rapidly to fewer than 30 adult individuals, and only a handful of ZHOU'S BOX TURTLE HATCHLINGS breeders are able to reproduce the © PHILIPP WAGNER species. The most successful are Ingrid and Elmar Meier from the International more ex situ breeding populations and Cuora picturata are all Critically Centre of Turtle Conservation (IZS), a an intensive search for the species in Endangered according to the IUCN and conservation project located at the their possible countries of origin. Cuora predominantly occur in Vietnam. All Allwetterzoo Münster, Germany, and zhoui is heavily reliant on us, the zoo three species face the same threats: operated by the zoo and the Zoological community. There are private breeders Chinese food and medicine markets, Society for the Conservation of Species and turtle conservation societies who poaching, habitat destruction and local and Populations (ZGAP). already manage populations of this markets. All of them are relatively The world ex situ population totals super-rare species, but for a sustainable delicate in human care, easily stressed about 170 individuals, and those include ex situ breeding population we need and not easy to breed. more than 80 hatchlings from the IZS. zoos with off-show breeding facilities for The estimated number of individuals However, even with the great success of the species’ survival. in nature of Cuora galbinifrons is the survival of this species, the habitats between 10,000 and 40,000, with about and distribution of the species is still HIDDEN BEAUTIES WITH AN 1,500 specimens in human care. The unknown and there is a strong UNCERTAIN FUTURE situation of Cuora bourreti is somewhat likelihood that the species has already THE MOST BEAUTIFUL Cuora species are worse, with an estimated population of disappeared in the wild. So our next closely related and highly terrestrial. 10,000-20,000 individuals in nature, but conservation actions should include Cuora bourreti, Cuora galbinifrons and fewer than 1,000 in human care. Twelve years after the scientific INDOCHINESE BOX TURTLE (CUORA description Cuora picturata was found in BOURRETI) © PHILIPP WAGNER 2010 for the first time in the wild, the situation of the species is not encouraging. The remaining habitat is small and the wild population is estimated to comprise fewer than a maximum of 10,000 individuals with only 500 specimens in human care. Successful population management, and especially regular success, is still rare. The small clutch size of one to three eggs makes the reproduction process slow, and adult specimens are easily stressed, which often results in a non-productive breeding season. The IZS is the only EAZA institution that 6 regularly produces offspring for all three NEW ARRIVALS

species. Despite the fact that these are very colourful and attractive tortoises, ALDABRA GIANT TORTOISES BORN AT TAIPEI ZOO they are not the best animals for zoo exhibitions. Single individuals could work, but I want to encourage zoos to have off-show rearing space for a breeding population and to use modern media to show the individuals to visitors.

ONE OUT OF 115 THE SULAWESI FOREST TURTLE,

(Leucocephalon yuwonoi) is endemic to ZOO TAIPEI the Minahasa Peninsula of northern IN 2018, TAIPEI ZOO had the first environment for its Aldabra giant Sulawesi, and is Critically Endangered. successful zoo-born hatchlings of the tortoises. We selected the hillside area Detailed field studies are still absent, but Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys inside the zoo as a new environment, although it seems that the species is gigantea), thanks to improvements made where not only was the space larger, but more common than previously thought, to the animals’ environment and feeding also the hills were closer to the 30-degree population management programmes methods as part of a five-year angle that the tortoises needed to are still needed. programme, write Gekko Tai, Curator of explore and exercise. In addition, we The species is threatened by habitat Amphibian and Reptile House, Taipei Zoo, increased the food intake and the destruction, especially logging and and Eric Tsao, PhD, CEO, Conservation and proportion of leaves to meet the true clearing for palm plantations, and to a Research Centre, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan. nutritional needs of the tortoises. Another lesser extent by its capture for food Segregating males and females can key improvement in feeding was to markets. Besides the need for stimulate adult estrous, and allow for change the feeding method. In the past population surveys to monitor the wild mating behaviours over several months. we placed food on the ground for populations, conservation priorities In the past we had observed the adult feeding. Now we feed tortoises by must include ex situ population tortoises displaying mating behaviour hanging food. In this feeding mode, the management programmes, which will every year, but no eggs were found, so we tortoises must straighten their necks and be a considerable challenge. Females lay observed their behaviour to try to even lift their forefeet to reach their diet, only a single egg, and occasionally two establish the cause. which is closer to the tortoise’s feeding eggs, but several clutches in a year are First, we found that most of our habits in the wild. possible. This results in a low tortoises were not stable when walking. Since the improvements were made, reproductive rate, but increasing the Obviously a lack of leg muscle endurance the tortoises have become more stable species’ numbers is difficult and the is a major issue, because they can't and the growth of individuals has success is very limited. The known properly mate if they can’t lift their bodies accelerated. Then in November 2017, one number of the global F1 captive off the ground. Once we had understood of the female tortoises appeared to be population is 115. This mainly includes the problem, we began to think how we looking for a place to lay eggs, and duly offspring from a private keeper (27 ind.), could improve the situation. spawned in an area prepared by the the IZS, operated by Allwetterzoo The first step was to check whether the keeper. The keeper removed the eggs and Münster, Germany (23 ind.) and Denver nutritional composition and food intake artificially incubated them. During the Zoo (22 ind.). The remaining 43 F1 met the needs of each individual. At this incubation process, we used a light individuals are mainly bred by US zoos point, we received a useful gift from a source to examine the embryo and and organisations, as Allwetterzoo is the former colleague: several photos of wild confirm that the egg had been only EAZA institution that holds the Aldabra giant tortoises, taken on inseminated. In March the following year, species and the only global institution Moyenne Island in the Seychelles, where these eggs hatched successfully. that regularly breeds this species (the the reintroduced Aldabra giant tortoises The zoo provided the newborns with a Denver Zoo series is more or less from live. The photos showed that the terrain complex and varied environment, as it one year). Moreover, the global founder of these islands is variable and was observed that young tortoises also population is about 150 individuals undulating, and the tortoises were active like to climb high. The young tortoises are because the mortality of newly in this environment every day. By healthy and growing well, and the imported specimens is between 25 and contrast, we had provided an success of this species at Taipei Zoo has 100 per cent. The difficulties environment that was too simple and flat, been a breakthrough. But for the zoo the experienced in successfully increasing because of the fear of the tortoises value lies in the process: we have the numbers of this species in human overturning, but as a result they were not improved animal welfare, so that the care could be caused by their being getting enough exercise. tortoises have better care and live more prone to stress and having less than Since 2013, Taipei Zoo has carried out closely to their natural life in the wild, and optimal conditions. several measures to improve the this is the goal that we always pursue. 7 MEETINGS & CONFERENCES Together for nature How to start a THE 74TH WAZA ANNUAL CONFERENCE ADDRESSED A RANGE OF revolution CRUCIAL TOPICS AS IT BROUGHT TOGETHER ZOO PROFESSIONALS AT THE 2019 ANNUAL FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE MEETING OF THE IUCN SSC Gavrielle Kirk-Cohen, WAZA Director of Communications CPSG, THE FOCUS WAS ON ENGAGING GOVERNMENTS The World Association of Zoos and Award for its outstanding 25-year TO REVOLUTIONISE SPECIES Aquariums (WAZA) held the 74th commitment to the protection of the CONSERVATION PLANNING WAZA Annual Conference in Buenos Masoala National Park in Madagascar. Jamie Copsey, Director of Training, Aires, Argentina from 3–7 November. Taronga Zoo was awarded the WAZA and Fran Webber, Communications The conference drew participants from Environmental Sustainability Award for Officer, IUCN SSC CPSG 34 countries and regions around the its resolute commitment to sustainable world under the theme ‘Together for practices. Finally, Kris Vehrs, Executive We know we must transform species Nature’. Director of the Association of Zoos conservation planning so that we can The themes of the discussions and Aquariums (AZA) was honoured scale up our work to save species. To do included the conservation impact of with the Heini Hediger award – this while continuing to support zoos, human population growth and the role WAZA’s highest award for professional aquariums and botanic gardens in their that zoos and aquariums can play to excellence, in recognition of her four conservation missions, we must engage address this issue; how to work with the decades of respected leadership in the governments in species conservation next generation of professionals; crisis global zoo and aquarium community. planning. That is why we made this communications; animal welfare policies Theo Pagel (Cologne Zoo) was the central theme of the 2019 Annual set by the tourism industry; and species ratified as WAZA President for the Meeting of the Conservation Planning conservation and sustainability. 2019–2021 period. The three Council Specialist Group (CPSG). A panel on the WAZA/IUCN Global representatives for region II (Europe Around 70 conservationists from 25 Species Plan delved into how zoos and and Middle East) were also ratified countries gathered in Buenos Aires, aquariums can work more closely with (Thomas Kauffels, Opel-Zoo; Radosław Argentina in October, forming working the IUCN and the role they can play Ratajszczak, Wroclaw Zoo; James groups to tackle the challenges we as IUCN Red List Assessment centres, Cretney, Marwell Wildlife). Simon face. Focusing on problem areas such using as an example The Deep aquarium Tonge (Wild Planet Trust) will continue as aligning CSPG-led and government in the UK. as chair of the WAZA Committee for conservation plans and overcoming Another main topic of discussion Population Management (CPM). EAZA political and governmental obstacles was the WAZA 2023 Animal Welfare was elected to take a seat at the WAZA faced by zoo-based programmes, the Goal, which states that by the end Council and will be represented by its attendees committed to tangible actions of 2023, WAZA associations must Executive Director Myfanwy Griffith, that will bring us closer to achieving our have an animal welfare evaluation who was also appointed chair of the goal of covering every species that needs process in place with specific elements WAZA Associations Committee. one with an effective, implemented approved by WAZA. By 2023, all The 75th WAZA Annual plan, so that we can change the future WAZA institutional members must be Conference, held in conjunction for threatened wildlife. compliant with this process. with the International Zoo Educators As CPSG focuses on engaging During the conference, WAZA Association (IZE) and hosted by San governments, we know we must also presented three awards. Zoo Zürich Diego Zoo, will take place from 11–15 transform the way we do things within was awarded the WAZA Conservation October 2020. our own organisation. In developing our strategic plan for 2020 and beyond, KRIS VEHRS OF AZA RECEIVED THE 2019 we identified three strategic pillars HEINI HEDIGER PRIZE FOR HER FOUR that will allow us to catalyse a species DECADES OF LEADERSHIP conservation planning revolution: • Shared Responsibility: unite leaders behind our shared responsibility to save species. • Access to Knowledge: transform information into more effective species conservation action. • Inclusive Voices: support new voices to effectively drive change.

CONSERVATION REVOLUTION Although our strategic plan is still 8 in development, the revolution has already begun. At the 2019 Annual the species conservation planning about marine life and how to protect our Meeting, mentees in the CPSG Planner revolution that will ensure every species oceans. Dr Marco Weydert (European Development Path – launched to that needs one is covered by an effective Commission) continued this theme by increase conservation planning capacity plan. Together, through scaled-up declaring the urgent need for aquariums and scale up our planning efforts – conservation planning, we can change to raise awareness of the planet’s need shared the impact of their training and the future for wildlife. To find out more for healthy marine ecosystems. mentoring on themselves, their work about CPSG, how we can support your In keeping with the day’s theme, Dr and their ability to facilitate and plan work and how you can support us, Paul Boyle (American Humane Society) for the recovery of threatened species. In contact [email protected]. explained how good zoos and aquariums 2019, CPSG nearly doubled the number play an essential role in saving species of planning meetings, demonstrating from extinction, and how American the impact of our efforts to increase Aquariums in Humane, the largest certifier of animal planning capacity. And staff from the welfare, can help to fulfil the growing newly formed, CPSG-supported IUCN a changing demand for the humane treatment of SSC Species Survival Centre in Brazil, animals in human care by verifying and hosted by Parque das Aves, energised world ensuring animal welfare. attendees with their story of changing THE 2019 EUROPEAN UNION OF Gilles Doignon (European their approach from a reactive to a AQUARIUM CURATORS (EUAC) Commission) shared the success of the proactive, strategic one, embracing all ‘World aquariums against marine litter’ CONFERENCE FOCUSED ON THE aspects of the Assess-Plan-Act cycle. campaign, which the EU has decided As well as working-group reports VITAL NEED FOR MAINTAINING A to make permanent; and Jean-Luc identifying the actions that CPSG and HEALTHY MARINE ECOSYSTEM Bourgain and Dr Géraldine Lacave its partners will take over the next year (both of Nausicaá), gave a presentation David Aparici Plaza, EAZA Animal to further species conservation planning, Programmes Coordinator, EAZA on a joint veterinary approach on the meeting resulted in a plan outlining Executive Office osteopathy in a California sea lion CPSG’s contribution to IUCN’s (Zalophus californianus) with paralysis. Abu Dhabi Call for Global Species In October 2019 the EUAC conference Conservation Action. Supported by took place in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Day 2: Climate change over 160 organisations, including Hosted by Nausicaá, an EAZA Member, As the keynote speaker for the second EAZA, this is an urgent call to massively it attracted more than 240 participants day, Dr Guigone Camus, social scale up species conservation action in from all over the world. Featuring anthropologist and scientific advisor response to the escalating biodiversity many presentations on diverse issues, it at Ocean & Climate Platform, focused crisis. In addition, we helped to draft focused on three main topics: societal on climate change as the main factor a resolution, approved days later by change, climate change and change of global environmental change. She WAZA members at their Annual affecting biodiversity. emphasised several impacts that climate Conference, recognising the importance change has on the oceans that are major of zoos and aquariums in species Day 1: Societal change threats to human civilisation and are conservation and calling on them to The first topic tackled the changes included by the IPCC Special Report commit to scale up their efforts to: in the relationship between modern on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a • apply and promote the One Plan; society and wildlife and how the Changing Climate. • continue to lead, and partner on, awakening of public awareness of the species conservation projects in zoos fragility of nature and the increase Day 3: Changes affecting and aquariums and in the wild; of anthropogenic pressure on the biodiversity • continue to provide and increase environment has to some extent led On the last day, Professor David resources for saving species in the to an increase in social movements Johnson (Southampton Solent wild; against keeping animals in human care, University) described how, despite • educate, engage, inspire and mobilise which tend to be focused on animal new discoveries of species in aquatic the general public, particularly their suffering and/or environmental damage. ecosystems, there is a high rate of 700 million annual visitors, to raise In addition, citizens all over the world biodiversity loss. He encouraged awareness on species, and encourage want to be heard and to have a say in aquariums to be transparent, to restrict them to take direct action to support the decision-making process. All these impacts on the most threatened hotspots species conservation; and facts make it imperative that aquariums of marine biodiversity and to raise • raise awareness of species and their and zoos effectively communicate their awareness of genetic diversity. Finally, conservation challenges through their role as centres of education, awareness Dr Nadia Ounaïs (Oceanographic exhibits and their communications and preservers of species. Institute of Monaco) proposed to build and education programmes. The first keynote speaker, Dr a ‘Noah’s Ark’ for corals with help Thanks to all those who contributed Delphine Paulet (Dean, the NEXT from the network of World Public to making this year’s meeting such a MBA), expressed the growing necessity Aquariums. This project would focus on success! Continued and growing support for society to want to be connected to conservation, restoration and research from organisations such as EAZA and nature, and how aquariums can play of corals as well as providing education its Members is essential to catalysing a role by helping to spread knowledge about corals to the general public. 9 CAMPAIGN Asking the right questions EAZA'S NEW CAMPAIGN AIMS TO PROTECT OUR MARINE ECOSYSTEMS BY FOCUSING ON THE CONSUMPTION OF MARINE PRODUCTS, NOT JUST BY HUMANS, BUT ALSO BY THE ANIMALS IN OUR CARE

Claudia Gili, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, and Laura Myers, EAZA Executive Office

The official launch of the new EAZA species are experiencing pressure. FAO to make them. For this reason, conservation campaign Which Fish? estimates that around one third of the campaign materials include took place at the EAZA Annual marine stocks are currently overfished, information about the other factors Conference in Valencia. The two-year and just under 60 per cent are classed that need to be considered to make a campaign will run from 2020–2021, as maximally sustainably fished. Only good choice, such as the identification and will focus on issues linked to seven per cent of stocks are classed as of stocks by sorting the locations where the sustainable acquisition and underfished, leaving consumers with a fish is caught, the fishing method consumption of marine products, with some challenging choices to make to used, the size of the fish, the season, a main goal of raising awareness and keep our oceans healthy. and information about the life and facilitating behaviour change. Concerns about overfishing touch reproductive cycles of different species. The initial suggestion for a marine- directly on the EAZA region, as the The campaign encourages all focused campaign came from the FAO area with the highest proportion participants to take a positive approach EAZA Education Committee. This of unsustainably fished stocks is the by promoting fish that represent a suggestion was picked up by Acquario Mediterranean and the Black Sea. better sustainable choice, rather than di Genova, with Nausicaá – Centre There are also concerns over specific focusing on what should be avoided. National de la Mer and Oceanário de species and sub areas in the North The communications and education Lisboa also leading on developing the Atlantic FAO area. When it comes representatives in the campaign team campaign. This makes the Which Fish? to trade, the European Union is the are putting together a communications campaign the first to be led by EAZA biggest single market for fish products, strategy and compiling education aquariums. The campaign team is also accounting for 38 per cent of global resources that will support participants partnering for the first time with the imports in data from the most recent in taking this positive approach. The European Union of Aquarium Curators FAO yearbook. team is also challenging participants to (EUAC) and the European Association commit to serving sustainably sourced for Aquatic Mammals (EAAM) to KEY CAMPAIGN AREAS fish to visitors and staff. bring this campaign to an even wider The Which Fish? campaign challenges Since we are all involved with audience. participants to look at their acquisition high standards of animal care, the and utilisation policies of marine second strand of the campaign focuses WHY A CAMPAIGN FOCUSED ON products in three key areas and to on sustainably sourced food for our AQUATIC SPECIES? improve their sustainable practices: fish-eating animals. Many of the Oceans cover more than 70 per cent • sustainable consumption by humans, same issues apply to animal diets as of the Earth’s surface, and healthy • sustainable consumption by animals, to human ones, and we must tackle oceans are essential for our planet. and the additional challenge of still Fish and aquatic invertebrates play a • sustainable collection planning in providing nutritionally balanced diets vital role in keeping marine ecosystems zoos and aquariums. for the species under our care. The stable, and are also important for many The majority of fish produced (around campaign is challenging participants human communities as they provide a 88 per cent according to the latest to commit to sustainably sourcing fish significant source of nutrition as well FAO data) enters the human food and other marine products included as livelihoods for millions of people. chain, so a major part of the campaign in animal diets, and even to exploring Human harvesting of marine resources will be to encourage people to make nutritionally balanced alternatives to puts a great deal of pressure on aquatic sustainable choices. To support fish-based food. biodiversity, which has knock-on participants, the campaign team has The final strand of the campaign effects for many other species. created a ‘green’ list of sustainable fish links to fish and aquatic invertebrates Human consumption of fish is rising. species that are generally considered that are kept in our zoos and According to the latest fishery statistics sustainable according to their aquariums. Due to the wide variety from the Food and Agriculture provenance, together with guidance on of species and their reproductive Organisation of the United Nations how best to use the list. The materials physiology, it’s more common to find (FAO), the average person consumes also include a list of links to reputable wild-caught fish and invertebrates on 20.3 kg of fish per year, a figure that sustainability lists that could be more exhibit than wild-caught terrestrial is continuing to rise year on year. For targeted towards specific countries or species. Unsustainable harvesting Europeans, this figure is even higher, regions. for the aquarium trade (which also with an average annual consumption Making sustainable choices is includes many hobby and private of 22.5 kg per person. With this challenging, and consumers need collectors, not just public aquariums) 10 increasing demand for fish, many sufficient information to be able is the primary threat for some species. FEEDING TIME AT AQUARIUM NAUSICAÁ A. ROSENFELD, NAUSICÁA ROSENFELD, A.

Aquariums have been working to can support it – even those who don’t complement activities focused on other address this issue for some time now, hold any fish or aquatic invertebrates marine threats, such as climate change, and this campaign encourages all in the collection, most likely host marine pollution and littering, and participants to refer to the Guidelines animals that are fed on fish, or offer invasive alien species, and many of for Acquisition developed by EUAC fish to staff or visitors in the restaurants these threats are interconnected. and implement them in their own and canteens. The campaign is institutional protocols. focused mainly on marine species, as A QUESTIONING CAMPAIGN the majority of global capture fishery The campaign title is framed as a BEHAVIOUR CHANGE FOR production comes from marine waters; question – Which Fish? – because INSTITUTIONS AND INDIVIDUALS however, the campaign team is open we all need to be able to ask the Several of the campaign goals are to participants focusing on freshwater right questions and get all the concerned with behavioural change, species if they live in regions where information that we need to make which is always a challenging target to consumption of freshwater species is a more sustainable choice. As with measure. The campaign team is focused more common. so many issues linked to biodiversity on creating behaviour change not just The campaign team has come up conservation, there are no simple at an individual level among visitors, with a list of different commitments, answers, only better choices that but also at an institutional level. At linked to the three main strands of the may be different for different people, institutional level, the goal is to see campaign, that participants can sign up locations and institutions involved some measurable and positive changes for. This will allow them to be flexible in the campaign. The campaign team in food acquisition policies and with their campaign participation and firmly believes that encouraging consumption patterns by the end of the tailor their commitments to their own people to ask more questions, whether campaign. Participants will be asked situations. We encourage participants they are questions we ask ourselves as to fill in surveys before, during and to sign up for a minimum of three to institutions, or questions we encourage after their campaign participation so four commitments, and to take part in our visitors to ask about their own that the team can collect data that will a way that best suits their own needs consumption preferences, is a far more allow them to assess rates of change. and goals. effective way of creating real change. Pressure from unsustainable Instead of saying This Fish or That FLEXIBLE CAMPAIGN consumption is just one of many Fish, by the end of the campaign we COMMITMENTS TO SUIT complex factors threatening the should all be asking ‘Which Fish?’ DIFFERENT NEEDS biodiversity of our oceans. The Which Sign up for the campaign today The campaign is led by EAZA Fish? campaign is firmly focused on or find more information at https:// aquariums, but all EAZA Members sustainable consumption, but can easily whichfish.eu. 11 INTERVIEW Turtles in trouble DAVID WILLIAMS-MITCHELL, EAZA DIRECTOR OF COMMUNICATIONS AND MEMBERSHIP, TALKS TO ANDERS G. J. RHODIN, CHAIR EMERITUS AND EXECUTIVE VICE-CHAIR OF THE IUCN SSC TORTOISE AND FRESHWATER TURTLE SPECIALIST GROUP (TFTSG)

DWM: Could you give an of turtles and tortoises, and many of DWM: ‘Turtles in Trouble’ has a introduction to the conservation those will go extinct in a few decades. strong focus on Asian species – status of chelonians as a whole? Already, critically endangered species like but how is the situation for other What are the main threats and where the ploughshare tortoise or angonoka regions? are they most acute? (Astrochelys yniphora) from Madagascar, the Rote Island snake-necked turtle AR: Asia remains the epicentre of AR: Turtles are in terrible trouble. Of (Chelodina mccordi mccordi) from the turtle extinction crisis caused by the more than 360 species that have Indonesia, and several species of Asian trade, but there is trouble elsewhere graced our world over the last 500 years, box turtles (Cuora spp.) from China, have in the world as well. North American more than 50 per cent are threatened been rendered functionally extinct in the and African species have become with extinction, and nearly 60 per cent wild by illegal over-collection for the pet increasingly targeted, as have South are either threatened or have already trade. American ones to a lesser extent. There gone extinct. Turtles and tortoises are is nowhere that's safe. Even in Australia, more threatened than any of the larger DWM: We see from the Specialist where poaching for the trade is not yet groups of vertebrates, surpassed only Group's ‘Turtles in Trouble’ document a major problem, turtle populations are by the primates. They are threatened and our own RCP analysis that many affected by environmental variables primarily by massive over-exploitation species are listed as CR or with associated with global climate change, for food, traditional medicine and the populations in precipitous decline. such as drought, fires and disease. pet trade, as well as extensive habitat Is this the future for these taxa, or loss from deforestation and agricultural are you optimistic that we can turn DWM: Chelonians are a very ancient conversion. These threats are most the situation around? And what is a group that does not appear to have prevalent in Asia, the nexus of what was realistic outcome for conservation needed to evolve physiologically to called the Asian Turtle Crisis, but which is efforts over the long term? any great extent over the millennia. now spreading to the rest of the world. Do you think that the previous AR: Realistically, the conservation status success of ‘the design’ makes them DWM: You mention the pet trade of most currently threatened turtle and more vulnerable to quick changes and the scale of the problem, which tortoise species will probably continue such as climate change? Is there any includes rampant demand and to worsen with time. As I look down way for us to help make them more unscrupulous attempts to service the road 100 to 200 years from now, I resilient to these pressures? that demand, such as turtle farms in worry that we will be left with only small China. Do you have an insight into scattered parcels of protected areas with AR: Turtles have evolved a suite of why these animals are so sought isolated and devastated populations morphological and physiological after for the pet trade? of turtles barely surviving and needing characteristics that have allowed them concerted efforts from conservationists to remain largely unchanged for about AR: People have had a fascination for and reserve managers to prevent their 250 million years, and they would easily turtles for a long time, and keeping them extinction. A few generalist species will withstand and adapt to our current as pets has always been popular, but probably survive almost no matter what climate change if their habitats had what used to be a relatively innocent we do – for example, red-eared sliders remained intact and anthropogenic and innocuous diversion has morphed (Trachemys scripta elegans), snapping threats had not curtailed their into an obsession and vocation for turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and populations and adaptability. Turtles many, driven by high values for certain Mediterranean pond turtles (Mauremys have already survived many glacial species and the attendant prestige leprosa). and inter-glacial warming periods and of ownership; pets have become In the long run, I am, unfortunately, could easily do so again except for the more of an investment than a source pessimistic about whether we can human-induced restrictions they now of appreciation. Chinese turtle farms successfully prevent the extinction of face. What we can do to help at this and the international illegal animal many currently endangered species, but time is to consider assisted migration trade both cater to this demand, and the optimist in me knows that our efforts of species from their current habitats continued poaching and smuggling of to date have already made a difference, that are under climate threat to other endangered turtles and tortoises from and even if we can only slow their rate of areas more amenable to their survival. the wild and from protected areas is decline, we must follow our ethical and Measures such as these are already the worst problem. If we cannot bring moral imperatives to continue to fight being developed and considered for this illegal trade under control we will for and aid their survival. We can never critically endangered species such as the 12 lose most currently endangered species give up hope. Western swamp turtle (Pseudemydura umbrina) in Australia, the Bolson tortoise and enthusiasm for turtles and to (Gopherus flavomarginatus) in Mexico openly impart our sense of concern and the USA, and the geometric tortoise for their survival. We need to engage (Psammobates geometricus) in South with the public and share our view that Africa. turtles are really cool, but that they're really in trouble, and they desperately DWM: Conservation genetics now need and deserve our protection and gives us an opportunity to know preservation. Most people, especially more about the taxonomy of children, like turtles and tortoises (unlike chelonian species and subspecies, other reptiles), so we need to appeal yet the conservation challenges to the sense of loss they would have if are enormous. Do you think we can turtles were to disappear from the Earth, afford to treat similar subspecies or as the dinosaurs did. We need to make it populations separately, or should personal for people to contemplate the we perhaps group some of these loss of turtles from the world and from in conservation terms so as not to and admire the diversity and beauty of their lives — how will they feel if all the lose the totality? I am thinking, for the animal world, but also the crucial turtles are gone? example, of Egyptian and Libyan opportunity to educate the public about populations of Testudo kleinmanni that diversity and the threats that it DWM: Can you tell us how and why in which the differences between faces. Zoos need to be more than just you became interested in chelonians the populations in genetic terms entertainment and revenue centres, they and what is your favourite of all the may be very small but ecologically need to be ardent advocates for diversity species? significant. and conservation and help lead and support such efforts to the greatest extent AR: Growing up first in Sweden and then AR: As we discover more and more turtle possible. For many people, zoos are a outside New York City, I had no exposure diversity through improved genetic window to the natural world; we need to to turtles or tortoises as a child. It wasn't analysis and define more and more make the most of that and help convince until my last year of university studies species, subspecies and evolutionarily them that the natural world needs that I developed an interest in turtles, distinct populations, we are faced with saving. In the field of turtle conservation, and when I graduated in 1971 I went on the dilemma of how best to prioritise our zoos are already helping to lead the a long trip to the jungles of Central and limited conservation resources. Clearly, way in establishing assurance colonies South America with my good friend Russ we need to prioritise our efforts and for breeding endangered species, Mittermeier. While staying with natives in conservation targets in a rational manner, assisting with repatriation projects, and a hut in the Brazilian Amazon, I obtained but we should never engage in medical- supporting fieldwork by researchers and a juvenile yellow-footed tortoise style battlefield triage of withholding aid conservationists. Many zoos in EAZA are (Chelonoidis denticulatus) as a pet. I to any species deemed by some to be fully engaged in these critically important named it Jaboti (the local name for the ‘beyond help’. Even when only a very few activities, and the Shellshock Campaign species) and took it home with me back animals of a taxon survive, we know we carried out by EAZA nearly 20 years ago to the USA and then to Sweden, where I can save it from extinction, as we did with has provided much-needed support for started medical school. That pet tortoise the Espanola giant tortoise (Chelonoidis global turtle conservation efforts funded inspired and catalysed my interest in hoodensis) from the Galapagos, down to through the Turtle Conservation Fund. By chelonians, and as a result I began to read 15 animals before conservation efforts working together we can help save turtles and study and sought out ways to learn were intitiated and then rebounding and aim for zero turtle extinctions in the more. to over 1500. Similarly, the Yunnan box future. With help from Russ I got a part-time turtle (Cuora yunnanensis) from China job with Ernest Williams at the Museum was declared Extinct by the IUCN, but DWM: Anecdotally, we see that of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, then three animals were rediscovered people are interested in chelonians where I initially catalogued and identified and it since has recovered to over 70 at zoos, but tend to move on very turtles that had recently been collected at the latest count. There are several quickly without much engagement. by Fred Parker in New Guinea. As a other examples of species on the brink Obviously we saw a lot of interest in result, Russ and I discovered a new and of extinction that have recovered after the Mary River turtle story that went undescribed turtle species among the heroic efforts have been made. We viral last year, but not all chelonians collection, and with Ernest's urging we should never give up on any species can grow pondweed punk hairstyles! described it in 1976 as Parker's snake- facing extinction. What narrative do you think would necked turtle (Chelodina parkeri). That help to retain people’s attention and was the start of my parallel career in DWM: How do you think that zoos get them interested in contributing herpetology in addition to my main could contribute more effectively to to conservation, the eradication of career in medicine and orthopaedic chelonian conservation? the illegal trade, and so on? surgery. To this day, that turtle species remains my favourite – although in reality AR: Zoos provide not only the AR: I think the most important thing we I love all turtles and tortoises, and find opportunity for the public to view can do is to show others our passion them totally fascinating. 13 CONSERVATION

RADIATED TORTOISE (ASTROCHELYS RADIATA) PARKEN ZOO PARKEN Meet the chelonians A NEW EAZA REGIONAL COLLECTION PLAN FOR TURTLES AND TORTOISES AIMS TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT CONSERVATION PROGRESS – BUT IT NEEDS URGENT MEMBER ASSISTANCE

Matt Goetz, Head of Herpetology, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, and EAZA Reptile TAG (Chelonia) Vice-Chair

By the time this feature is published, the One Plan approach, as the majority Management in human care for the chelonia subgroup of the EAZA of species can benefit enormously from many species is occurring both in Reptile TAG will have published its population management and insurance EAZA institutions and programmes in new Regional Collection Plan, the first population initiatives, head-starting many field locations. Developing best RCP in the new style that the Reptile programmes or, due to their often husbandry and breeding techniques and TAG has taken on. This was quite extended longevity and generation disseminating these through various deliberate, as we wanted to take the length, long-term genetic management. channels is vital, as many of our species opportunity to develop a new chelonian This is especially true for the most are still not easy to breed continuously. RCP under the One Plan approach critically endangered group of this Genetic management is equally vital: as soon as possible, so that we could species, the Asian turtles, where the our studbooks are dealing with many take the work that EAZA does with most significant population declines species which exhibit long generation this extremely threatened taxon and are mainly caused by over-exploitation lengths and low reproductive output move it forward in a more structured, for food and the illegal wildlife trade, while we care for significant parts of conservation-focused way. while habitat is often still available for their worldwide population; long-term 14 Chelonians are ideal candidates for potential reintroductions. management through our EEPs must ensure that these populations can still The workshop was held at, and A first step for Members could be to flourish and maintain their genetic wonderfully hosted by, Nordens Ark; help to mitigate a main constraint for potential under the care of the next we’d like to thank Mats Hoeggren our EEPs: holding space for EEP turtle generations of zoo and conservation and his team again for their great species in the long-term. Many species professionals. hospitality. We must also thank the (not just chelonians) rely heavily on When looking at release initiatives, facilitation and preparation team at small, permanent enclosures either whether through collaborative the EAZA EEO, who did all the heavy on- or off-show, which can be run work with, for example, rescue or lifting for us! cost-effectively and with minimal population management centres in The workshop’s output shows that impact. Offering such low-cost but the regions or indeed using zoo-bred our new programmes can and will relatively high-impact housing space animals as outlined in the new EAZA heavily focus on conservation aspects for any small EEP species, be it turtles translocation guidelines, our responsible embracing the One Plan approach. or amphibians, invertebrates or lizards, engagement must employ standardised, We assessed 51 species and should nowadays be high on the list for continuously updated veterinary disease ended up with 29 species receiving all and any EAZA Members. screening to reflect current knowledge EEP recommendations. Of the 51 And it would only be timely and best practice decision-making. species assessed, 33 (or 28 of the 29 after the very recent IUCN SSC’s Over the past two decades, many prospective new EEPs) will have a Abu Dhabi Call for Global Species newly emerging reptile and amphibian direct Ark/Insurance population role; Conservation Action called on zoos, diseases have been identified with often 24 of the 51 (or 20 of 29) include a botanical gardens and aquariums to devastating impacts when introduced direct research and in situ support role, scale up their commitment to species into the wrong places or onto naive and 10 new EEPs will additionally conservation. taxa. develop strong links with partners to We believe that this new EAZA With this background we set out to fulfil anin situ capacity-building and Chelonia RCP and its meaningful prioritise all species down to the ~50 training role. and urgently needed conservation we could deal with in a two-day RCP We are of course relying on EAZA roles for the new EEP species is a workshop and relegated the remaining Members’ willingness to support positive move, and not only towards taxa to a second workshop in the near both the roles of the EEPs and the more integrated zoo conservation future. Using the conservation status of EEP coordinators in their new, more work; if all EAZA institutions actively species held in EAZA institutions, we demanding roles, not only coordinating consider their engagement, it can only prioritised the Asian turtles and also transactions between zoos, but also further strengthen EAZA’s standing Testudines (tortoises) listed as CR or integrating in situ conservation as a conservation-oriented member EN. initiatives in various ways. organisation.

SPIDER TORTOISE (PYXIS ARACHNOIDES ARACHNOIDES)

SHARP PHOTOGRAPHY CC PHOTOGRAPHY SHARP 15 CHELONIA RCP Origin unknown HOW CONFISCATED ANIMALS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN CAUSE DILEMMAS WITHIN A STUDBOOK

Mark de Boer, Curator Oceanium, Rotterdam Zoo, The Netherlands, and EAZA EEP Coordinator Testudo kleinmanni

At the time of writing, the EAZA EEP of Testudo kleinmanni consists of 260 animals. Seventy animals have been captured in the wild and have mostly been integrated into the EEP after being confiscated. A large number have possibly been smuggled from Libya, sold on the Egyptian market and have spread further from there. From 51 animals (the Libya group) we know that they were seized in October 2005 at an airport in Italy during a smuggling attempt from Libya and put into custody at the Bioparco in Roma. For 23 animals, their origin is impossible to trace. Of the 167 animals western) Negev Desert in Israel. A small variability in other Testudo species born in human care, their genealogy population at the Zaranik Protected (Attum et al., 2007). is mostly unknown. So although the Area (Egypt) was the only known As we do not have valid data on recommendation from the IUCN population in the last few decades. all (sub)populations in Libya, Egypt Red List (Perälä, 2003) – ‘The use However, three new populations of and Israel, proper management of of (captive or confiscated) Egyptian Egyptian tortoises have been found the subpopulations in human care tortoises of unknown origins or outside this area in the past four years. and reintroducing them to the wild parentage in conservation programs The situation in Libya is unclear due to is very difficult. The first step towards should be discouraged at all times for the revolution and the civil wars that gathering such valid data would be several reasons’ – is a logical guideline followed. The species was found in two to map out the genetic make-up of that one would like to follow in regards distinct and geographically disjunct populations in the wild. Although that to breeding programmes, it can be very regions in Libya, Tripolitania and would not be a problem in Israel and challenging in everyday practice. Cyrenaica (Perälä, 2001). Egypt, the war in Libya makes research Because the origin of most of the Extensive genetic research would on the ground impossible. Another animals in the studbook is unknown, be necessary in order to clarify way might be to make a map of the the studbook does not mention any differences between the (sub) genetic make-up of animals in human subpopulations. Only the ‘Libya group’ populations. We already know care to create a healthy breeding of 2005 is managed separately from the from earlier research that there is a programme. It is thus necessary to other animals in the studbook. difference between populations to the investigate whether the ‘Libya group’ The estimated total world population west and to the east of the Nile. In is a homogenetic group consisting of in 2002 was 7,470 individuals. When 2001, Perälä suggested renaming the animals from one region. So from this compared to earlier estimated numbers, eastern population from the Negev point on it is advisable to treat the the global population of T. kleinmanni Desert as Testudo werneri. However, ‘Libya group’ as a separate population, would seem to have declined by more in a re-evaluation of this study, at least until it is possible to make a than 85 per cent in less than three analysis and the results of the new valid connection between the in situ generations, which is why they are listed study suggested that there were minor population and the population in as Critically Endangered. Discussions morphometric differences between human care. about illegal trade in the 1990s imply the eastern and western populations that it involved more than 10,000 of the Egyptian tortoise. The very low REFERENCES animals. There are no more recent level of genetic variability between • Perälä, J. (2001). A New Species of Testudo figures available. Limited data on the two populations, together with (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Middle East, with the situation in the wild suggest that the morphological evidence, strongly Implications for Conservation. Journal of Herpetology geographically isolated subpopulations indicates that eastern and western 35 (4): 567-582. can be found in the known territory populations of the Egyptian tortoise • Perälä, J. (2003). Testudo kleinmanni. The IUCN Red of the Egyptian tortoise. The tortoises should be considered as a single species. List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T21652A9306908. live in arid coastal deserts along the In fact, the level of genetic variability • Attum, O., Baha El Din, S., Carranza, S., Earley, R., Mediterranean Sea, from the coasts between the western and the eastern Arnold, E. N. & Kingsbury, B. (2007). An evaluation of Libya, north-western Egypt (north subpopulations is even lower than of the taxonomic validity of Testudo werneri.

16 CC ABRAHAMI coast and North Sinai) and the (north- the within-species level of genetic Amphibia-Reptilia, 28 (3), 393-401. The return to Rote Island THE EEP IS THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL CONSERVATION FOR ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST ENDANGERED CHELONIANS, THE ROTE ISLAND SNAKE-NECKED TURTLE

Jimmy Helgesson, EEP Coordinator, Nordens Ark, Sweden, and Borja Reh, Assistant Director, Zoology Dept, Wildlife Reserves Singapore

species under P.106/2018 of MoEF HATCHLING AT NORDENS ARK © JIMMY HELGESSON Regulation (2018); the construction of the breeding centre in Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara); and the designation of the reintroduction area as Essential Ecosystem Areas. This provides the area with a protection status for the habitat of important species that occur outside the protected area network. The Kupang Turtle Breeding Facility has the capacity to keep 80 animals in several breeding pools, tubs for rearing, and a large habituation pond for pre-release turtles bred in the facility. This facility will be managed by the MoEF/BBKSDA NTT (the Natural Resources Conservation Agency of East Nusa Tenggara) and WCS with expert support by WRS and other EAZA Member institutions. It is hoped that The Rote Island snake-necked turtle population of the species in Europe and zoos participating in the population (Chelodina mccordi sp.) is one of the has been the basis of the EEP that we management programmes in both most endangered chelonians in the have today. EAZA and AZA will be able to send world. In 2018, the IUCN Tortoise Sadly, since its discovery, most animals to the centre in Indonesia to act and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group of the turtles on Rote Island have as breeding animals. Singapore Zoo will (TFTSG) listed it as one of the top 25 been collected to feed the increasing be a transit hub for the turtles sent from most threatened turtles on the planet. demand for these strange-looking both programmes, and the animals will When the species was first described in chelonians. This, together with other be held in the zoo until they reach the 1994 as Chelodina mccordi, it instantly threats such as habitat destruction and desired size before going to the centre. became a very attractive item in the invasive predatory fish Channa( sp.), The EEP could now become a very illegal wildlife trade. It was at that has now led to its disappearance on important tool for the conservation time thought to be endemic to Rote the island. Despite intense surveys, of this species. However, before Island (Roti) in the east of Indonesia, the sub-species (Chelodina mccordi any animals can be sent, a genetic but was later re-classified as the same mccordi) have not been seen on Rote screening will be conducted to verify species, though a different subspecies Island for close to 10 years and are now which subspecies is kept in the EEP (Chelodina mccordi timorensis), that is thought to be regionally extinct. To population. Based on the results, a found on east Timor. change the fate of this species’ survival, breeding plan and exit strategy will be The genus of Chelodina consists a conservation project has been developed to determine which animals of around 15 different species living developed, and now there is new hope from the EEP could be sent to the in central and northern parts of for this exceptional turtle. repatriation project without jeopardising Australasia. Years before the Rote Since 2016, the Indonesian Forest the remaining ex situ population. Island snake-necked turtle was Department, Wildlife Conservation Today, the EEP population consists even described, the first animals to Society (WCS) and Wildlife Reserves of 248 animals (47.58.143) held by be imported to Europe were falsely Singapore (WRS) have made extensive 56 institutions. The EEP now eagerly identified as New Guinea snake-necked efforts to conserve this species, welcomes more institutions to start turtles (Chelodina novaeguineae). including genetic studies, habitat keeping Rote Island snake-necked Some of these were later recognised restoration, community engagement, turtles. By being a part of the EEP, as Rote Island snake-necked turtles, ex situ population management and zoos would directly contribute to the and the first European studbook was study of methodology for future conservation of the species. And, established for the species, created by reintroductions. The most significant hopefully, one day these joint forces the European Studbook Foundation outcomes of these efforts include the will help the Rote Island snake-necked (ESF). For a number of years this addition of Rote Island snake-necked turtle to swim safely on the island studbook helped to build up an ex situ turtle to the list of national protected where it belongs once again. 17 CHELONIA RCP

EUROPEAN POND TURTLE POPULATIONS A turtle NEED SUPPORT FROM ZOOS solution PLANS ARE AFOOT TO SUPPORT THE EUROPEAN POND TURTLE AMIDST WIDESPREAD HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND THE SPREAD OF COMPETITIVE INVASIVE SPECIES

Jan Vermeer, Zoological Director, Parc Animalier de Sainte Croix , France, and European pond turtle ESB studbook keeper

The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a small, colourful species mainly because of competition and These range from habitat protection of freshwater turtle that was once the transmission of new diseases. It and restoration to pollution avoidance widespread in Europe and Asia Minor. is therefore important that zoos give and the release of animals hatched and However, anthropogenic activities shelter or are otherwise able to deal with head-started in zoos and aquariums. have resulted in its extinction in unwanted pet turtles, preventing them Together with government several regions of Western Europe and from being discarded into the wild. organisations, NGOs, museums and Asia. EAZA zoos play an important Recent morphologic and genetic universities in most range countries, role in conservation programmes aimed studies have shown the great diversity European zoos play an active and at reinstating healthy populations in of the European pond turtle. Thirteen important role in the conservation of regions where this species has gone subspecies have been described, and European pond turtles. Besides carrying extinct. genetic analysis has revealed that there out research and supporting the European pond turtles live in are at least 70 different haplotypes, protection and restoration of habitats, different types of water habitat, divided into seven main evolutionary several zoos have built successful feeding on animal prey (arthropods, lines. However, for hundreds of years population management centres where fish, etc.) and plant materials. the European pond turtle has been the large numbers of turtles are hatched Hibernating during the winters in the subject of a lively trade. The species and head-started through official silt on the bottom of water bodies, the was considered to be a delicacy, and, reintroduction projects into the wild. turtles reappear at the surface when interestingly, Catholics were allowed To improve the collaboration temperatures begin to rise. Shortly to eat turtles during Lent. Historical between zoos and other conservation after mating in spring, the female reports tell of wagon-loads of thousands partners in the various projects, and to leaves the water in search of a nesting of captured animals being transported be able to supply more animals with place. In some cases suitable nesting throughout Western Europe. While known provenance and haplotypes grounds may be a few kilometres from turtles are no longer on the menu in to reintroduction programmes, the the water, and a female has to travel most countries, many animals have EAZA Reptile TAG decided in 2017 for several days to reach it. Females been and are still being captured for to initiate an ESB for this species. are loyal to a certain nesting spot, and the pet trade. As a result of turtles This ESB now features in the new there is evidence that they may visit being moved across Europe, in addition 2019 Chelonian RCP to be continued the same nesting spots for more than to the intentional or unintentional as an EEP. The recently migrated 80 years (astonishingly, these small release of captive animals in natural ZIMS studbook is now being updated, turtles can live for up to 120 years). water bodies, many regions are now and Best Practice Guidelines will be The main threat for the species was inhabited by the ‘wrong’ i.e. non- published in 2020. Large numbers and is habitat destruction. Throughout native haplotypes and/or the resulting of European pond turtles are kept its vast distribution range, ponds are hybrids. As with the problem of the in EAZA zoos, and many came into being drained, streams are being altered invasive sliders, zoos can educate their these collections as ex-pets; therefore, and water is polluted. While in some visitors about the negative effects of genetic analysis will be a priority to regions water sources were protected, releasing unwanted pets. find out if they can be integrated often the nesting sites were destroyed At country level, E. orbicularis is into the population management by agricultural activities or became often listed on the IUCN Red List as programmes. With the help of zoos, inaccessible through the construction Endangered or Extinct. Conservation viable populations of European pond of roads and train tracks. Over recent measures are necessary to conserve the turtles can be reinstated throughout decades, invasive North American overall genetic variability of the species their former range, improving the slider turtles released from captivity as and to reinstate viable populations in biodiversity of Europe’s most important

18 CC VILMIL unwanted pets have become a problem, areas where the turtle has gone extinct. ecosystems. Plans for a radiant future THE CURRENT STATE OF THE RADIATED TORTOISE IS PERILOUS, AND URGENT ACTION IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE ITS CHANCES OF SURVIVAL

Linn Lagerström, General Curator, Parken Zoo i Eskilstuna, Sweden, and Radiated tortoise ESB studbook keeper

TSA has taken a governing role in ZOOS MAY SOON BE THE ONLY PLACE TO SEE THE RADIATED the work that is needed to return these TORTOISE tortoises to the wild. Facilities were constructed to hold these animals during their recovery and a ‘Confiscation to Reintroduction’ strategy was created. During 2018 a total of 20,558 tortoises were confiscated in Madagascar, of which 16,499 went to two TSA rescue centres. Today TSA has 47 employees working in Madagascar. TSA has a Confiscation to Reintroduction strategy and is collaborating with the Ministry regarding law enforcement efforts. The enforcement of the law is very important, because if the extensive harvesting of animals doesn´t stop, there will not be a viable population in the future. Some of the key aspects of the reintroduction programme include community engagement, PARKEN ZOO PARKEN habitat suitability, poacher accessibility The radiated tortoise (Astrochelys estimated that between 22,000 and and examining the existing tortoise radiata) is an iconic species native to 24,000 animals are collected annually. population. To do this correctly Madagascar, and it needs conservation. At this rate it will not be long before will take some time and will need Today it is managed as a European there are no radiated tortoises left in continuous support. On top of this, studbook (ESB) with almost 60 EAZA the wild. During 2018 the Malagasy there was a fire in the TSA Tortoise institutions involved, keeping around government carried out two very large Conservation Centre at the end of 450 animals. During 2019 we had a confiscations of radiated tortoises, September 2019, which completely Regional Collection Planning (RCP) the first in April, which rescued more destroyed the office and living quarters, workshop that worked on parts of than 10,000 animals, and produced and with it the solar power grid and the chelonian species according the shocking pictures of how the tortoises distribution system, computers, security new-style RCP with the One Plan had been kept in a house without system, tortoise records and staff living approach. The workgroup agreed to water or food. The rescued tortoises space and personal items. The projected recommend managing the radiated were in need of intensive care and cost to restore this is $45,000. tortoise as an EAZA ex situ programme there was a huge effort made by many We can help save the radiated (EEP) in the future, with the aim of different stakeholders. Organisations tortoise with regular financial support, managing the population genetically and such as the Turtle Survival Alliance as well as assistance from students and demographically, carrying out husbandry (TSA), Turtle Conservancy, SOPTOM professionals that want to help in situ research and supporting the in situ work Villages des Tortues and the Durrell with work and research. The cost for that is done in Madagascar with regular Wildlife Conservation Trust, which husbandry for one radiated tortoise in contributions. This species also displays already operated in Madagascar, made a one year in one of the rescue centres in very well and has a good educational role collective effort to supply the necessary Madagascar is estimated to be as little with links to in situ work in Madagascar intensive care for those turtles that as three euros, although that does not and how the illegal trade can affect a needed it. The project required money include the running cost, infrastructure species. as well as willing hands, and there was improvement and maintenance. The illegal wildlife trade and a response from the zoo community Remember to enter the work that you harvesting of animals for local food all over the world, various NGOs, do to support in situ work in the EAZA consumption is one of the major Chelonia groups and private Conservation Database. This is a helpful threats to this species, together with individuals. The second very large tool for sharing what we do and what we the continuous loss of habitat. At the confiscation took place in late October, can achieve together. Let’s all help to 2005 Population and Habitat Viability during which almost 7,000 animals were give the radiated tortoise a future before Assessment (PHVA) workshop, it was rescued. it is too late. 19 CONSERVATIONCITES CONFERENCE

LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE - BRIAN GRATWICKE; EUROPEAN POND TURTLE © NICOLAS BUSSER, IPHC-CNRS; PAINTED TERRAPIN - MICHEL GUNTHER / BIOSPHOTO; GALAPAGOS GIANT TORTOISE - 20 LUIS MIGUEL BUGALLO SÁNCHEZ (LMBUGA) – UNCOMMONS. LORO PARQUE; PALAWAN FOREST TURTLE - WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / CC BY-SA 2.5 PIERRE FIDENCI ©2014 EXHIBITS A recipe for success TO RAISE AWARENESS OF THE PLIGHT OF A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED TURTLE, THE TEAM AT ZSL HAS CREATED AN IMAGINATIVE EXHIBIT THAT BENEFITS TURTLES AND VISITORS ALIKE

Benjamin Tapley, Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians, ZSL London, UK

was created, hidden by a large wok. We wanted to be explicit about the threats posed to turtles, so menus featuring photographs of cooked Asian turtles ROTE ISLAND SNAKE-NECKED TURTLE became part of the design. We felt it (CHELODINA MCCORDI) was important not to target a particular nationality in the design, and so we used Chinese cooking instruments as well as a Vietnamese menu. The new exhibit has raised awareness of the consumption of Asian turtles; it was evaluated by comparing it with a naturalistic exhibit for Critically Endangered Rote Island snake-necked turtles (Chelodina mccordi). Many visitors liked the strong conservation message embedded in the exhibit, highlighting the plight of these turtles in the wild. They also liked the unique design, which made it stand out against the surrounding more ‘naturalistic’ In the late 1990s, the Asian Turtle The Asian Turtle Program prioritises exhibits. It was also more effective at Crisis, driven by unsustainable the Critically Endangered Vietnamese conveying the extinction risk of the harvesting of freshwater turtles for pond turtle (Mauremys annamensis) for species; 79 per cent of visitors (N=99) Chinese markets, was recognised by the conservation attention, one of the 25 identified that the Vietnamese pond IUCN as a significant threat to turtle most endangered chelonians (Stanford turtle is Critically Endangered compared species survival. Today, turtle harvesting et al., 2018) and highlighted in the to 57 per cent for the Rote Island remains at unsustainable levels, and recent EAZA Regional Collection Plan snake-necked turtles. Visitors also turtles in Asia face a conservation crisis. process. This turtle has been held at demonstrated a better understanding The tropical Asian region supports ZSL since 2004 and seemed like the of the threats posed to the Vietnamese the greatest diversity of tortoises and ideal species to champion. With a tight pond turtle; 72 per cent of the visitors freshwater turtles in the world; it also budget of€€1,500, we converted our were able to identify that the main has the highest number of threatened naturalistic exhibit to something we threat to the species in the wild was tortoise and freshwater turtle species. hoped would have more impact. human consumption. These threats can seem far removed Having worked in Asia on various We are extremely grateful to Indo- from our zoo visitors and it can be a herpetology initiatives, the ZSL team Myanmar’s Asian Turtle Program, challenge to convey the issue when members drew inspiration from turtles Timothy McCormack, Nguyen Thu exhibiting turtles in a zoo setting. they had encountered in wet markets Thuy and Hoang Van Ha for assistance Our team at ZSL wanted to develop and kitchens and came up with in the development of the exhibit. an impactful, culturally sensitive exhibit innovative ways to create a kitchen that highlighted the ongoing crisis for theme while ensuring that the turtles REFERENCES turtles in Asia without compromising could still exhibit natural behaviours Stanford, C.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P., Horne, optimal animal husbandry and and enjoy the five freedoms in line B.D., Blanck, T., Goode, E.V., Hudson, R., Mittermeier, welfare. We also wanted to showcase with UK zoo legislation. For example, a R.A., Currylow, A., Eisemberg, C., Frankel, M., Georges, our ongoing collaboration with the partially submerged washboard acts as a A., Gibbons, P.M., Juvik, J.O., Kuchling, G., Luiselli, Asian Turtle Program (http://www. basking site and ramp in and out of the L., Shi, H., Singh, S., and Walde, A. (Eds.) (2018). asianturtleprogram.org/) of Indo- water body, and ambient humidity was Turtles in Trouble: The World’s 25+ Most Endangered Myanmar Conservation (https://www. increased by adding a fogging device Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles (2018). IUCN SSC indomyanmar.org/). Finally, we wanted disguised inside a pot, providing the Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, to inform our visitors of the threats effect of a bubbling pot of turtle soup. Turtle Conservancy, Turtle Survival Alliance, Turtle posed to freshwater turtles and show One of the key components was the Conservation Fund, Chelonian Research Foundation, what they could do to benefit this provision of an appropriate nesting site, Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation imperilled group of animals. so a secluded area with deep substrate ZSL LONDON ZSL Society, and Global Wildlife Conservation, 80 pp. 21 RESCUE AND REHABILITATION The great MALE HEOSEMYS GRANDIS © PETR HAMERNÍK turtle rescue

EIGHTEEN YEARS AFTER THE HONG KONG TURTLE CONFISCATION, WE LOOK AT THE LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE RESCUE AND THE LONG-TERM CARE OF THESE DAMAGED BUT VALUABLE ANIMALS

Ivan Rehák, Prague Zoo, EAZA Reptile TAG Chair, and Petr Velenský, Curator of Reptiles, Amphibians & Fish, Prague Zoo, Czech Republic

It is 17 January 2002. Cold weather is Hong Kong. The shipment, originally and difficult task that Christmas. affecting most of Europe, and frozen destined for the Chinese food market, But EAZA’s swift reaction and the roads are extremely unfriendly for had an estimated market value of $3.2 international rescue that followed were drivers. Nevertheless, several well- million. The conservation and scientific exemplary. The superb cooperation heated cars bearing the emblems value of the confiscated animals, as well between the Kadoorie Farm and of British, Czech, Danish, Dutch as the ethical aspects of the situation, Botanic Garden, TSA and EAZA – and Polish zoos are approaching were enormous, and incalculable in namely the EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. Approaching the same monetary terms. Turtles were placed at ARTAG, Rotterdam Zoo and 26 destination is a KLM aeroplane with Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden in other zoos in 11 countries – resulted nearly 1,000 turtles on board, who have Hong Kong. It was an incredible job to in the successful import of 988 turtles survived a hellish ordeal. While our take care of such a quantity of mostly (285 Cuora amboinensis, 126 Orlitia colleagues in Hong Kong are finally damaged, wounded and ill turtles. The borneensis, 283 Heosemys spinosa, 90 breathing out, the staff of about 30 wider international cooperation proved Heosemys grandis, 204 Siebenrockiells EAZA zoos are alert and ready. Four to be essential in reducing at least in crassicollis) and their consequent weeks of feverish effort, intensive part the suffering of the turtles. housing in individual zoos. During the emailing, telephoning, consulting, On 17 December 2001, Henk rescue operation, which attracted a travelling and hectic paperwork have Zwartepoorte (Rotterdam Zoo, The huge amount of publicity and media not been in vain. Around 6pm, 185 Netherlands), Turtle Survival Alliance coverage, EAZA demonstrated its boxes full of turtles will arrive at (TSA) Steering Committee member for ability to carry out a complicated Schiphol Airport. By the evening, EAZA, informed the EAZA Amphibian international operation with speed and every turtle will be on its way to its new and Reptile TAG (ARTAG) of the efficiency, and we can be rightly proud home. This will be an unforgettable day confiscation and consequent rescue of that. for everyone who took part. activities of the TSA in USA. Several In his original message to the hours later, Rick Hudson (Fort Worth ARTAG chairs, Henk Zwartepoorte HONG KONG CONFISCATION Zoo, USA), TSA co-chair, pointed out posed two questions: first, what role On 11 December 2001, during a the need to mobilise the European zoo can European zoos play in this matter? joint operation of the Customs Ship community on a large scale to deal with Secondly, are zoos prepared not only Search and Cargo Command and the this crisis, as Kadoorie was not prepared to save a lot of individual turtles, but Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation to house all the turtles long term. also to invest in the establishment of Department, about 10,000 live South The so-called ‘Hong Kong turtle ex situ populations of endangered Asian 22 East Asiatic turtles were seized in crisis’ gave the EAZA a serious species? The answers at the time were positive. Now, 18 years later, we can zoos from the start (e.g. in Prague Zoo WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? evaluate whether the reality has lived alone, 129 offspring have been born). We have gained considerable up to our expectations. Thus it is only the available space that experience in how to take care of badly limits the size of the ex situ European damaged specimens that originated from HOW THE CONFISCATED TURTLES population of this attractive turtle at a confiscation, and how to establish FARED IN EAZA ZOOS present. from such a base a prospective ex situ The media attention soon died away, Orlitia borneensis, an impressive, colony for the managed species, as but the real work had only just begun. highly aquatic species associated with well as for ecologically similar and The first stage was difficult, a struggle large bodies of fresh water in Borneo, eventually more endangered species. to save the lives of stressed and badly Sumatra and Malaysia, is one of However, we have also learned that damaged turtles. The losses were the biggest river turtles (sometimes this is not always enough! With species reduced significantly thanks to the measuring over 100cm). Prior to the such as Heosemys grandis we quickly superb efforts and professional skill of Hong Kong import it was rarely kept and successfully developed adequate vets, curators, keepers and specialists. in European zoos and no breeding husbandry, and thus created a major task The ARTAG, in close cooperation was reported at any European zoo. for the future: to manage a population with the EAZA Executive Office, The Hong Kong rescue action created with enormous breeding potential. But evaluated the best way to manage a European ex situ population (126 with species such as Orlitia borneensis, the genetically very valuable arrivals, specimens were imported), but the almost two decades of effort was still which consisted of five species, each condition of the imported animals was not enough to develop satisfactory represented by a promising number desperate. Thanks to effective post- husbandry techniques, nor to find an of specimens. The intention was to transport veterinary treatment and care easy way to keep and breed the species turn the tragedy of the confiscated in Rotterdam Zoo and Burgers´ Zoo, as in ex situ conditions. It is important turtles into a positive event: namely, well as the efforts of the staff at the 16 to improve this situation to establish the formation of prospective ex situ EAZA zoos in five countries to which an ex situ population for the future EAZA populations. The ESB was these giants were later allocated, the and its insurance value for eventual considered to be the optimal category post-import mortality (12 per cent) was conservation breeding. to begin the management of the not as terrible as we had first expected. Despite all the interspecies confiscated turtles. Several research At present we have in our care differences, the solution to ensuring studies were conducted to improve a healthy population with good a future for ex situ populations based and streamline this management and prospects. The ESB registers currently on confiscated turtles has a common improve husbandry (two MSc theses 60 (14.30.16) specimens in 21 denominator: sophisticated population were completed and relevant scientific European zoos in 10 countries. In management, which is unthinkable papers published). contrast to previous species, the without the cooperation of a large In the years that followed, it could reproduction rate in our zoos is an number of interested zoos and be seen that progress towards this exception; only a few hatchlings have aquariums. Now we know that we can goal differed significantly between been born and survived. The species give a positive answer to those questions individual species, as illustrated by is of great conservation and scientific posed almost two decades ago, but we the examples of the giant Asian value, but increasing its numbers in must be aware that while a mutual, pond turtle (Heosemys grandis) and human care is not easy. Thanks to its short-term exemplary action, as in the Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia size and extreme intraspecific aggression, the case of Hong Kong turtle crisis, borneensis). Heosemys grandis is a these turtles have considerable space can bring to our institutions animals semi-aquatic turtle from continental requirements, and as a result the number with a huge future potential, only our Southeast Asia with a carapace of institutions interested in keeping widespread, patient, professional and length of over 40cm. The biggest this turtle and the number of turtles in long-term cooperation is able to make representative of its genus, it was found European zoos is decreasing. the best use of it. infrequently in European zoos prior to the Hong Kong import. Breeding ex situ occurred only occasionally (e.g. at London Zoo and Rotterdam Zoo). The rescue event fundamentally enriched our collections. Post-import losses (25 per cent) mostly occurred soon after the import. The remaining animals stabilised very well and gave us an excellent opportunity to form strong ex situ populations with numerous potential founders and good prospects. The ESB currently registers 104 (24.22.47) living specimens, allocated to 26 European zoos in 12 countries. The species bred very well in EAZA 23 EVEN GIANTS ARE BORN TINY: ORLITIA BORNEENSIS HATCHLING ON THE HEAD OF ITS DADDY © PETR VELENSKÝ CONSERVATION Chelonians in Cambodia THE ACCB IN CAMBODIA IS A HOTSPOT OF TURTLE CONSERVATION, TACKLING ILLEGAL TRADING AND HABITAT DESTRUCTION ALIKE TO SAVE SPECIES Philipp Wagner, Curator of Research and Conservation, Allwetterzoo Münster, Germany

The Angkor Centre for Conservation the international wildlife trade. In of Biodiversity (ACCB) in Cambodia Cambodia the most traded species, is one of the conservation programmes maybe together with softshell turtles, run by the Allwetterzoo Münster in was Indotestudo elongata, but the Germany. Situated within the Phnom numbers in the markets are decreasing. Kulen National Park, next to Kbal This was globally recognised by the Spean (50km north of Siem Reap), IUCN, as the new assessment of the it is operated by 30 staff and takes species recategorised the species from care of around 750 individuals out Endangered to Critically Endangered. of 45 species. In total, 92 per cent of As the populations in Cambodia are the species kept are in a Threatened rapidly decreasing, ACCB started a IUCN category, and many are listed as population management programme Critically Endangered. for this species with 30 founders, which The ACCB was established in ACCB PLAYS HOST TO A NUMBER OF has resulted in more than 300 offspring 2003 by Allwetterzoo Münster in SPECIES OF TURTLES AND TERRAPINS individuals at the time of writing. To collaboration with Dr Stephan Goetz stabilise the native populations, ACCB as a private donor and the Zoological the most important turtle conservation is beginning the preparations for a Society for the Conservation of Species hotspots in Southeast Asia. reintroduction programme. However, and Populations (ZGAP). Today In comparison to other Indochinese it is difficult to find habitats that are it cooperates with many partners, countries, the turtle populations in sufficiently high in quality and well including zoos, NGOs and the VdZ- Cambodia are still in ‘good’ condition, protected (there is a high risk that the Conservation Foundation (Stiftung which means that they are not as individuals will be poached and sold at Artenschutz). It is also a WAZA endangered as in other countries, but markets) for the population’s survival. conservation project and partner of they are nevertheless under considerable ACCB has found a potentially well- the Asian Species Action Partnership pressure. The threat level is just behind protected habitat, but there will be a (ASAP) programme. that of countries such as China and test phase before the reintroduction The conservation objectives of Vietnam and it is only a matter of programme to evaluate the chances of the ACCB are, alongside other time before we lose Cambodian turtle the latter. programmes, focused on wetland and populations and/or species. The other much-traded chelonian freshwater species. These include water A relevant example of this is the is Cuora amboinensis. Even though birds, storks and ibises as well as turtles river terrapin (Batagur a. edwardmolli), the global IUCN conservation status and terrapins. Besides the common which was thought to be extinct in is ‘only’ Vulnerable (assessed in slider (Trachemys scripta), obtained Cambodia until 2001, when a small 2000), it is considered as Endangered from local traders, the ACCB keeps population was rediscovered in the in Cambodia and most probably only eight species of native Cambodian river systems of Sre Ambel and Kaong. merits Critically Endangered status. turtles, tortoises and terrapins: By 2007, 23 nests had been found However, the detailed population Indotestudo elongata, the elongated and some eggs were taken to develop status in Cambodia is unknown, but tortoise (333 ind.); Batagur affinis two ex situ populations in Cambodia, the species is now rare in the local edwardmolli, the southern river terrapin with support from Singapore Zoo. The markets, which is undoubtedly a sign of (26 ind.); Cuora amboinensis kamaroma, ACCB specimens are mainly males a drastic decrease of a species. Between the Southeast Asian box turtle (201 and too young to breed at the moment. 1998 and 1999, Cuora amboinensis ind.); Cyclemys oldhamii, Oldham’s leaf However, a population management was amongst the 10 most traded turtle (one ind.); Heosemys annandalii, programme for the species at ACCB chelonians, and the international trade the yellow-headed temple turtle (10 is under development and the Batagur to China is still a particular problem. ind.); Heosemys grandis, the giant Asian pond offers the possibility of natural Therefore, similar to I. elongata, pond turtle (seven ind.); Malayemys breeding within the enclosure. ACCB has already started a breeding subtrijuga, the Malayan snail-eating programme, producing 170 hatchlings turtle (seven ind.); and Siebenrockiella TRADED AND ENDANGERED so far. But, finding a good habitat in a crassicollis, the black marsh turtle The main threats are legal and illegal well-protected reserve will be more of (three ind.). All specimens were trade and habitat destruction. All a struggle than with the other species confiscated from illegal trade or are our Cambodian species can be found mentioned here. Natural wetland areas own hatchlings, making ACCB one of at local markets or are collected for are becoming rare in Cambodia, and 24 WAGNER PHILIPP BATAGUR POND AT ACCB, A POTENTIAL BREEDING GROUND FOR THE SOUTHERN RIVER TERRAPIN

in agricultural land those turtles would ex situ and in situ programmes. Because Thailand, Laos and maybe Vietnam simply be collected up and sold. of the high commercial value of the will be traded into Cambodia. As these specimens, finding suitable and highly turtles are often used for Buddhistic CREATING A NATURAL HABITAT protected reserves and habitats is merit release, they could get into ACCB breeds both species under crucial. The status of National Park natural habitats and interbreed with natural conditions. Adult individuals or National Reserve is not sufficient Cambodian populations. That could not are kept in huge enclosures with protection against poachers, who often only cause problems for the Cambodian hiding places and water basins. Egg- use dogs to find the turtles. populations, but also result in natural laying and incubation also takes place Another threat for native chelonians, hybrids of distinct species, especially as under natural conditions within the which is relatively new, is international the systematics of Malayemys are not enclosures. Right after hatching, the trade. As the demand for turtles remains fully resolved so far. juveniles are relocated into rearing high while the native populations Buddhistic merit release is a problem facilities, which are solidly built and rapidly decrease, more and more for species conservation in Cambodia enclosed with fences and nets to protect individuals of species or populations and heavily affects bird and turtle the juveniles against predators such as not native to Cambodia can be found populations. The procedure is always the birds or monitor lizards. The juveniles on the local markets. This includes, for same: animal traders sell the individuals are regularly measured and weighed and example, Trachemys scripta, which shows next to the pagodas, religious people or kept in groups like the adults. that even Cambodia is now part of the tourists buy them and release them for However, as the situation for international trade routes. Despite the merit or social media photos, and the chelonians in Cambodia is getting suitability of the Cambodian habitat animals are caught again by the traders worse, these breeding programmes for common sliders, it is not regarded behind the pagoda. This lasts until the will help but not solve the problem. as a seriously invasive species, and animal dies or escapes. As non-native Therefore more breeding programmes other alien species present more of species are used also for merit release, will have to be developed in the near a threat. The Mekong snail-eating this religious act and tourist attraction future, especially for the large temple turtle, Malayemys subtrijuga, is one of causes problems for conservation on and pond turtles. Together with other the most traded turtles in Cambodia several levels. Therefore, ACCB is also NGOs active in Cambodia, ACCB at the moment. As the demand is working in environmental education wants to develop a national action higher than for the local populations, and trying to raise awareness, especially plan for chelonians which combines there is a high risk that turtles from in the monk community. 25 CONSERVATION Save our sulcata IS THE SOS SULCATA PROGRAMME THE LAST CHANCE FOR CENTROCHELYS SULCATA IN SENEGAL?

Laure Garrigues, Head of Science, Amiens Zoo, and Christine Morrier, Director, Amiens Zoo, France

The African spurred tortoise This station is a 1200ha area surrounded (Centrochelys sulcata) is a well-known by a fence to protect it from human large tortoise, and should be of interest activities and has been the location to anyone managing tortoises in human for several reintroduction programmes care, as it is quite easy to breed. (Centrochelys sulcata, Gazella dama, It is also the biggest mainland Oryx dammah and Gazella dorcas). In tortoise; a typical male can weigh 2019, 13 years after the first release, the more than 100kg. The African spurred population at the site has grown, and tortoise comes from Sahel, but its range baby tortoises and sub-adults have been includes Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, seen each year. Niger, Tchad, Soudan and Erythrea. programme was created in 1993. Led SOS Sulcata is based in Ranérou, a The biology of the wild African by the French association SOPTOM small town but the biggest of the Ferlo spurred tortoise is not well known, but (Station d’Observation et de Protection zone. The programme works in parallel it is a highly specialised reptile that can des Tortues et de leurs Milieux), the first with local populations, and various survive in an arid area. Both its body step was to build a scientific centre in approaches were taken to involve the and behaviour are adapted for Sahel Noflaye near Dakar, which is called ‘Le local population in the preservation of life. As well as being famous for its size, Village des Tortues’. Its goals are: local biodiversity. it is famous also for digging burrows to 1) to receive captive tortoises from 1) SOS Sulcata works with schools protect itself from the heat. It can spend authorities, zoos or the Senegalese on a pilot education programme of several months in estivation in such a people; environmental awareness. A number of burrow during the dry season (which 2) to breed African spurred tortoise educational activities are organised for can last for six to eight months, in in order to release some into the wild pupils and out-of-school children (the temperatures of up to 48°C). (in the Ferlo area) to reinforce the wild Ferlo area is mainly occupied by the Thanks to its size, the adult of this population; and Peuhl, nomadic shepherds): drawing, species has no predators. However, 3) to educate the local population and theatre, journalism, outside activities its reproduction rate is slow. Like tourists. and visits to the protected area. most tortoises, growth is slow and the In the 2000s, SOS Sulcata led Children discover the biodiversity and young offspring have a lot of predators, research projects and studies into the develop new skills at the same time. including jackals and small carnivores, last-known Senegalese area where 2) SOS Sulcata works with local hornbills and other birds and reptiles. Centrochelys sulcata lived. Wild communities to prevent poverty. The As with so many species across the population inventories were made in population lives in harsh conditions, world, human activities are now the the Faunal Reserves of north and south suffering poverty and malnutrition, and biggest threat to the African spurred Ferlo, which have now been unified as needs income-generating sustainable tortoise, including over-grazing, the Biosphere Reserve of Ferlo, under activities. Since 2012, SOS Sulcata deforestation of the Sahel, farming the direction of the National Park, the has led groups of men and women in development and traffic. Minister of the Environment of Senegal self-supporting activities; the women Through the ages, tortoises have and the participation of IUCN. work in market gardens thanks to always been ‘friendly’ pets. Many Results showed that remaining micro-credit, and the men, since 2018, legends and stories place them as a populations are fragmented and isolated, in modern beekeeping. totem animal, bringing longevity, (about 50 individuals found in several Amiens Zoo supports several strength and power or healing of illness thousand km2) and are therefore programmes in the world, including and troubles (in Africa, the African ineffective in conservation terms. a global approach to biodiversity spurred tortoise is mainly believed to The Senegalese government is keen protection. It was decided to help SOS cure asthma). Because of such beliefs, to protect its biodiversity, so in 2006, Sulcata because the African spurred it is very common to find the African the second step of the SOS Sulcata tortoise contributes to the fragile spurred tortoise kept in domestic homes programme was to work with the balance of the Sahel. The paradox in West Africa, and today it is more government to reinforce these small between ex situ and wild populations common in captivity than in the wild. and very patchy populations. Twenty- is so great that we very much want This species is listed in CITES four African spurred tortoises were to help and support this programme. Appendix II and as Vulnerable on the released into the Biosphere Reserve Furthermore, the project chooses to IUCN Red List, but now it is the most of Ferlo, at the station called Katané. fully involve local communities in the endangered reptile in Senegal. Then, in 2011, 12 other tortoises were process, which is essential for ensuring a This is why the SOS Sulcata released to reinforce the first group. successful and sustainable development. 26 ZOO SULCATA/AMIENS SOS EXHIBITS

Home comforts PRAGUE ZOO HAS CREATED A NATURAL JUNGLE HABITAT FOR THE ENIGMATIC LEAF TURTLE

Petr Velenský, Curator of Reptiles, Amphibians & Fish, Prague Zoo, and Ivan Rehák, EAZA Reptile TAG Chair, Prague Zoo, Czech Republic

In Prague Zoo, turtles from the signage for the visitors near the turtles’ The species inhabits the southern two large Hong Kong confiscations favourite place, on the bridge over the Malay Peninsula and the Great Sunda (in 2001 and 2004) inhabit seven stream, and visitors have a good chance islands. They can be distinguished from different mixed-species exhibits in of seeing them just as if they were in the the other species of the Cyclemys genus the Indonesian Jungle House. The wild, peeping out from behind the water by the uniformly dark plastron of the most remarkable of them is the forest vegetation. And, of course, visitors can adults, the uniformly copper colour of stream on the second floor of the large see them during the feeding session, the top of the head and the limbs, and greenhouse. This part of the pavilion when turtles emerge from the stream the distinctly creamy light colour of the is home to a group of enigmatic leaf as well as from the forest undergrowth internal skin. turtles (Cyclemys enigmatica). and run towards the keeper. The stream Very little was known about the The core of the exhibit is a densely itself is part of five different water bodies lifestyle of these turtles. According to vegetated rapid-stream bed measuring in the house. Basins in the first and the our experience, the turtles love the 9.1m2. This area has no barrier around second floors seem to be connected with shallow forest streams. Powerful limbs its borders, so turtles can move around the stream and the waterfall, but in fact armoured with sharp claws help them the whole floor of the house, including these are two separate filtration systems. to fix themselves firmly to the bed of 96m2 of visitors’ paths, 150m2 of the Each filtration system is created with the rapid stream. They swim very well forested ground and 138m2 of the a drum filtration unit, a sand filtration but they don’t remain in deep water. water basin, separating the orangutan unit, UVC lamps and a heat exchanger. On the other hand, they are extremely enclosure and the visitors’ area. The The water temperature is 27°C, and good climbers, capable of climbing the basin itself is one of the mixed species the ambient temperature of the house vertical rocks almost like geckos. To exhibits for Southeast Asiatic turtles, is 25°C during the winter and 27°C search for food, they leave the water and but the enigmatic leaf turtle is the only during the summer. prowl around the forest floor. They eat a species capable of climbing over the The enigmatic leaf turtle was broad variety of foodstuffs, including any steep banks and running around the described in 2008, four years after these source of protein and different fruits. whole house. When we assessed the turtles came to Prague Zoo and one In Prague Zoo, we had probably the shallow, crooked, rapid stream (up to year after their first breeding. When first opportunity to closely observe 20cm deep) as the optimal habitat for we received the group of confiscated juveniles of this species. In fact, they the group of these turtles, the keepers Cyclemys spp. turtles, we identified the resemble those of other Cyclemys made enormous efforts to convince different types within the group and species, having a rounded and slightly the turtles to accept it. They finally we decided to treat them separately, serrated shell. Their basic coloration succeeded with a mixture of the positive rather than allow them to hybridise. is lightly brown with dark mottling on reinforcement training method and The most homogeneous group was both sides of the body. This impressive permanent improvements to the stream placed on the second floor of the newly species seems to be thriving at Prague conditions, which were adapted to what opened Indonesian Jungle House. In Zoo, and we are confident that it will we thought the turtles wanted. 2008, following the key given by Fritz et continue to do so. In 2007, three years after receiving al. (2008) in their paper describing the a group of these turtles (which were new species, we identified these turtles REFERENCES confiscated in Hong Kong in 2004) as a as Cyclemys enigmatica. This was later Fritz, U., Guicking, D., Auer, M., Sommer, R. S., loan from the Turtle Survival Alliance, confirmed by a DNA analysis carried Wink, M., Hundsdörfer, A. K. (2008). Diversity of the the first juvenile hatched naturally in out by a team headed by Professor Lukáš Southeast Asian leaf turtle genus Cyclemys: how the exhibit, and has since been followed Kratochvíl, from Charles University in many leaves on its tree of life? Zoologica Scripta, 37,

PETR HAMERNIK PETR by 21 further offspring. We have placed Prague. 4: 367–390. 27 WELFARE Making light work A DECADE OF CAREFUL OBSERVATION AND TRIALS AT A NUMBER OF EAZA AND BIAZA INSTITUTIONS HAS PRODUCED A BEST-PRACTICE APPROACH FOR LIGHT AND HEAT PROVISION FOR CHELONIANS AND OTHER REPTILES

Matt Goetz, Head of Herpetology, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, and EAZA Reptile TAG (Chelonia) Vice-Chair

Virtually all reptile species kept still has a less balanced spectrum and real time. Using these, it becomes in indoor accommodation rely on no UV-A radiation. Reliable, long- immediately apparent that basking artificial light and often heat provision lasting and easily adjusted UV-A and areas have to be larger than the size of to be able to thrive. The past decade UV-B radiation can be best provided the largest animal in the enclosure, i.e. has provided a steep development by combining the above with one or the devices we use to create this area curve both in our understanding of multiple fluorescent tubes; the largest need to be large or numerous enough our species’ requirements and in the multi-tube units can now project UV-B to create a uniform temperature across technical possibilities for fulfilling those radiation over distances of up to around an area larger than the animal basking requirements to an ever-improving two metres. Unfortunately, fluorescent there. Only then will the animal heat standard. tube spectra are not continuous or well- up quickly and uniformly as would be Major shifts included the better balanced but usually consist of rather natural. This avoids overly long basking understanding of light perception in distinct spikes for blue, green and often times, animals not able to get to their reptiles, which can be quite distinct yellow. Our human brain ‘tells’ us that preferred body temperature, or even to our own; the development of we should see white light as it combines skin damage while the animal tries what has now established itself as the these colour spikes, but reptile eyes to heat up. Basking lamps with too standard provision of ultraviolet A work differently and many species have narrow a beam focusing on only a part and B radiation in species-appropriate four cone/colour receptors, which can of the animal’s body, especially in larger gradient levels; and the importance of perceive the ultraviolet and infra-red species, seem inadequate for effective distinguishing the different properties of spectrum. We simply do not know thermoregulation. heat radiation spectra. whether their brain also converts such Second, just as ‘light’ is a collection Having said that, we have probably distinct colour spikes into a ‘white light’ of different wavelengths with quite still only scratched the surface of perception or whether illumination different properties, heat is equally knowing which light is needed at through fluorescent tubes alone is not just ‘heat’, which we need to what levels for respective species and more akin to making our animals wear somehow provide; instead, there is a how to best provide this artificially. coloured glasses all day. Hence, we whole spectrum of infra-red radiation However, we have come to a best- should aim to balance out the never- wavelengths to consider. Just as we practice approach, which continues perfect spectra of a respective lamp by define different wavelength bands of to be refined by research in the wild combining it with other lamp types. ultraviolet radiation (UV-A, UV-B and ongoing trials of animals in and UV-C), infra-red radiation also human care. This approach entails CREATING A BASKING AREA has different properties and different mixing and matching different lighting Another area of developing thought wavelength bands, which can be products for brightness, heat and is the provision of heat, i.e. infra-red distinguished as IR-A, IR-B and IR-C. UV radiation, and combining these radiation for basking. To be able to At one end of the infra-red spectrum, depending on the requirements of the thermoregulate effectively and to reach IR-A or near infra-red (i.e. near to species and the design and size of an their preferred body temperature, most our human visual spectrum) is the still enclosure. The general principle is to reptiles will need a distinct basking area faintly yellow/red glowing radiation we establish a gradient of light intensity with significantly elevated temperatures. see from things such as infra-red heaters and ultraviolet radiation throughout A great variety of lamp and heater types or fire embers. At the other end, IR-C an enclosure, just as we always do for are used to achieve local basking areas, and most of IR-B is very long-wave heat temperature and humidity, so that usually much dependent on enclosure (also termed far infra-red) which the animals can choose and self-regulate. size, from incandescent/halogen spot sunlight reaching earth does not contain lamps over metal halide spots to infra- but which is heat radiation we get from BALANCING WHITE AND COLOUR red heaters and ceramic bulbs or panels. black, non-luminescent bodies such as Generally speaking, if natural light does Two factors have more recently pre-heated rocks, electrical radiators not reach the enclosure in sufficient come into focus, which allow us to or ceramic bulbs. The problem with levels, metal halide discharge lamps refine our best practice in this area. IR-C and much of IR-B is that this type currently seem still to be the best for First, as thermal imaging cameras have of heat is naturally transmitted not by providing light intensity including become much more affordable, we can convection but through conduction. UV-A radiation at a relatively well- observe the basking behaviour of our When emitted by a heater through air, balanced visible spectrum. LED lamp animals and the effect various lamp this type of heat does not penetrate 28 technology is rapidly advancing but set-ups have on thermoregulation in deeply but only heats the immediate LEFT: TWO QUARTZ-HALOGEN HEATERS AND TWO UNITS OF SIX UV-B FLUORESCENT TUBES PROVIDE A LARGE BASKING AREA FOR TORTOISES IN A NATURALLY-LIT ENCLOSURE. RIGHT: MONITORING THERMOREGULATING TORTOISES IN REAL-TIME USING A THERMAL-IMAGING CAMERA JERSEY ZOO

surface it reaches. It is of course very body, and can overheat and dry out the in the absence of plenty of natural light. useful for elevating the background shell’s scutes. However, a significant positive change in air temperature or increasing surface basking behaviour can usually be noticed heat. However, if we provide IR-C and CHOOSING THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT in animals given this more natural IR-B as the means of radiating heat to Applying this knowledge, many zoos choice; in chelonians it seems to help a basking tortoise or monitor lizard, have moved to create basking areas by in effective thermoregulatory heating for example, it will heat up its skin but using equipment such as quartz-halogen of the body and less overheating of the will not penetrate deeper into the body heaters (short-wavelength infra-red carapace. To summarise, we should than the top epidermis layer (~5mm). heaters), especially for larger reptiles practically embrace our theoretical In this case, we usually see abnormally where incandescent spot lamps or knowledge that UV radiation, ‘heat’ extended basking times and sometimes halogen flood lamps, otherwise perfectly and visible ‘light’ are not separate things even skin problems because of too-high adequate for smaller animals, are too but simply components of a continuous thermal loads on the skin surface of small. Quartz-halogen heaters provide radiation spectrum provided by sunlight. larger reptiles. This can be especially good IR-A radiation, which, similarly to Throughout the day, animals choose problematic in chelonians where the sunlight, penetrates deeper into the body different levels and parts of this whole highest point of the animal is very close where blood vessels distribute the heat spectrum depending on its varying to the radiation source, with the added further. These heaters come in different properties and the animals’ needs at that complication of a thick bony layer sizes and can create homogeneous time. We should aim to replicate this underneath the scutes. Basking under basking areas of any size needed. Of whole spectrum in appropriate gradients IR-C and IR-B sources prevents or at course, they remain faintly orange in in our enclosures, bearing in mind the least drastically extends the time needed their glow, so the important brightness specific properties, benefits and risks of for the thorough heating of the tortoise’s in a basking area has to be supplemented each of the spectral parts. 29 WILDLIFE TRADE Trade wars MORE EFFORT IS NEEDED TO TACKLE THE ILLEGAL TRADE IN TORTOISES AND FRESHWATER TURTLES

Chris R Shepherd, Monitor at the Conservation Research Society

Tortoises and freshwater turtles are among the most threatened taxa in the world today. Of the 353 species of tortoises and freshwater turtles, a total of 251 have been assessed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and of these, 154 are considered Threatened. Eight species are now Extinct. Illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade is the greatest threat to a growing PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL TRADE IS ESSENTIAL: RANGERS IN MADAGASCAR PROTECTING PLOUGHSHARE TORTOISES number of these species, as their meat is traded for consumption, their parts tortoise and freshwater turtle from Flaws in national legislation in some for use in traditional medicines and Appendix II to Appendix I were put major tortoise and freshwater turtle live specimens for the booming global forward and accepted, thus greatly trade hubs, such as Thailand and pet trade. More species are involved restricting international trade. These Indonesia, also need to be addressed. in the international pet trade than the species were the Bourret’s box turtle CITES-implementing legislation in meat and traditional medicines trades (Cuora bourreti), Vietnamese box these two countries continue to enable combined, and is far more global in turtle (Cuora picturata), Annam leaf trade in illegally sourced tortoises and nature. turtle (Mauremys annamensis), Indian freshwater turtles smuggled into the While much of the international star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) country and sold openly in markets, trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles and pancake tortoise (Malacochersus as national legislation protects only for pets is legal, much of it is not. Rare tornieri). Unfortunately, a number native species, creating a convenient and attractive species are poached of freshwater turtle species are not loophole that facilitates the ongoing and illegally marketed internationally, listed in the Appendices of CITES. illegal trade in non-native species. especially in East and Southeast Asia, Appendix II should be considered Unfortunately, one of the greatest North America and the European for species that may be impacted by obstacles to ensuring adequate Union, with organised crime syndicates international trade. Listing a species protection for tortoise and freshwater often in control. in Appendix II of CITES does not turtle species is a lack of published It is essential that illegal wildlife equate with a trade ban. Instead, it evidence needed to justify legal trade is prioritised because of the allows trade through a permitting measures and to catalyse conservation criminal and structurally harmful system which enables regulation, and action. While trade and other elements. Tortoises and freshwater opportunities to track and analyse parallel threats are driving many turtles are among the most commonly trends, thus providing an early warning species towards extinction, too little found animals in seizures made by system should wild populations begin investigative research is being carried law enforcement officers, and yet to decline. This is extremely important, out to fully understand the threats and prosecution rates remain low. as illegal trade in non-listed species is to support essential interventions. As Better use of the Convention on difficult, if not nearly impossible, to such, the declines in wild populations International Trade in Endangered track. Some countries and political continue. Many species threatened Species of Wild Fauna and Flora unions such as the European Union do by international trade could be (CITES) is essential. While all not have legislation that allows for the better protected by being listed in tortoise species globally are listed in prevention of trade in illegally sourced the appendices of CITES. Loopholes Appendix I or II of the Convention, non-CITES species. With the CITES in legislation in multiple countries not all freshwater turtle species are. permitting system, such a mechanism involved in the trade have long gone During the recent 18th meeting is in place: if there is no permit from unaddressed, thus enabling a booming of the Conference of the Parties the exporting country, the shipment illegal trade. Research into these issues to CITES, held in August 2019, should be deemed ‘not legal’ and and efforts to bring the findings to the five proposals to transfer species of should not be allowed to continue. forefront are absolutely essential. 30 CONSERVANCY TURTLE 31 STAINLESS STEEL NET VINE ROPES

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