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& Te Tiriti O Waitangi MEDIA & TE TIRITI O WAITANGI 2007 ,616 5"&" .&%*""/%5&5*3*5*130+&$5 Whakatauki He tao rākau E taea te karo He tao kōrero E kore e taea Te karo Wooden spears can be seen and dodged Spears of words cannot be avoided They hit their target and wound Acknowledgements He mihi aroha ki a koutou i manaaki, i awhi, i tautoko, i tēnei kaupapa. We thank everyone who assisted and supported the development and writing of this report: The Auckland Workers’ Educational Association, our financial umbrella group, for their generous support. Our peer reviewers Carol Archie, Sean Phelan, David Robie, Sue Abel, Frank Pega and Christine Herzog for their dedication and suggestions. Their feedback greatly strengthened this report. Funder JR McKenzie Trust Publisher Kupu Taea: Media and Te Tiriti Project Contact Tim McCreanor, phone 09 3666 136, email [email protected] PO Box 78 338 Tamaki Makaurau/Auckland 1002 ISBN 978-0-473-13550-8 (print version) ISBN 978-0-473-13565-2 (PDF) http://www.trc.org.nz/resources/media.htm MEDIA & TE TIRITI O WAITANGI 2007 ,616 5"&" .&%*""/%5&5*3*5*130+&$5 Jenny Rankine Raymond Nairn Angela Moewaka Barnes Mandi Gregory Hector Kaiwai Belinda Borell Tim McCreanor CONTENTS 5 SUMMARY 42 CONCLUSIONS 42 Te reo Māori 7 IntroductioN 42 Media themes 7 Te Kaupapa - Mission 43 Sources 7 The newsmaking context 43 Audience meanings 10 Recent research about media and 44 “Good” and “bad” news Māori 44 Conflict 13 Diversity among journalists 44 Silences 13 The invisibility of Pākehā ethnicity 44 Balance 15 Solutions 44 Differences between Māori and 16 METHOD mass TV news 45 Differences between 2004 and 16 How we gathered our data 2007 19 ANALYSES 45 Possible actions 19 Newspaper analysis 46 Media consumer checklist 20 Television analysis 47 GLOSSARY 20 Development of media consumer checklist 48 REFERENCES 20 Limits of our method and analysis 51 APPENDICES 21 FINDINGS 51 APPENDIx 1 21 Te reo Māori in newspapers Waitangi Day Case Study items 23 Newspaper themes related to topics 52 APPENDIx 2 25 Origin of newspaper items Flag Case Study items 25 Sources 52 APPENDIx 3 27 Newspaper images Fisheries Case Study items 27 “Good” and “bad” news 53 APPENDIx 4 28 Conflict Media talk about media Case Study 28 Aspects of balance items 28 Silences 53 APPENDIx 5 29 Focus groups Focus group discussion starter 35 CASE STUDIES 54 APPENDIx 6 About Kupu Taea 35 1 Waitangi Day 37 2 Flying the Flags 39 3 Fisheries 40 4 Media talk about media 4 MEDIA & TE TIRITI 2007 SUMMARY w THIS IS our second pilot study of content w SOURCES: Newspapers and mass TV news and meaning in a representative group of consistently used a low proportion of Maori as newspaper and TV news items about the sources. In Treaty and Māori resource stories in Treaty of Waitangi and Māori issues from Feb- 2007, Māori sources were a barely a majority ruary and March 2007. This study enabled in mass TV news and a minority in newspapers. us to compare some aspects of reporting of Stories about these issues used 10 to 12% Māori news with a sample from September more Māori sources than across the whole and October 2004. Māori news sample of 2004. Newspapers and TV quoted a higher proportion of Māori women w USE OF TE REO MĀORI: Newspapers than Pākehā women in 2007. Mass TV relied showed a persistently low use of te reo heavily on Government sources and used only Māori in both years, on average a little over a small proportion of iwi representatives, the two words of te reo for which there was an opposite of Te Kaea and Te Karere. These English alternative per item. Roughly half programmes also let sources speak for much the 2007 items contained no Māori words. longer than the mass news programmes. Use of terms such as mana or kaitiakitanga to describe Māori concepts about resources w “GOOD” AND “BAD” NEWS: A lower propor- was rare. On TV, Te Kaea and Te Karere tion of stories from newspapers and TV were consistently identified the iwi affiliations of coded as “bad” news in 2007 Treaty and Māori [The Treaty Māori speakers, but these were very rarely resources stories than in 2004. In both years, provided by mass TV news programmes (One there was a large overlap between “bad” news is] a living and News, 3 News, Tonight and Prime News) or and items focusing on conflict, and these were evolving document newspapers. much more common among newspaper items that was never taken from NZPA or stablemate publications intended to w MEDIA THEMES: Mass news items were than in stories by the newspaper’s own staff. fossilise into the persistently structured from within a Pākehā status quo but was cultural paradigm. When they talked about w BALANCE: The terms “radical” and “activ- taxpayers, the public or New Zealanders, they ist” were overwhelmingly applied to Māori intended ... for typically excluded Māori. The two samples spokespeople in newspaper items, and used by constructive showed persistent use of anti-Māori themes journalists rather than sources. The imbalance and ongoing such as Privilege, Māori Violence, Stirrers, in these terms shows the mass media’s overall engagement. Māori Resources and Financial Probity. As in conservative orientation on Māori resource 2004, these negative themes outweighed the issues and the lack of alternative frames for single positive theme of Māori Success. these stories. Augie Fleras and Paul w MEANINGS FOR MEDIA AUDIENCES: w CASE STUDY - WAITANGI: Mass TV pro- Spoonley, 1999 Both Māori and non-Māori focus group grammes consistently linked Waitangi, the members saw mass media representations place, to politics, especially protest, encourag- as unbalanced, decontextualised, negative ing viewers to see the place and the Treaty as and frequently depicting Māori as extreme divisive. Coverage differed little from that in or threatening. The effects were seen as 1990, with emphasis on “our national day” and damaging to Māori health and wellbeing, and “being one people”, especially at community reinforcing of negative Pākehā perceptions events in other places. In contrast, Māori news of Māori. spoke of diverse people coming together and Waitangi as the site the Treaty was signed and debated. www MEDIA & TE TIRITI 2007 5 SUMMARY w CASE STUDY - FLYING THE FLAGS: Mass w SILENCES: Mass media items in both news media depicted the tino rangatiratanga years provided little or no background expla- flag as a challenge and potential source of nation or context about the Treaty or Māori conflict. Māori TV referred to the flag as “ours”, issues, in contrast to items on Te Karere and meaning all of us, while One News referred to it Te Kaea. The absence of links between cur- as “their” flag, using the familiar dichotomy of rent issues and their colonial origins supports us (the viewers) and them (Māori). status quo understandings of Māori/Pākehā relations. w CASE STUDY - FISHERIES: Mass TV news positioned Māori as combative and unreason- w MEDIA FRAMES: When mass media able, and supported the Minister of Fisheries’ talked of unity, they emphasised a form of construction of Māori commercial fishing nationalism that silenced Māori rights and interests as a threat to the New Zealand way aspirations. When Māori news programmes of life. Te Kaea emphasised the potential for did so, the unity was in diversity, focused resolution of the issue and presented protest on tino rangatiratanga and challenged the positively as a way to prevent further problems. Government to honour te Tiriti o Waitangi. Māori language news assumed that the fight w CASE STUDY - MEDIA TALK ABOUT for Māori rights and aspirations is a necessity If we are MEDIA: Mass media hid its own role in shaping and is not divisive or unjustified. to reclaim the truth national representations of Māori issues by of what is us, if we presenting the news as something that exists w MEDIA CONSUMERS’ CHECKLIST: We are to bequeath to independently of the media which shapes and have produced this to support direct ac- our mokopuna a constructs it. tion by media consumers about poor media representations of Māori (see www.trc.org. world in which they nz/resources/media.htm). It will be updated can stand tall as regularly. We also look forward to working Māori, then we have with media on a checklist for journalists and to ... challenge public journalism projects about Māori issues. definitions that are not our own, especially those which confine us to a subordinate place. Moana Jackson, 1999 6 MEDIA & TE TIRITI 2007 Introduction TE Kaupapa - THE NEWSMAKING MISSION CONTEXT Kupu Taea aims to analyse media representations The news production environment, including staff- of Māori and te Tiriti o Waitangi to help improve ing diversity, attitudes and media ownership, has a the standard of reporting on these issues. We major effect on representations of Māori in news hope that this project will contribute to the items, and pressures on news production have emergence of what is elsewhere known as public intensified since the publication of our first report journalism; news media which aim to engage in 2005. with their audiences as responsible citizens in New Zealand’s 1994 commitment under the democratic processes that enrich public life and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) the wellbeing of communities. through the World Trade Organisation restricts regulation of cross-media ownership and prevents Mai te tīmatanga - the Government from requiring a minimal level Background of local content, and from controlling the level or For many people, media news provides their nature of foreign ownership of our media. Accord- major source of information about political ing to commentator Bill Rosenberg, these are all issues, processes and personalities in the Māori steps the Government should be taking.
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