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United States Forest Service – African Wildlife Foundation Collaboration United States Forest Service – African Wildlife Foundation Collaboration Technical Assistance for Forest Management Planning in the Tarangire River Headwaters, Kondoa District, Tanzania Trip Report August 6 – 20, 2006 Susan Charnley and Ronald Overton United States Forest Service – African Wildlife Foundation Collaboration Technical Assistance for Forest Management Planning in the Tarangire River Headwaters, Kondoa District, Tanzania Draft Trip Report August 6 – 20, 2006 1 Table of Contents List of Acronyms............................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary.......................................................................................................... 5 Introduction: Scope of Technical Assistance................................................................. 7 Section 1: Background and Context............................................................................... 9 Section 2: Issues, Findings, and Recommendations.................................................... 17 Issue 1........................................................................................................................... 17 Issue 2........................................................................................................................... 20 Issue 3........................................................................................................................... 23 Issue 4........................................................................................................................... 29 Issue 5........................................................................................................................... 33 Issue 6........................................................................................................................... 35 Section 3: Steps to Operationalize Recommendations ............................................... 37 Section 4: USFS Support for Implementation and Next Steps............................. 40 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................. 41 Annex 1 - Itinerary.......................................................................................................... 42 Annex 2 - Scope of Work................................................................................................ 49 Annex 3 - People Contacted ........................................................................................... 53 Annex 4 - Workshop Agenda, Participant List, and Notes......................................... 55 Annex 5 - Relevant Literature ....................................................................................... 69 Annex 6 - Examples of Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania.................... 72 Annex 7 - Villages in the Tarangire River Headwaters, Kondoa District ................. 74 2 List of Acronyms AWF African Wildlife Foundation FAO Food and Agriculture Agency of the United Nations KEA Kondoa Eroded Area ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (in 2002, name changed to World Agroforestry Centre) LAMP Land Management Programme (funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Authority) MALISTA Man-Land Interrelations in Semi Arid Tanzania PFM Participatory Forest Management SAREC Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency USAID United States Agency for International Development USFS U. S. Forest Service UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 3 Acknowledgments We would like to extend our greatest appreciation to Frank Melamari, Project Officer, African Wildlife Foundation for being an outstanding guide, technical expert, translator, workshop organizer, logistics arranger, and companion throughout our mission. We would also like to thank Davis Mziray, Driver, African Wildlife Foundation for safely and graciously transporting us during our stay, accommodating all of our needs and schedules, and entertaining us during long drives. Augustine Martin, Kondoa District Forestry Officer, kindly devoted a week of his time to hosting us in Kondoa District, setting up and assisting with village meetings and the workshop, and serving as an excellent and knowledgeable local guide and resource person. We are also grateful to Idris Kikula, Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam for loaning us a portion of his library during our visit so that we could become more familiar with the social and biophysical landscape of Kondoa region, and its history. Finally, we thank the village chairmen, executive officers, and council members from the villages of Mnenia, Kwadinu, Humai, Bukulu, Masawi, Kandaga, Filimo, Itundwi, and Kolo who met with us and gave their time to discuss and help us understand local forest management and development issues. 4 Executive Summary In August, 2006 the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) sent a technical assistance team to Tanzania to work with the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) in an effort to protect the watershed of the Tarangire National Park by improving forest conditions in the upper reaches of the Tarangire River in the area around the Irangi Escarpment. The tasks of the USFS team included: (1) assessing the potential for implementing participatory forest management in the forested areas of the Tarangire River headwaters in Kondoa District; recommending a strategy for moving forward with implementing participatory forest management in the area; and, identifying resource and assistance needs to support this strategy; (2) identifying activities that could be introduced in villages in the Tarangire River headwaters to relieve pressure on forest resources and provide alternative ways of meeting household needs that are currently being met by forest products, and recommending a strategy for introducing and developing these activities; and (3) holding a one-day workshop with Kondoa District staff and others who work in natural resource management in Kondoa District to familiarize them with the participatory forest management process, assess their level of support for it, discuss how they think it should be implemented, identify what resources they need to move it forward, and solicit their ideas, knowledge, and experience with alternatives to current forest resource use practices that could relieve pressure on natural forests. To address these tasks the USFS team, along with the Kondoa District Forestry Officer and the AWF Project Officer for this region, visited nine villages near the Irangi Escarpment. This allowed us to observe the relationship between the villages and the surrounding forest and to meet with village residents to obtain their perspective on forest conditions, their need for forest products and other natural resources, and their views on the concept and practice of participatory forest management. Following these visits, the team and the AWF project officer conducted a workshop on the participatory forest management process that is set forth in the National Forest Policy of Tanzania (1998) and the Forest Act, 2002. One of the observations of this and previous USFS teams was that little information was made available to the team prior to the technical assistance visit. Therefore, this report includes a considerable amount of background information and reference lists on topics which we hope will be of use to future teams. These topics include geographic and natural resource conditions, land use history, government organization for the region, and the participatory forest management process being promoted by the Tanzanian government. Six main issues were identified during the trip. These issues are listed below. More detailed discussion of the issues and our recommendations for how to address them are found in the body of the report. Issue 1: Forests in the Tarangire River headwaters – specifically, in the Salanka, Isabe, and Kome Forest Reserves and in the Irangi Escarpment Proposed Forest Reserve – are degrading, and there is concern about the ecological and biophysical effects of forest degradation on the Tarangire River watershed. 5 Issue 2: People living in villages in and around the Tarangire River headwaters in the Kondoa Irangi hills and the Irangi escarpment are dependent on forest resources for many uses, but these uses may be having a negative impact on watershed health. Issue 3: There is a need to assess the potential for implementing participatory forest management in villages located in the forested Tarangire River headwaters – specifically in villages adjacent to the Salanka, Isabe, and Kome Forest Reserves, and around the Irangi Escarpment Proposed Forest Reserve – as a strategy for promoting forest protection. Issue 4: There is a need to identify and implement strategies for reducing human pressure on forest resources. Issue 5: There is a need to assess what information is available already, and what the current capacity of communities and district staff are, for implementing alternative strategies to reduce human pressure on forest resources; and, what information is needed, and what capacity needs to be built, in order to implement these strategies effectively. Issue 6: The Kondoa Irangi Hills and Irangi Escarpment contain prehistoric rock paintings that are several thousand
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