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Mechanistic Insights Into the Hydrocyanation Reaction
Mechanistic insights into the hydrocyanation reaction Citation for published version (APA): Bini, L. (2009). Mechanistic insights into the hydrocyanation reaction. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR644067 DOI: 10.6100/IR644067 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2009 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. -
Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow for the Acrylonitrile Electrolytic Adiponitrile Process in a Vertical/Horizontal Electrolysis Cell
energies Article Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow for the Acrylonitrile Electrolytic Adiponitrile Process in a Vertical/Horizontal Electrolysis Cell Jiin-Yuh Jang * and Yu-Feng Gan Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-6-2088573 Received: 7 September 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 12 October 2018 Abstract: This paper investigated the effect of oxygen holdup on the current density distribution over the electrode of a vertical/horizontal electrolysis cell with a two-dimensional Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase flow model in the acrylonitrile (AN) electrolytic adiponitrile (ADN) process. The physical models consisted of a vertical/horizontal electrolysis cell 10 mm wide and 600 mm long. The electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode was fixed at 5 V, which corresponded to a uniform current density j = 0.4 A/cm2 without any bubbles released from the electrodes. The effects of different inlet electrolyte velocities (vin = 0.4, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) on the void fraction and the current density distributions were discussed in detail. It is shown that, for a given applied voltage, as the electrolyte velocity is increased, the gas diffusion layer thickness decreased and this resulted in the decrease of the gas void fraction and increase of the corresponding current density; for a given velocity, the current density for a vertical cell was higher than that for a horizontal cell. Furthermore, assuming the release of uniform mass flux for the oxygen results in overestimation of the total gas accumulation mass flow rate by 2.8% and 5.8% and it will also result in underestimation of the current density by 0.3% and 2.4% for a vertical cell and a horizontal cell, respectively. -
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5. -
Borneol - Camphor - Isoborneol
EXP. 35 A & B OXIDATION-REDUCTION SCHEME: BORNEOL - CAMPHOR - ISOBORNEOL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: To illustrate the concepts of oxidation and reduction in organic chemistry, to illustrate the stereochemical effects of these reactions in certain systems, to use IR spectroscopy to characterize diastereomers and monitor reactions. QUIZ PREPARATION: Recitation notes and readings assigned in the syllabus. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The concepts of oxidation and reduction in chemistry are fundamentally related to the loss and gain of electrons, respectively. For a specific atom, oxidation brings about an increase in the oxidation number, whereas reduction does the opposite. This is of course true in organic reactions as well, but it is frequently less clear where the gain or loss of electrons is taking place. For this reason, the concepts of oxidation and reduction are addressed from a different perspective in organic chemistry. Since carbon is the most important element in organic chemistry, we can define oxidation as a process whereby carbon gains bonds to more electronegative atoms. These can be any atoms more electronegative than carbon, such as chlorine or sulphur, but the most commonly seen in organic oxidations is oxygen. The more bonds to oxygen, the higher the oxidation state of the carbon involved. Examples of oxidation reactions are those that convert alkanes into alcohols, or alcohols into carbonyl compounds. The functional groups that contain the most highly oxidized form of carbon in organic compounds are the carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Reduction is the opposite of oxidation. We can define reduction as a process whereby carbon adds bonds to less electronegative atoms. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
1 Transformer Oil 2 Residual Fuel Oil 3 Diesel Oil Heavy 4
1 TRANSFORMER OIL 2 RESIDUAL FUEL OIL 3 DIESEL OIL HEAVY 4 SPINDLE OIL MIXTURES CONTAINING 5 CRUDE OIL 6 MOTOR OIL 7 ROAD OIL 8 FUEL OIL NO.4 9 FUEL OIL NO.5 10 FUEL OIL NO.6 LUBRICATING OILS AND 11 BLENDING STOCKS 12 PENETRATING OIL 13 TURBINE OIL 3 14 ROOFERS FLUX 15 CRUDE OIL 16 STRAIGHT RUN RESIDUE OCTAMETHYLCYCLOTETRA 17 SILOXANE BENZENEPROPANOIC ACID, 3,5- 1,1- 3,5-BIS(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL 18 4- ), -C7-C9 4-HYDROXY-C7-C9ALCOHOL S BRANCHED AND LINEAR 19 1- -1- 1-PHENYL-1-XYLYL ETHANE BENZENETRICARBOXYLIC 20 ACID, TRIOCTYL ESTER 21 CASTOR OIL IMIDAZOLIUM COMPOUNDS, 1- -4,5- -1- 1-BENZYL-4,5-DIHYDRO-1-(H 22 -2- YDROXYETHYL)-2-NORCOC O ALKYL, CHLORIDES 4 2-PROPENOIC ACID 2- POLYMER WITH 4- 1,1- 4-(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)PHE 2,5- NOL,FORMALDEHYDE, 23 2- 2,5-FURANDIONE, 65% / 2-METHYLOXIRANE AND OXIRANE (65% IN NAPHTHA/XYLENE) 24 n-PENTYL PROPIONATE 25 -2- 2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE 26 DECYL ACRYLATE 27 RAPESEED OIL RAPESEED OIL (low erucic acid 4% 28 containing less than 4% free fatty acids) RAPE SEED OIL FATTY ACID 29 METHYL ESTERS ALCOHOLS (C12-C13), C12-C13 30 PRIMARY, LINEAR AND ESSENTIALLY LINEAR 31 C13+ ALCOHOLS (C13+) 5 ALCOHOLS (C14-C18), C14-C18 32 PRIMARY, LINEAR AND ESSENTIALLY LINEAR ALCOHOLS (C8-C11), C8-C11 33 PRIMARY, LINEAR AND ESSENTIALLY LINEAR ACID OIL MIXTURE FROM SOYABEAN, CORN (maize) 34 AND SUNFLOWER OIL REFINING NAPHTHALENE CRUDE 35 (MOLTEN) 36 SOYABEAN OIL SOYBEAN OIL FATTY ACID 37 METHYL ESTER 38 BUTYLBENZENE (all isomers) 39 TALLOW 40 TALLOW FATTY ACID (2- BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) 41 ) TEREPHTHALATE 42 -(2- ) DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) -
The Detection and Determination of Esters
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1958 The etD ection and Determination of Esters. Mohd. Mohsin Qureshi Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Qureshi, Mohd. Mohsin, "The eD tection and Determination of Esters." (1958). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 501. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/501 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copright by Mohcl Mohsin Qureshi 1959 THE DETECTION AND DETERMINATION OF ESTERS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemistry by Mohd. Mohsin Qureshi M.Sc., Aligarh University, 1944 August, 1958 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his sincere apprecia tion and gratitude to Dr. Philip W. West under whose guidance this research was carried out. He is grateful to Dr. James G. Traynham for sup plying him with a number of esters and for his many helpful suggestions. The financial support given to him by the Continental Oil Company is gratefully acknowledged. He offers his sincere thanks to Miss Magdalena Usategul for her valuable suggestions and her ungrudging help during the course of this investigation. Dr. Anil K. -
Design for the Environment Toolkit: a Competitive Edge for the Future
Design for the Environment A Competitive Edge for the Future Toolkit Design for Environment Toolkit(DfE) Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance Minnesota Technical Assistance Program (MnTAP) Table of Contents vAbout the Authors...2 vAcknowledgments...3 vPreface...4 vPart One: Introduction to Design for the Environment (DfE)...6 What is DfE?...6 Why DfE?...10 Success in DfE...12 Implementing DfE...13 vPart Two: DfE Matrices and Questions...17 Explanation of the DfE Matrix System..17 Figure: Product DfE Matrix...18 Instructions For Using the DfE Matrix...19 Interpretation of Results...28 Matrix Questions...20 Definitions...30 vPart Three: Reference Information...32 Index of Hazardous Chemical Pollutants (alphabetical listing)...32 Plastics Environmental Risk Information...57 Figure: Recycling Rates and Commodity Price Information....58 Index of Climate Altering Chemicals...59 Polymers....61 Degradable Polymers - Vendor List...62 Part/Materials Suppliers Environmental Survey...65 Additional Resources...66 Works Cited....68 Summary of References...69 Other Vendor Lists Checklist of Printed Resources for Minnesota Businesses Outlets for Industrial Scrap Pallets Alternative Solvent Degreasers Manufacturers of Aqueous Cleaning Equipment Aqueous and Semi-Aqueous Cleaners for Metal Part Degreasing Safer Stripping and Cleaning Chemicals for Coatings and Polymers Page 1 About the Authors Jeremy M. Yarwood - Research Specialist, Minnesota Technical Assistance Program (MnTAP) Mr. Yarwood has previously worked with MnTAP advising Minnesota companies in developing environmentally responsible processes. He received his B.S. Civil (Environmental) Engineering summa cum laude from the University of Minnesota. Mr. Yarwood is currently a graduate fellow in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Minnesota and plans to obtain a M.S. -
779 Part 770—Interpretations
Pt. 770 15 CFR Ch. VII (1–1–21 Edition) in the item that qualitatively affect the per- roller bearings and parts). This applies formance of the U.S. and foreign items; to separate shipments of anti-friction (vi) Evidence of the interchangeability of bearings or bearing systems and anti- U.S. and foreign items; friction bearings or bearing systems (vii) Patent descriptions for the U.S. and foreign items; shipped with machinery or equipment (viii) Evidence that the U.S. and foreign for which they are intended to be used items meet a published industry, national, or as spares or replacement parts. international standard; (2) An anti-friction bearing or bear- (ix) A report or eyewitness account, by ing system physically incorporated in a deposition or otherwise, of the foreign item’s segment of a machine or in a complete operation; machine prior to shipment loses its (x) Evidence concerning the foreign manu- identity as a bearing. In this scenario, facturers’ corporate reputation; (xi) Comparison of the U.S. and foreign end the machine or segment of machinery item(s) made from a specific commodity, containing the bearing is the item sub- tool(s), device(s), or technical data; or ject to export control requirements. (xii) Evidence of the reputation of the for- (3) An anti-friction bearing or bear- eign item including, if possible, information ing system not incorporated in a seg- on maintenance, repair, performance, and ment of a machine prior to shipment, other pertinent factors. but shipped as a component of a com- plete unassembled (knocked-down) ma- SUPPLEMENT NO. -
Chapter 2: Alkanes Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen
Chapter 2: Alkanes Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen •Alkanes are carbon compounds that contain only single bonds. •The simplest alkanes are hydrocarbons – compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. •Hydrocarbons are used mainly as fuels, solvents and lubricants: H H H H H H H H H H H H C H C C H C C C C H H C C C C C H H H C C H H H H H H CH2 H CH3 H H H H CH3 # of carbons boiling point range Use 1-4 <20 °C fuel (gasses such as methane, propane, butane) 5-6 30-60 solvents (petroleum ether) 6-7 60-90 solvents (ligroin) 6-12 85-200 fuel (gasoline) 12-15 200-300 fuel (kerosene) 15-18 300-400 fuel (heating oil) 16-24 >400 lubricating oil, asphalt Hydrocarbons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H C H eth- -ane ethane 2 6 H3C CH3 C3H8 prop- -ane propane C4H10 but- -ane butane C5H12 pent- -ane pentane C6H14 hex- -ane hexane C7H16 hept- -ane heptane C8H18 oct- -ane octane C9H20 non- -ane nonane C10H22 dec- -ane decane Hydrocarbons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H H H C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H H H H C H prop- -ane propane 3 8 H3C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane? H3C C CH3 or CH3 HydHrydorcocaarrbobnos ns Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H H H C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H H H H C3H8 prop- -ane propane H3C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane iso-butane H3C C CH3 or CH3 HydHrydoroccarbrobnsons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H H -
Benzene MSDS
He a lt h 2 3 Fire 3 2 0 Re a c t iv it y 0 Pe rs o n a l Pro t e c t io n H Material Safety Data Sheet Benzene MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Benzene Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLB1564, SLB3055, SLB2881 Sciencelab.com, Inc. 14025 Smith Rd. CAS#: 71-43-2 Houston, Texas 77396 RTECS: CY1400000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Benzene Order Online: ScienceLab.com CI#: Not available. CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: Synonym: Benzol; Benzine 1-800-424-9300 Chemical Name: Benzene International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887 Chemical Formula: C6-H6 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400 Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients Composition: Name CAS # % by Weight Benzene 71-43-2 100 Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Benzene: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 930 mg/kg [Rat]. 4700 mg/kg [Mouse]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: >9400 mg/kg [Rabbit]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: 10000 ppm 7 hours [Rat]. Section 3: Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of ingestion. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A1 (Confirmed for human.) by ACGIH, 1 (Proven for human.) by IARC. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Classified POSSIBLE for human. Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female [POSSIBLE]. -
Alkanes-1 [Compatibility Mode]
10/17/2011 Alkanes ALKANES (a “family” of hydrocarbons) CnH2n+2 CH 4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 etc. C2H6 ethane H H H—C—C—H H H sp 3, bond angles = 109.5 o H H σ-bonds (sigma) C C HH HH rotation about C--C (conformations) representation: “andiron” or “sawhorse” 1 10/17/2011 H H H H H H H H H H H H “staggered” “eclipsed” torsional strain: deviation from staggered. Newman projections: H H H H H H H H H H H H y g r e n e l a 3 Kcal i t n e t o p rotation about C-C The barrier to rotation about the carbon-carbon bond in ethane is 3 Kcal/mole. The rotation is ~ “free.” C3H8 propane H H H HC C C H projection formula H H H CH3CH2CH3 partially condensed formula 2 10/17/2011 CH3 H CH3 H H H H H H H H H staggered eclipsed y g r e n e l a 3.4 Kcal i t n e t o p rotation about C-C C H butane(s) 4 10 H H C H H H H H H H HC C C C H HC C C H projection H H H H H H H CH 3 partially condensed CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3 stick formulas Two isomers of butane C 4H10 : CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3 n-butane bp 0 oC mp –138 oC d 0.622 g/cc CH 3 CH 3CHCH 3 isobutane bp -12 oC mp -159 oC d 0.604 g/cc 3 10/17/2011 Conformations about C2-C3 in n-butane: CH3 H CH3 H H H H H H H H C CH3 3 anti CH3/H eclipsed CH3 H3C CH3 H3C H H H H H H H H gauche CH3/CH3 eclipsed conformations about C2-C3 in n-butane: H3CCH3 CH3 H3C 4.4-6.1 Kcal y g r e n 3.4 Kcal e l 0.8 Kcal a i t CH3 n H C e 3 t CH3 o p CH3 gauche anti rotation C5H12 pentane(s) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 n-pentane CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3 isopentane CH3 CH3CCH3 neopentane CH3 these are common, or trivial, names where a prefix is used to idicate the structure.