A STUDY of LAETUS in VERGIL‟S AENEID David C

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A STUDY of LAETUS in VERGIL‟S AENEID David C “HOPEFUL JOY”: A STUDY OF LAETUS IN VERGIL‟S AENEID David C. Anderson Wiltshire A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by, James J. O‟Hara Nicholas M. Horsfall Sharon L. James Peter M. Smith Robert G. Babcock i © 2012 David C. Anderson Wiltshire ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT DAVID C. ANDERSON WILTSHIRE: “HOPEFUL JOY”: A STUDY OF LAETUS IN VERGIL‟S AENEID (Under the direction of James J. O‟Hara) In this dissertation I examine Vergil‟s use of laetus (and laetitia, laetor, and inlaetabilis) in the Aeneid; for context, I also present the use of the laet- stem in earlier poets and in the Georgics and Eclogues. The two basic uses of laetus in Latin literature indicate human emotion (“joyful”) and agricultural lushness (“fertile”). I argue that the laetus-emotion in the Aeneid is one of “hopeful joy”: “joy” in that the emotion is vivid, positive, and thrilling, and “hopeful” in that the source of the joy is hope for the future. This hope is usually created by a reversal (or perceived reversal) of fortune; an event (like an omen, victory in battle, etc.) causes an individual with low expectations of success to have high expectations of success. Nevertheless, this hope may be “disaster-prone,” as Lyne argues: this “hopeful joy” often results in disaster. The laetus-emotion is a thrill, a shock of sensation, and it does not refer to long-term “contentment.” In addition, this thrill of sensation is often accompanied by physical excitement: a laetus individual is often loud and jubilant in his physical exultation. In my introduction, I offer background information on other scholars‟ studies of laetus and on the use of the word in other Latin authors. In Chapter Two, I treat the instances of laetus in the Aeneid outside Book 5 that express human emotion, in the context of “fields” that I identify (setting out, arrival, battle, prayer, founding). In Chapter iii Three I discuss the uses of laetus in Book 5 of the Aeneid; I separate them in this way because the uses in Book 5 neatly demonstrate my arguments regarding laetus in the eleven other books. In Chapter Four I discuss all the instances of laetitia, laetari, and inlaetabilis in the Aeneid. In Chapter Five I treat the laet- stem in the Georgics and Eclogues, and in Chapter Six, the analogous “agricultural” use in the Aeneid. In Chapter Seven I discuss the uses of laetus in the Aeneid that do not neatly conform to any of my categories, and I offer suggestions as to their interpretation. iv for Dr. Kaye Warren dextrae se parvus Iulus implicuit sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis Aen. 2.723-724 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I decided I wanted to get a PhD in Classics when I was in tenth grade. I‟m sure I had no idea what sort of work that decision would entail. But I had an amazing Latin teacher, and she had her PhD in Latin—which meant, to my fourteen-year-old brain, that in order to be the kind of graceful, selfless, humane, and loving person that she is, and in order to care for others as she does, I would also need a PhD in Latin. My teachers and professors in college and graduate school have only strengthened this association, for me. I thank my advisor, Prof. Jim O‟Hara, not only for his attentive and thoughtful help and criticism in the writing of this dissertation, and not only for his insights and deep love of Vergil, but also for his mentorship and guidance of me over the course of this graduate program. I have learned much about classical philology from him and from the whole UNC Classics department, but I have learned even more about humanitas, maturity, discernment, and concern for others. I am deeply grateful for all of it. In this vein too I thank my dissertation committee—Profs. Peter Smith, Sharon James, Bob Babcock, and Nicholas Horsfall, without whose investment in me I would be neither the scholar nor the person I am today. Their fingerprints are on every page of this dissertation, in the gifts of knowledge and understanding (and helpful comments!) they have given me, over many years. The fingerprints of many more are there, too. I am deeply in debt to the entire Classics faculty at UNC, and to the Department of Classics, for its generous support of me during my time in North Carolina. vi I also thank Prof. Susan Wiltshire and Prof. Dan Solomon, from Vanderbilt, and my high school Latin teacher Dr. Kaye Warren (as well as her husband, Grady, and Ed and Laura Long), all of whom taught me to love Latin by their selflessness and kindness and dedication to the gifts they give. Prof. Wiltshire once told me that, by her reckoning, it has taken sixty-four generations of Vergil scholars to bring the text to our eyes, today. I think Vergil would be very impressed by all the people I have mentioned above, and I think they do him—and us, their students—an extraordinary service. Speaking of homines Vergilianissimi, to use Nikolas Holzberg‟s compliment of Philip Hardie and Stephen Harrison—I have been wonderfully supported, educated, and molded by my fellow graduate students in the UNC-CH Classics program. Arum Park, David Carlisle, Ted Gellar-Goad, John Henkel, Chris Polt, Derek Smith Keyser, Elizabeth Thill, Erin Galligan, Patrick Dombrowski, Serena Witzke, Rebecca Worsham, Hans Hansen, Zack Rider, and Andy Spencer, to name a few—I have looked to your good example for many years now, and my life has been enriched by yours. Thank you. There are many other people in my life without whom I could not have written this dissertation. Thanks, Dad—this is for you. Sonya Sowerby, Isaiah Bartlett, Rachel Will, Catherine Adamson, Terri Phoenix, Rebecca Stephen, Steve Killen, and Caitlin Fischer: you have supported me for a very long time, through many strange transitions, and I am grateful. I am also grateful to my motley church family, here at Princeton Seminary and ever more spread out across the country—to Mieke Vandersall, Anna Pinckney Straight, Debbie Davis, Alex Turpin, Hannah Burke, Emily Morgan, Craig Rubano, Ariana Salazar-Newton, John Molacek, Elizabeth Cluff, and so many more—for vii their care and concern, their patience, their joy, and their love. Rebekah Smith, I include you in this category, because where you go, I will go, and I take you with me. For all the people named here, and all those not named, and all the ways in which their presence blesses my life, I thank God. D.C.A. Wiltshire Princeton, New Jersey May, 2012 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction to the Use of Laetus...............................................……. 1 I.1: General Information................................................................................ 1 I.2: Modern Authors on Laetus...................................................................... 6 I.3: Definitions of Laetus............................................................................... 13 I.4: Gaudium in the Aeneid............................................................................ 15 I.5: Appearance of Laet- Family Words in Vergil......................................... 29 I.6: The Laet- Stem in Other Ancient Authors.............................................. 30 I.6.1: Ennius....................................................................................... 33 I.6.2: Lucretius................................................................................... 40 I.6.3: Catullus.................................................................................... 57 Chapter Two: “Forward-looking” Laetus in the Aeneid............................................ 65 II.1: Setting out on a Journey (1.35, 1.554, 4.140, 4.295, 4.418).................. 66 II.2: Arriving at a Destination (3.524, 7.36, 7.130) ...................................... 81 II.3: Battle (2.260, 2.395, 2.417, 7.430, 8.171, 9.157, 10.643, 10.738, 10.787, 11.238, 12.616) + 6.862.............................. 89 II.4: Prayer (2.687, 3.169, 3.178, 6.193, 7.147, 7.259, 8.268, 8.279, 8.544, 8.617, 8.681, 10.874)........................................ 116 II.5: Founding (1.275, 1.503, 3.133, 7.288, 8.311)........................................ 137 II.6: Other “Forward-looking” Uses (1.732, 9.89, 10.15, 11.42)................... 147 ix Chapter Three: Laetus in Aeneid 5.............................................................................153 Chapter Four: Other Laet- Family Words in the Aeneid............................................186 IV.1: Laetitia.................................................................................................. 186 IV.2: Laetari.................................................................................................. 205 IV.3: Inlaetabilis............................................................................................ 227 Chapter Five: Laetus in the Georgics and Eclogues.................................................. 233 V.1: “Health” or “Productivity”: Plants......................................................... 236 V.2: “Health” or “Productivity”: Animals and People.................................. 246 V.3: “Productivity”: Soil................................................................................ 248 V.4: Personal Emotion: People...................................................................... 253 V.5: Personal Emotion: Animals................................................................... 258 V.6: Laet- in the Eclogues............................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Hunnic Warfare in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries C.E.: Archery and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire
    HUNNIC WARFARE IN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURIES C.E.: ARCHERY AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE A Thesis Submitted to the Committee of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts and Science. TRENT UNIVERSITY Peterborough, Ontario, Canada © Copyright by Laura E. Fyfe 2016 Anthropology M.A. Graduate Program January 2017 ABSTRACT Hunnic Warfare in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries C.E.: Archery and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire Laura E. Fyfe The Huns are one of the most misunderstood and mythologized barbarian invaders encountered by the Roman Empire. They were described by their contemporaries as savage nomadic warriors with superior archery skills, and it is this image that has been written into the history of the fall of the Western Roman Empire and influenced studies of Late Antiquity through countless generations of scholarship. This study examines evidence of Hunnic archery, questions the acceptance and significance of the “Hunnic archer” image, and situates Hunnic archery within the context of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. To achieve a more accurate picture of the importance of archery in Hunnic warfare and society, this study undertakes a mortuary analysis of burial sites associated with the Huns in Europe, a tactical and logistical study of mounted archery and Late Roman and Hunnic military engagements, and an analysis of the primary and secondary literature. Keywords: Archer, Archery, Army, Arrow, Barbarian, Bow, Burial Assemblages, Byzantine, Collapse, Composite Bow, Frontier, Hun, Logistics, Migration Period, Roman, Roman Empire, Tactics, Weapons Graves ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Architecture of Roman Temples
    P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 The Architecture of Roman Temples - The Republic to the Middle Empire John W. Stamper University of Notre Dame iii P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C John W. Stamper 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Bembo 11/14 pt., Weiss, Trajan, and Janson System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stamper, John W. The architecture of Roman temples : the republic to the middle empire / John W. Stamper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81068-x 1. Temples, Roman – Italy – Rome. 2. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome, Italy) 3. Architecture, Roman – Italy – Rome – Influence. 4. Rome (Italy)
    [Show full text]
  • The Janus Arch
    Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, CAA2010 F. Contreras, M. Farjas and F.J. Melero (eds.) Digital Mediation from Discrete Model to Archaeological Model: the Janus Arch Ippolito, A.1, Borgogni, F.1, Pizzo, A.2 1 Dpto. RADAAr Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Italy 2 Instituto de Arqueologia (CSIC, Junta de Extremadura, Consorcio de Mérida), Spain [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected] Survey operations and the representation of acquired data should today be considered as consolidated. New acquisition methods such as point clouds obtained using 3D laser scanners are also part of today’s scenario. The scope of this paper is to propose a protocol of operations based on extensive previous experience and work to acquire and elaborate data obtained using complex 3D survey. This protocol focuses on illustrating the methods used to turn a numerical model into a system of two-dimensional and three-dimensional models that can help to understand the object in question. The study method is based on joint practical work by architects and archaeologists. The final objective is to create a layout that can satisfy the needs of scholars and researchers working in different disciplinary fields. The case study in this paper is the Arch of Janus in Rome near the Forum Boarium. The paper will illustrate the entire acquisition process and method used to transform the acquired data after the creation of a model. The entire operation was developed in close collaboration between the RADAAr Dept., University of Rome “Sapienza,” Italy and the Istituto de Arqueologia (CSIC, Junta de Extremadura, Consorcio de Mérida), Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Part the First
    MARIUS THE EPICUREAN: HIS SENSATIONS AND IDEAS. VOLUME I OF II WALTER PATER, 1910. E-Texts for Victorianists E-text Editor: Alfred J. Drake, Ph.D. Electronic Version 2 / Date 2-09-02 DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES [1] I DISCLAIM ALL LIABILITY TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, COSTS AND EXPENSES, INCLUDING LEGAL FEES. [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. [3] THE E-TEXTS ON THIS SITE ARE PROVIDED TO YOU “AS-IS”. NO WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS TO THE E-TEXTS OR ANY MEDIUM THEY MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. [4] SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW DISCLAIMERS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE DISCLAIMERS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU, AND YOU MAY HAVE OTHER LEGAL RIGHTS. PRELIMINARY NOTES BY E-TEXT EDITOR: Reliability: Although I have done my best to ensure that the text you read is error-free in comparison with the edition chosen, it is not intended as a substitute for the printed original. The original publisher, if still extant, is in no way connected with or responsible for the contents of any material here provided. The viewer should bear in mind that while a PDF document may approach facsimile status, it is not a facsimile—it requires the same careful proofreading and editing as documents in other electronic formats.
    [Show full text]
  • Art and Religion
    ART AND RELIGION: • Works of art inspired by beliefs shape sacred space. (Places that have sacred character) • Works of art inspired by beliefs express things that cannot be seen (Representation of specific gods or deities) • Works of art inspired by beliefs explain and teach (Objects used to Facilitate Worship) • Works of art, inspired by beliefs facilitate communication with the spiritual realm. (Communication with the spiritual, natural or ancestral world) Sacred Places • Sacred places restore a person’s soul • Can be individual or communal • Allow us to feel connected and at peace • Some artists and architects mark sacred places • Places of personal retreat • Communal worship • Connected to nature, religion, or community WORSHIP SPACES • What affects the nature of the space? • Why would a space change over the years? • What elements might be consistent through different faiths? • What elements would be different? • Who determines the shape? PROTOTYPE EXAMPLES Ancient Near East: Ziggurat • ZIGGURAT=Sacred Mountain • 2100 BCE • Mountains were seen as the place where bridge heaven and earth. • Rulers oen received requests and instrucons from gods on where and how to construct ziggurats. • Was a place for the union between mortals and gods. • This was the center of the religious, polical and social in the city • Corners of temple oriented on cardinal compass points (ORIENTATION OFTEN IMPORTANT) 2.9 Plan of the White Temple Nanna ziggurat, Ur –Nammu (southeast Iraq) 2100-2050 BCE ANCIENT GREECE • MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS: Gods had human foibles • GODS (Pantheon) • nature worship evolved into personificaon • Gods assumed human forms • had same aspects as humans • Temples: shrines to protect the statue of the god • Ceremonies outside • Sculpture as defining the funcon • Building conceived as a sculpture., ‘possessing power of sculpture to evoke human response’ • Note placement.
    [Show full text]
  • LATIN F364 Unit 4: Latin Prose * Candidates Answer on the Answer Booklet Tuesday 22 June 2010 OC Morning OCR Supplied Materials: E • 8 Page Answer Booklet
    THIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION ADVANCED GCE CLASSICS: LATIN F364 Unit 4: Latin Prose * Candidates answer on the Answer Booklet Tuesday 22 June 2010 OC Morning OCR Supplied Materials: E • 8 page Answer Booklet / Duration: 2 hours 2 Other Materials Required: 5599 None *F364* * INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • Write your name clearly in capital letters, your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided on the Answer Booklet. • Use black ink. • Read each question carefully and make sure that you know what you have to do before starting your answer. • Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. • Do not write in the bar codes. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • The total number of marks for this paper is 100. • This document consists of 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. © OCR 2010 [A/500/8441] OCR is an exempt Charity DC (LEO) 25599/3 Turn over 2 Answer one question from Section A and one question from Section B. Section A: Prescribed Literature Answer either Question 1 or Question 2. 1 Read both passages and answer the questions. igitur Nero vitare secretos eius congressus, abscedentem in hortos aut Tusculanum vel Antiatem in agrum laudare quod otium capesseret. postremo, ubicumque haberetur, praegravem ratus interficere constituit, hactenus consultans, veneno an ferro vel qua alia vi. 5 placuitque primo venenum. sed inter epulas principis si daretur, referri ad casum non poterat tali iam Britannici exitio; et ministros temptare arduum videbatur mulieris usu scelerum adversus insidias intentae; atque ipsa praesumendo remedia munierat corpus.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Etruscans Romans
    The Etruscans 8th to the 5th century B.C (900/700-500 B.C) Triclinium – formal dining room Interior of the Tomb of the Triclinium, from the Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 480–470 BCE Italy in Etruscan times Important sites: Tarquinia Cerveteri Vulci Villanova Brief History • The Etruscans occupied the region to the north of Rome, in what is today known as Tuscany (Central). • The Romans (still considered a tribe, yet the Empire it would become) were first a subject people of the Etruscans and later their conquerors. • The Etruscan culture was well-developed and advanced but distinctively different from the cultures of the other peoples in the region. This distinctive difference immediately led to the question of “where did the Etruscans originate?” Where did the Etruscans originate? • Some Greeks held that the Etruscans came from Lydia, a kingdom of western Anatolia (or modern day Turkey). • In the 19th c, it was discovered that most of the languages of Europe belonged to one big language family called Indo- European but Etruscan was not one of them. – The Etruscan language is unique in the ancient Greco- Roman world. There are no known parent languages to Etruscan, nor are there any modern descendants. As Romans took control, Latin became the dominant language. – We have no surviving histories or literature in Etruscan. Science vs. Art • The American Journal of Human • Villanovan Culture: 900-700 BC. Genetics reports finding 11 A culture of Northern Italy, they lineages of human mitochondrial were first identified by their DNA in Tuscany that occur in the cemeteries.
    [Show full text]
  • From Seven Hills to Three Continents: the Art of Ancient Rome 753 BCE – According to Legend, Rome Was Founded by Romulus and Remus
    From Seven Hills to Three Continents: The Art of Ancient Rome 753 BCE – According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. According to Virgil, Romulus and Remus were descendants of Aeneas, son of Aphrodite. Capitoline Wolf, from Rome, Italy, ca. 500–480 BCE. Bronze, approx. 2’ 7 1/2” high. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. The Great Empire: The Republic of Rome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvsbfoKgG-8 The Roman Republic (Late 6th – 1st c. BCE) 509 BC- Expulsion of the Etruscan Kings and establishment of the Roman Republic 27 BC – End of the Republic - Augustus Becomes the First Emperor of Rome This formula is referring to the government of the Roman Republic, and was used as an official signature of the government. Senatus Populusque Romanus "The Roman Senate and People“ The Roman constitution was a republic in the modern sense of the word, in that the supreme power rested with the people; and the right to take part in political life was given to all adult male citizens. Although it was thus nominally a democracy in that all laws had to be approved by an assembly of citizens, the republic was in fact organized as an aristocracy or broad based oligarchy, governed by a fairly small group of about fifty noble families. Sculpture Roman with Busts of Ancestors 1st c. BCE-1st c. CE Roman Republican sculpture is noted for its patrician portraits employing a verism (extreme realism) derived from the patrician cult of ancestors and the practice of making likenesses of the deceased from wax death-masks.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/23/2021 03:29:23PM Via Free Access 298 Daniels
    chapter 11 Sacred Exchange: The Religious Institutions of Emporia in the Mediterranean World of the Later Iron Age Megan Daniels Introduction The Mediterranean Iron Age, while it is difficult to pinpoint its exact bound- aries temporarily,1 has as one of its hallmarks the proliferation of long-distance trade networks. The development of these networks led to the movement of peoples overseas to capitalize upon trade opportunities while at the same time establishing more permanent settlements around the Mediterranean. Overall, the Iron Age, particularly between the eighth and sixth centuries bce, is seen as a time of major economic accomplishment in terms of the novel economic structures that were created, allowing for a density of intercommunications supported by regular and frequent movement of goods and people.2 I wish to focus on these novel economic structures in particular in this paper, specifi- cally the institutions that developed out of and in turn spurred such prolific movements. While difficult to reconstruct out of fragmentary evidence, insti- tutions were vital in allowing human beings the means to cooperate with one another and thus to capture the gains made by commercial activities. Corre- spondingly, an investigation of Iron Age institutions is vital for explaining rising standards of living and population growth across the Mediterranean world at this time. 1 The term “Iron Age” lacks fixed boundaries—Near Eastern and Greek archaeologists tend to see it as commencing in the twelfth and eleventh centuries bce, following the collapse of Bronze Age palatial centres and the migration of the so-called Sea Peoples. On the other hand, on Sicily, the Iron Age does not begin until the ninth century, with shifts from chiefdoms to more egalitarian communities, while in North Africa the Iron Age is seen to commence with the founding of Carthage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost Classical Palaimonion Found? 65
    THE LOST CLASSICALPALAIMONION FOUND? (PLATE 18) On SCAR BRONEER'S excavations between 1956 and 1958 at the Isthmian sanctuary revealed the location of the precinct of Palaimon directly to the southwest of the temenos of the Temple of Poseidon in the area of the starting lines of the Earlier Stadium (PI. 18).1 The poorly preserved remains indicate that three sacrificial pits of different dates each surrounded by a peribolos wall are associated with the earliest phases of this precinct.2 A circular monopteros set within a more elaborate peribolos wall represents the final architectural phase.3 Broneer dates these remains between the early 1st century after Christ and the 2nd century or later.4 Despite the apparent lack of archaeological evidence for an earlier pre-Roman cult, Broneer believes that " it would doubtless be wrong to infer from (this) . that no cult of Palaimon had existed at Isthmia prior to the Roman era." 5 This argu- ment is based on the assumptionithat " the hero cult would not have originated at so late a date " and that " mythology ascribes the origin of the worship of Melikertes/ Palaimon to Sisyphos, whose statue was later erected in the Palaimonion." 6 Broneer then postulates that "somewhere in the area of the Earlier Stadium there was prob- ably an earlier cult place, consisting of perhaps only an altar or a minor monument marking the traditional burial place of the boy hero." 7 This " hypothetical but neces- sary " precinct would have survived either physically in some form or, if destroyed by Mummius in 146 B.C., in the memory of the Corinthians until the revival of the sanctuary and the cult of Palaimon at the end of the 1st century B.C.8 1Oscar Broneer, Isthmia, II, Topography and Architecture, Princetoni 1973, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Defensive System of the Late Roman Limes Between Germania Secunda and Britannia
    Corso di Laurea magistrale in Scienze dell’Antichità: Letterature, Storia e Archeologia Tesi di Laurea The defensive system of the late Roman limes between Germania Secunda and Britannia Relatore Dr. Daniela Cottica Laureanda Sofia Turk Matricola 825383 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 Table of content 1. Preface ................................................................................................................... 4 2. Introduction to the late Roman army ...................................................... 10 2.1. The Army of the 3 rd century and the Diocletianic reform ................ 11 2.2. The army after Constantine the Great ..................................................17 2.3. Transformations in late Roman fortification measures .....................22 3. The Lower Rhine frontier and northern Gaul .......................................31 3.1. General overview........................................................................................ 31 3.2 Fortified urban centres or military road posts?....................................39 3.3 Fortifications from Postumus to the end of the century.....................41 3.4 Defensive measures taken by Constantine and his sons .....................48 3.5. Reconstruction of the frontier in the second half of the 4 th century57 4. The coastal defences in south-eastern Britannia .................................63 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................63 4.2. New fortifications under the Gallic
    [Show full text]