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The Architecture of Roman Temples
P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 The Architecture of Roman Temples - The Republic to the Middle Empire John W. Stamper University of Notre Dame iii P1: JzL 052181068XAgg.xml CB751B/Stamper 0 521 81068 X August 28, 2004 17:30 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C John W. Stamper 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typefaces Bembo 11/14 pt., Weiss, Trajan, and Janson System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stamper, John W. The architecture of Roman temples : the republic to the middle empire / John W. Stamper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-81068-x 1. Temples, Roman – Italy – Rome. 2. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome, Italy) 3. Architecture, Roman – Italy – Rome – Influence. 4. Rome (Italy) -
The Janus Arch
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, CAA2010 F. Contreras, M. Farjas and F.J. Melero (eds.) Digital Mediation from Discrete Model to Archaeological Model: the Janus Arch Ippolito, A.1, Borgogni, F.1, Pizzo, A.2 1 Dpto. RADAAr Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Italy 2 Instituto de Arqueologia (CSIC, Junta de Extremadura, Consorcio de Mérida), Spain [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected] Survey operations and the representation of acquired data should today be considered as consolidated. New acquisition methods such as point clouds obtained using 3D laser scanners are also part of today’s scenario. The scope of this paper is to propose a protocol of operations based on extensive previous experience and work to acquire and elaborate data obtained using complex 3D survey. This protocol focuses on illustrating the methods used to turn a numerical model into a system of two-dimensional and three-dimensional models that can help to understand the object in question. The study method is based on joint practical work by architects and archaeologists. The final objective is to create a layout that can satisfy the needs of scholars and researchers working in different disciplinary fields. The case study in this paper is the Arch of Janus in Rome near the Forum Boarium. The paper will illustrate the entire acquisition process and method used to transform the acquired data after the creation of a model. The entire operation was developed in close collaboration between the RADAAr Dept., University of Rome “Sapienza,” Italy and the Istituto de Arqueologia (CSIC, Junta de Extremadura, Consorcio de Mérida), Spain. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
A STUDY of LAETUS in VERGIL‟S AENEID David C
“HOPEFUL JOY”: A STUDY OF LAETUS IN VERGIL‟S AENEID David C. Anderson Wiltshire A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by, James J. O‟Hara Nicholas M. Horsfall Sharon L. James Peter M. Smith Robert G. Babcock i © 2012 David C. Anderson Wiltshire ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT DAVID C. ANDERSON WILTSHIRE: “HOPEFUL JOY”: A STUDY OF LAETUS IN VERGIL‟S AENEID (Under the direction of James J. O‟Hara) In this dissertation I examine Vergil‟s use of laetus (and laetitia, laetor, and inlaetabilis) in the Aeneid; for context, I also present the use of the laet- stem in earlier poets and in the Georgics and Eclogues. The two basic uses of laetus in Latin literature indicate human emotion (“joyful”) and agricultural lushness (“fertile”). I argue that the laetus-emotion in the Aeneid is one of “hopeful joy”: “joy” in that the emotion is vivid, positive, and thrilling, and “hopeful” in that the source of the joy is hope for the future. This hope is usually created by a reversal (or perceived reversal) of fortune; an event (like an omen, victory in battle, etc.) causes an individual with low expectations of success to have high expectations of success. Nevertheless, this hope may be “disaster-prone,” as Lyne argues: this “hopeful joy” often results in disaster. The laetus-emotion is a thrill, a shock of sensation, and it does not refer to long-term “contentment.” In addition, this thrill of sensation is often accompanied by physical excitement: a laetus individual is often loud and jubilant in his physical exultation. -
Art and Religion
ART AND RELIGION: • Works of art inspired by beliefs shape sacred space. (Places that have sacred character) • Works of art inspired by beliefs express things that cannot be seen (Representation of specific gods or deities) • Works of art inspired by beliefs explain and teach (Objects used to Facilitate Worship) • Works of art, inspired by beliefs facilitate communication with the spiritual realm. (Communication with the spiritual, natural or ancestral world) Sacred Places • Sacred places restore a person’s soul • Can be individual or communal • Allow us to feel connected and at peace • Some artists and architects mark sacred places • Places of personal retreat • Communal worship • Connected to nature, religion, or community WORSHIP SPACES • What affects the nature of the space? • Why would a space change over the years? • What elements might be consistent through different faiths? • What elements would be different? • Who determines the shape? PROTOTYPE EXAMPLES Ancient Near East: Ziggurat • ZIGGURAT=Sacred Mountain • 2100 BCE • Mountains were seen as the place where bridge heaven and earth. • Rulers oen received requests and instrucons from gods on where and how to construct ziggurats. • Was a place for the union between mortals and gods. • This was the center of the religious, polical and social in the city • Corners of temple oriented on cardinal compass points (ORIENTATION OFTEN IMPORTANT) 2.9 Plan of the White Temple Nanna ziggurat, Ur –Nammu (southeast Iraq) 2100-2050 BCE ANCIENT GREECE • MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS: Gods had human foibles • GODS (Pantheon) • nature worship evolved into personificaon • Gods assumed human forms • had same aspects as humans • Temples: shrines to protect the statue of the god • Ceremonies outside • Sculpture as defining the funcon • Building conceived as a sculpture., ‘possessing power of sculpture to evoke human response’ • Note placement. -
3. Etruscans Romans
The Etruscans 8th to the 5th century B.C (900/700-500 B.C) Triclinium – formal dining room Interior of the Tomb of the Triclinium, from the Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, Italy, ca. 480–470 BCE Italy in Etruscan times Important sites: Tarquinia Cerveteri Vulci Villanova Brief History • The Etruscans occupied the region to the north of Rome, in what is today known as Tuscany (Central). • The Romans (still considered a tribe, yet the Empire it would become) were first a subject people of the Etruscans and later their conquerors. • The Etruscan culture was well-developed and advanced but distinctively different from the cultures of the other peoples in the region. This distinctive difference immediately led to the question of “where did the Etruscans originate?” Where did the Etruscans originate? • Some Greeks held that the Etruscans came from Lydia, a kingdom of western Anatolia (or modern day Turkey). • In the 19th c, it was discovered that most of the languages of Europe belonged to one big language family called Indo- European but Etruscan was not one of them. – The Etruscan language is unique in the ancient Greco- Roman world. There are no known parent languages to Etruscan, nor are there any modern descendants. As Romans took control, Latin became the dominant language. – We have no surviving histories or literature in Etruscan. Science vs. Art • The American Journal of Human • Villanovan Culture: 900-700 BC. Genetics reports finding 11 A culture of Northern Italy, they lineages of human mitochondrial were first identified by their DNA in Tuscany that occur in the cemeteries. -
From Seven Hills to Three Continents: the Art of Ancient Rome 753 BCE – According to Legend, Rome Was Founded by Romulus and Remus
From Seven Hills to Three Continents: The Art of Ancient Rome 753 BCE – According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. According to Virgil, Romulus and Remus were descendants of Aeneas, son of Aphrodite. Capitoline Wolf, from Rome, Italy, ca. 500–480 BCE. Bronze, approx. 2’ 7 1/2” high. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. The Great Empire: The Republic of Rome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvsbfoKgG-8 The Roman Republic (Late 6th – 1st c. BCE) 509 BC- Expulsion of the Etruscan Kings and establishment of the Roman Republic 27 BC – End of the Republic - Augustus Becomes the First Emperor of Rome This formula is referring to the government of the Roman Republic, and was used as an official signature of the government. Senatus Populusque Romanus "The Roman Senate and People“ The Roman constitution was a republic in the modern sense of the word, in that the supreme power rested with the people; and the right to take part in political life was given to all adult male citizens. Although it was thus nominally a democracy in that all laws had to be approved by an assembly of citizens, the republic was in fact organized as an aristocracy or broad based oligarchy, governed by a fairly small group of about fifty noble families. Sculpture Roman with Busts of Ancestors 1st c. BCE-1st c. CE Roman Republican sculpture is noted for its patrician portraits employing a verism (extreme realism) derived from the patrician cult of ancestors and the practice of making likenesses of the deceased from wax death-masks. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com09/23/2021 03:29:23PM Via Free Access 298 Daniels
chapter 11 Sacred Exchange: The Religious Institutions of Emporia in the Mediterranean World of the Later Iron Age Megan Daniels Introduction The Mediterranean Iron Age, while it is difficult to pinpoint its exact bound- aries temporarily,1 has as one of its hallmarks the proliferation of long-distance trade networks. The development of these networks led to the movement of peoples overseas to capitalize upon trade opportunities while at the same time establishing more permanent settlements around the Mediterranean. Overall, the Iron Age, particularly between the eighth and sixth centuries bce, is seen as a time of major economic accomplishment in terms of the novel economic structures that were created, allowing for a density of intercommunications supported by regular and frequent movement of goods and people.2 I wish to focus on these novel economic structures in particular in this paper, specifi- cally the institutions that developed out of and in turn spurred such prolific movements. While difficult to reconstruct out of fragmentary evidence, insti- tutions were vital in allowing human beings the means to cooperate with one another and thus to capture the gains made by commercial activities. Corre- spondingly, an investigation of Iron Age institutions is vital for explaining rising standards of living and population growth across the Mediterranean world at this time. 1 The term “Iron Age” lacks fixed boundaries—Near Eastern and Greek archaeologists tend to see it as commencing in the twelfth and eleventh centuries bce, following the collapse of Bronze Age palatial centres and the migration of the so-called Sea Peoples. On the other hand, on Sicily, the Iron Age does not begin until the ninth century, with shifts from chiefdoms to more egalitarian communities, while in North Africa the Iron Age is seen to commence with the founding of Carthage. -
The Lost Classical Palaimonion Found? 65
THE LOST CLASSICALPALAIMONION FOUND? (PLATE 18) On SCAR BRONEER'S excavations between 1956 and 1958 at the Isthmian sanctuary revealed the location of the precinct of Palaimon directly to the southwest of the temenos of the Temple of Poseidon in the area of the starting lines of the Earlier Stadium (PI. 18).1 The poorly preserved remains indicate that three sacrificial pits of different dates each surrounded by a peribolos wall are associated with the earliest phases of this precinct.2 A circular monopteros set within a more elaborate peribolos wall represents the final architectural phase.3 Broneer dates these remains between the early 1st century after Christ and the 2nd century or later.4 Despite the apparent lack of archaeological evidence for an earlier pre-Roman cult, Broneer believes that " it would doubtless be wrong to infer from (this) . that no cult of Palaimon had existed at Isthmia prior to the Roman era." 5 This argu- ment is based on the assumptionithat " the hero cult would not have originated at so late a date " and that " mythology ascribes the origin of the worship of Melikertes/ Palaimon to Sisyphos, whose statue was later erected in the Palaimonion." 6 Broneer then postulates that "somewhere in the area of the Earlier Stadium there was prob- ably an earlier cult place, consisting of perhaps only an altar or a minor monument marking the traditional burial place of the boy hero." 7 This " hypothetical but neces- sary " precinct would have survived either physically in some form or, if destroyed by Mummius in 146 B.C., in the memory of the Corinthians until the revival of the sanctuary and the cult of Palaimon at the end of the 1st century B.C.8 1Oscar Broneer, Isthmia, II, Topography and Architecture, Princetoni 1973, pp. -
Bulfinch's Mythology
Bulfinch's Mythology Thomas Bulfinch Bulfinch's Mythology Table of Contents Bulfinch's Mythology..........................................................................................................................................1 Thomas Bulfinch......................................................................................................................................1 PUBLISHERS' PREFACE......................................................................................................................3 AUTHOR'S PREFACE...........................................................................................................................4 STORIES OF GODS AND HEROES..................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................7 CHAPTER II. PROMETHEUS AND PANDORA...............................................................................13 CHAPTER III. APOLLO AND DAPHNEPYRAMUS AND THISBE CEPHALUS AND PROCRIS7 CHAPTER IV. JUNO AND HER RIVALS, IO AND CALLISTODIANA AND ACTAEONLATONA2 AND THE RUSTICS CHAPTER V. PHAETON.....................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER VI. MIDASBAUCIS AND PHILEMON........................................................................31 CHAPTER VII. PROSERPINEGLAUCUS AND SCYLLA............................................................34 -
For a Falcon
New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves CRESCENT BOOKS NEW YORK New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Translated by Richard Aldington and Delano Ames and revised by a panel of editorial advisers from the Larousse Mvthologie Generate edited by Felix Guirand and first published in France by Auge, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, the Librairie Larousse, Paris This 1987 edition published by Crescent Books, distributed by: Crown Publishers, Inc., 225 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10003 Copyright 1959 The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited New edition 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-517-00404-6 Printed in Yugoslavia Scan begun 20 November 2001 Ended (at this point Goddess knows when) LaRousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves Perseus and Medusa With Athene's assistance, the hero has just slain the Gorgon Medusa with a bronze harpe, or curved sword given him by Hermes and now, seated on the back of Pegasus who has just sprung from her bleeding neck and holding her decapitated head in his right hand, he turns watch her two sisters who are persuing him in fury. Beneath him kneels the headless body of the Gorgon with her arms and golden wings outstretched. From her neck emerges Chrysor, father of the monster Geryon. Perseus later presented the Gorgon's head to Athene who placed it on Her shield. -
The Religion of Ancient Rome
The Religion Of Ancient Rome By Cyril Bailey THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT ROME CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION—SOURCES AND SCOPE The conditions of our knowledge of the native religion of early Rome may perhaps be best illustrated by a parallel from Roman archæology. The visitor to the Roman Forum at the present day, if he wishes to reconstruct in imagination the Forum of the early Republic, must not merely 'think away' many strata of later buildings, but, we are told, must picture to himself a totally different orientation of the whole: the upper layer of remains, which he sees before him, is for his purpose in most cases not merely useless, but positively misleading. In the same way, if we wish to form a picture of the genuine Roman religion, we cannot find it immediately in classical literature; we must banish from our minds all that is due to the contact with the East and Egypt, and even with the other races of Italy, and we must imagine, so to speak, a totally different mental orientation before the great influx of Greek literature and Greek thought, which gave an entirely new turn to Roman ideas in general, and in particular revolutionised religion by the introduction of anthropomorphic notions and sensuous representations. But in this difficult search we are not left without indications to guide us. In the writings of the savants of the late Republic and of the Empire, and in the Augustan poets, biassed though they are in their interpretations by Greek tendencies, there is embodied a great wealth of ancient custom and ritual, which becomes significant when we have once got the clue to its meaning.