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Evaluation of a Solar Power Plant at Longyearbyen

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Evaluation of a Solar Power Plant at Longyearbyen Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Physics and Technology Evaluation of a Solar Power Plant at Longyearbyen Thomas Oxlund Enoksen EOM-3901 Master’s Thesis in Energy, Climate and Environment June 2020 "If you do not believe you can do it you have no chance at all." - Ars`eneWenger Abstract The world face one of the greatest challenges of all time, changing the econ- omy in a direction where higher resource productivity and lower greenhouse gas emissions are the main focus. The most prominent solution to reduce green house gases is a greater utilisation of renewable energy sources. With a rapid technological advancement, solar energy is now one of the least expen- sive forms of power in two thirds of the world (Olson, 2019). The main aim of the thesis is to find the solar energy potential at Spitsbergen in Norway, by creating a model of a solar plant at Longyearbyen in PVsyst and simulate it. The model is a replica of the solar plant at Svalbard Airport. If the simulations of the plant are accurate with the power yield of the solar plant, the model in PVsyst is confirmed. The model can be used for finding areas of improvement on the plant, and quantify these areas. Further, to find the best use of solar energy in the Arctic, simulations of an optimal generic 10 kW system for standard and bifacial modules with meteorological data from Longyearbyen are run. A similar model is run with meteorological data in Munich to see how the results compare with locations in another climate. This part of the study also includes data from solar modules at the Univer- sity of Tromsø for comparison. The results from simulations of the model show a higher total power pro- duction than the power yielded from the Airport in 2019 of 9,6%, with mul- tiple areas for improvements on the plant, e. g|oversized inverters and snow cover. Results from simulations of the generic 10 kW system show that the benefits of bifacial modules are more prominent in an Arctic climate than in Munich. III Acknowledgements First, i would like to thank my supervisor Tobias Bostr¨omfor the guidance and help during this project. I would also like to thank my contact person in Longyearbyen Carl Einar Ianssen for allowing me to work with the project and the contributing of information and answers during the project. Thanks to my parents for the unlimited support throughout the studies, i would not have been able to finished my grade without your help. Finally, with a special shoutout to barista boyz and my roommates in kveld- solvegen, i would like to thank my wonderful friends for making my life as a student something I will treasure forever. V Contents Abstract III Acknowledgements V List of Figures X List of Tables XII Nomenclature XIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . .1 1.2 Idea and aim of Thesis . .2 1.3 Structure of thesis . .2 2 Theoretical background 5 2.1 Solar energy . .5 2.2 Atmospheric effects . .7 2.2.1 Air Mass . .8 2.2.2 Standardisation of Solar Irradiation . .9 2.3 Declination and Elevation Angle . .9 2.4 Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface . 10 2.5 Albedo . 11 2.6 Photovoltaics . 11 2.6.1 Bifacial modules . 12 2.6.2 Temperatures Effect on Efficiency . 13 2.6.3 Performance ratio . 13 2.7 Inverter . 13 3 Method 15 3.1 Svalbard Airport power plant . 15 3.1.1 Surroundings . 15 3.1.2 Solar power plant . 15 3.1.3 SPR-E20-327 . 16 3.1.4 JKM265P . 16 3.1.5 Inverters . 16 3.2 PVsyst 7.0 . 17 VII 3.3 Modelling in PVsyst . 17 3.3.1 Implementing meteorological data . 17 3.3.2 Defining orientation . 19 3.3.3 Defining horizon . 20 3.3.4 System configuration . 21 3.3.5 Terminal and tower system . 22 3.3.6 Hangar system . 23 3.4 Sensitive parameters in simulation . 24 3.5 Generic 10kW systems . 25 3.5.1 Standard 10 kW system, Longyearbyen . 25 3.5.2 Bifacial 10 kW system, Longyearbyen . 25 3.5.3 Solar modules at UiT . 28 3.5.4 Generic 10 kW system in Munich . 29 3.5.5 LG400N2T-J5 bifacial solar panel . 29 4 Results and discussion 31 4.1 Solar-numbers at Longyearbyen . 31 4.2 Shading at Svalbard Airport . 31 4.3 Parameter sensitivity analysis . 32 4.3.1 Temperature . 32 4.3.2 Cell efficiency based on Meteo data and 2019 temperature 33 4.3.3 GHI at Longyearbyen . 34 4.3.4 Albedo . 36 4.3.5 Inverter . 37 4.3.6 Snow cover . 38 4.4 First simulation . 38 4.4.1 Results simulation one . 38 4.4.2 GHI and power output . 39 4.4.3 Temperature and cell efficiency . 39 4.4.4 PR sim 1 . 40 4.5 Second simulation, using local weather data . 40 4.5.1 Results simulation two . 40 4.5.2 PR sim 2 . 42 4.6 Third simulation, adjusted albedo . 42 4.6.1 Results from simulation three . 43 4.6.2 PR sim 3 . 45 4.7 Fourth simulation, assessing inverter influence . 46 4.7.1 Results for fourth simulation . 46 VIII 4.8 Fifth simulation, assessing snow cover . 46 4.8.1 Results from fifth simulation . 47 4.9 Total impact of oversized inverters and snow cover . 48 4.10 Summary of model . 49 4.11 Study of generic 10kW system, Longyearbyen . 50 4.11.1 Results for 10kW standard monofacial module model, SN orientation . 51 4.11.2 Results for generic 10kW bifacial model, SN orientation 52 4.11.3 Results for generic 10 kW bifacial model, 45° orientation 52 4.11.4 Results for generic 10 kW bifacial model, EW orientation 53 4.11.5 Summary of generic 10 kW systems . 53 4.12 Comparison of solar module systems . 54 4.12.1 Results from solar modules UiT . 54 4.12.2 Results from generic 10 kW mono- and bi-facial system in Munich . 55 4.12.3 Evaluation of yield between locations . 56 5 Final discussion and conclusion 59 5.1 Limitations and uncertainties . 59 5.1.1 Atmospheric effects and quality of GHI data from UNIS 59 5.2 Summary . 61 5.3 Further work . 62 6 Appendices 66 6.1 A.................................. 66 IX List of Figures 1 The spectral irradiance of an artificial light-source compared to the spectral irradiance of the sun (Honsberg and Bowden, 2019). .6 2 Solar irradiation at top of atmosphere (red), and Earth's sur- face (Honsberg and Bowden, 2019). .7 3 Effect of Air Mass (Honsberg and Bowden, 2019). .8 4 Solar irradiation on a tilted surface. Green line = Smodule, red line = Sincident, burgundy line = Shorizontal (Honsberg and Bowden, 2019). 11 5 Average cost of energy in North America (Berke, 2018). 12 6 Meteo file used in the first simulation. 18 7 Orientations defined for solar modules on terminal and tower model. 19 8 Map of Svalbard Airport and Plat˚afjellet(Kartverket, 2020). 20 9 Horizon implemented in PVsyst. 21 10 Overview over the sub-arrays made for modules on terminal and tower building. 22 11 Overview of sub-arrays for modules on hangar building. 24 12 Overview over model made for the generic 10 kW system. 27 13 Orientation of bifacial modules to remove shading effects. 28 14 Solar energy system at UiT, campus Tromsø. 29 15 Plot of the southward solar horizon at Svalbard Airport caused by Plat˚afjellet. 31 16 Synthetically generated monthly meteorological data. 32 17 2019 average monthly temperatures at Svalbard Airport (Yr, 2020). 33 18 Monthly and total incoming GHI for Longyearbyen 2019 and PVsyst simulation. 35 19 Average GHI compared to GHI in 2019 at Longyearbyen. 36 20 Albedo numbers used in simulation 1. 37 21 Relation between monthly produced energy and global irradi- ance for the power plant and simulation. 39 22 To the left is PR for the hangar system, and to the right is PR for the terminal system in simulation one. 40 23 Monthly power production in simulation and Airport 2019 with meteorological data from Longyearbyen. 41 X 24 To the left is PR for the hangar system, and to the right is PR for the terminal system in simulation two. 42 25 Adjusted albedo values for simulation 3. 43 26 Monthly power production in simulation and airport 2019 with adjusted albedo. 44 27 To the left is PR for the hangar system, and to the right is PR for the terminal system in simulation two. 45 28 Monthly power production in simulation and airport 2019 ad- justed inverter power. 47 29 Monthly power production in simulation and airport 2019, 32 roof mounted and 24 wall mounted SPR-E20-327 modules. 48 30 Modules on hangar. 49 31 Energy yield in kWh per year per kW installed. 54 32 Clearness index for data points from weather station at Longyear- byen ................................ 60 XI List of Tables 1 Monthly average module efficiencies. 34 2 Solar energy power production in second simulation compared to power production in 2019 for Svalbard Airport. 38 3 Solar energy power production in second simulation compared to power production in 2019 for Svalbard Airport. 41 4 Solar energy power production in third simulation compared to power production in 2019 for Svalbard Airport. 43 5 Difference in monthly values between simulation and real life production of energy in simulation three. 45 6 Power production in fourth simulation for modules with over- sized inverters. 46 7 Power production in fifth simulation for modules prone to snow cover.
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