食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57 和果同尼皂苷F 的研究进展advances in Research on Appetite-Suppressant Pregnane Sapon

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食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57 和果同尼皂苷F 的研究进展advances in Research on Appetite-Suppressant Pregnane Sapon 535 545 PROGRESS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020,44 (7):535-545 535 食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷 P57 和果同尼皂苷 F 的研究进展 李国龙,李微 * (中国药科大学药学院药物化学系,江苏 南京 211198) [摘要] P57 和果同尼皂苷 F 是从南非火地亚仙人掌中分离得到的孕甾皂苷类化合物,具有抑制食欲的活性。主要针对 P57 和果同尼 皂苷 F 的化学合成、生物活性和作用机制研究进行综述,旨在为相关的健康产品和药物研发提供参考。 [ 关键词 ] 火地亚;肥胖治疗;食欲抑制剂;P57;果同尼皂苷 F [ 中图分类号 ] R914.5 [ 文献标志码 ] A [ 文章编号 ] 1001-5094(2020)07-0535-11 Advances in Research on Appetite-suppressant Pregnane Saponins P57 and Gordonoside F LI Guolong, LI Wei ( Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China ) [Abstract] P57 and Gordonoside F are pregnane saponins isolated from a South African cactus-like Hoodia gordonii with appetite- suppressive activity. This article reviews the advances in research on the chemical synthesis, biological activities and action mechanisms of P57 and Gordonoside F, so as to provide some reference for the development of relevant health products and drugs. [Key words] Hoodia gordonii; treatment of obesity; appetite suppressant; P57; Gordonoside F 肥胖是威胁人类健康的危险因素之一,可引 制的活性成分。果同尼皂苷 F 与 P57 结构类似,具 起糖尿病、心血管疾病及血脂异常等多种严重的疾 有相同的苷元 hoodigogenin A(3)和相似的磁麻糖 病。进入 21 世纪以来,随着世界上超重和肥胖人 (cymarose)糖链,区别仅在于磁麻糖个数和末端 口比例的不断攀升,肥胖的预防、控制和治疗已经 糖基的不同。但令人感到意外的是,果同尼皂苷 F 成为各国医疗健康的研究重点。除了通过日常饮食 作用的靶蛋白却与 P57 不同,提示火地亚食欲抑制 控制和加强运动外,口服食欲抑制剂等减肥产品或 活性存在着多种不同的机制 [13]。由于火地亚中的皂 药物也是控制体质量的有效途径。火地亚(Hoodia 苷种类繁多,且在植物体内含量过低,依靠天然提 gordonii)是一类生长在非洲南部沙漠地区的仙人掌 取来进行分离纯化十分困难。为了明确火地亚仙人 类植物,作为一种天然的食欲抑制剂被当地土著在 掌中皂苷类食欲抑制成分,以求得到相应的药物先 漫长的狩猎过程中食用已有上千年历史 [1],其功效 导化合物,人们对 P57 和果同尼皂苷 F 进行了相关 和安全性都有所保障。实际上,火地亚提取物曾是 的化学合成,以及开展了生物活性和作用机制方面 风靡西方国家的减肥药,被认为能够用于治疗超重、 的研究。本文就上述研究进展进行综述。 肥胖等相关疾病 [2-6]。然而火地亚的产量不足与成分 过于复杂等因素,限制了相关产品开发的后续进展。 1 P57 的合成研究 研究表明,孕甾烷型皂苷是火地亚提取物的主要成 1.1 Van Heerden 等利用氟代糖给体合成 P57 分 [7-12],而其中的孕甾皂苷 P57(1)则被认为是抑 P57 的苷元 hoodigogenin A 具有少见的 C/D 环 制食欲的有效成份,作为候选药物被研究多年 [1,3,7]。 顺式结构,在 12 位和 14 位都连有 β-OH,且 12-OH 2014 年,Zhang 等 [13] 报道指出,从火地亚中分离得 被惕格酰基所衍生化;而其糖链由 2 个酸敏感的 到的果同尼皂苷(gordonoside)F(2)也是食欲抑 高脱氧糖磁麻糖(cymarose)与 1 个黄夹竹桃糖 (thevetose)通过非热力学稳定的 β-(1 → 4)-糖苷键 接受日期:2020-03-27 *通讯作者:李微,特聘研究员; 连接而成,合成有很大难度。类似的糖链结构在多 研究方向:以糖类化合物为先导的小分子创新药物研究与开发; 种天然药物或活性化合物中都能找到,例如地高辛、 E-mail:[email protected] 洋地黄毒苷和杠柳苷 periploside A 等。 2020年7月 第44卷 第7期 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2020 Vol. 44 No. 7 536 李国龙,等:食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57和果同尼皂苷F的研究进展 黄夹竹桃糖 磁麻糖 1 齐墩果糖 磁麻糖 2 3 1998 年,Van Heerden 等 [3] 在一篇专利上报道 将 14、15 位的双键氧化成 β 构型的环氧,然后经四 了 P57 的合成研究(见图 1)。他们首先通过微生 氢铝锂区域选择性开环,以达到在 14 位引入 β-OH 物发酵的方法,利用链霉菌 Alonectria decora(ATCC 的目的。然而,在接下来用盐酸脱除 20 位缩酮保护 14767)在黄体酮(4)上引入 12β-OH 和 15α-OH, 基的时候,Van Heerden 等发现 17 位乙酰基的构型 得到关键中间体双羟基黄体酮(5)。在经 2 步反 发生了异构化,只能以约 15% 的产率得到目标产物 应消除 15-OH 而得到 Δ14, 15 -黄体酮(6)后,他们 10。尽管甾体 10 的 14-OH 和 12-OH 的大位阻使 利用乙酰氯和乙酸酐反应体系,成功地将 3 位酮羰 得选择性对 3-OH 进行糖苷化成为可能,然而 Van 基烯醇化,从而构建出 5、6 位双键,随后用乙二醇 Heerden 等利用氟代糖给体 11 与甾体 10 进行氯化 保护所得双乙酰化底物的 20 位酮羰基,以 53% 的 亚锡催化的糖苷化时,却只能以 15% 的产率得到所 产率得到甾体 7。接下来,使用硼氢化钠还原甾体 需的糖苷 12。再经过苷元 12-OH 的惕格酰化和磁 7 上的 3 位烯酯成醇,再与对甲苯磺酰氯反应得到 麻糖 4-O-苯甲酰基的脱除得到化合物 13 后,他们 甾体 8。以甾体 8 为底物,利用乙酸钾试剂构建了 将其与二糖给体 14 进行糖苷化,后续脱除保护基 三元环保护结构,接着利用四氢铝锂脱去乙酰基, 得到 P57。这些后期步骤的具体实验条件和相应的 得到二醇甾体 9。随后,使用 N-溴代乙酰胺和吡啶 产率在专利中并未被明确报道。 1. 对甲苯磺酰氯, 1. 乙酰氯,乙酸酐, 回流, Calonectria decora 吡啶,0℃,92% 93% ATCC 14767,45% 2. 2,4,6-三甲 2. 乙二醇, 基吡啶, 对甲苯磺酸, 150℃,78% 苯,53% 4 5 6 7 1. N-溴代乙酰胺,丙 1. 硼氢化钠,乙醇, 1. 乙酸钾,丙酮 / 水, 酮/水,乙酸,0℃ 0℃,83% 60℃,61% 2. 吡啶,51% 四氢铝锂,四氢呋 2. 对甲苯磺酰氯, 2. 四氢铝锂, 3. 喃,回流, 吡啶,0℃,84% 四氢呋喃,0℃,83% 53% 4. 丙酮,1 mol · L-1 盐酸,15% 8 9 10 11 1. 惕格酰氯,吡啶 2. 甲醇钠,甲醇 氯化亚锡, 14 分子筛, 1 乙醚, 12 - 15℃,15% 13 图 1 Van Heerden 等报道的 P57 合成路线 Figure 1 Synthetic route of P57 reported by Van Heerden et al Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2020 Vol. 44 No. 7 2020年7月 第44卷 第7期 李国龙,等:食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57和果同尼皂苷F的研究进展 537 1.2 Miesch 课题组合成苷元 hoodigogenin 得到甾体 18。接着他们先利用硼氢化钠还原得到 3α- 2011 年,Miesch 课题组的Geoffroy 等 [14] 以孕 OH,然后再用氢氧化钾水解 12 位乙酰基得到甾体二 甾烷衍生物 15 为原料,经 11 步以 0.04% 的收率得 醇 19。利用 3β-OH 与 12α-OH 的位阻差异,Geoffroy 到了 P57 的苷元(见图 2)。首先,选择性脱去甾体 等首先成功地用乙酰基选择性地保护了 3β-OH,然后 15 的 3 位乙酰基,然后经氧化得到二酮 16。接下 用戴斯-马丁试剂将裸露的 12α-OH 氧化成羰基。以 来,使用溴/乙酸条件在 4 位引入溴后,所得溴化物 所得到的甾体 20 为底物,课题组借助 Norrish Type 在氯化锂作用下可以转化成 α,β-不饱和酮 17。利用 I-Prins 反应在 14 位引入 β-OH 而得到甾体 21,遗憾 与 Van Heerden 等类似的策略,Geoffroy 等在成功地 的是此关键步骤副产物较多,产率只有 25%。最后 将 3 位酮羰基烯醇化以构建出 5、6 位双键后,选择 在 12 位引入惕格酰基并用较为温和的碳酸钾脱除 3 用乙二醇保护所得双乙酰底物的 20 位酮羰基,从而 位乙酰基后,即可得到苷元 hoodigogenin A。 1. 碳酸钾,甲醇, 1. 乙酰氯,乙酸酐, 25 ℃,83% 1. 溴/乙酸,25 ℃ 回流,85% 2. 三氧化铬,丙酮, 2. 氯化锂,DMF, 2. 乙二醇,甲苯, 25 ℃,定量产率 回流,67% 回流 15 16 17 1. 乙酸酐,吡啶, 1. 硼氢化钠,甲醇/ DMAP,二氯甲烷, 四氢呋喃 25 ℃,80% 1. 光照,二氯甲烷,rt 2. 氢氧化钾,甲醇, 2. 戴斯-马丁试 2. 乙酸,水,三乙胺, 回流,60% 剂,二氯甲烷, 四氢呋喃,25% rt,99% 18 19 20 1. 惕格酰氯,吡啶, DMAP,二氯甲烷, 回流,80% 2. 碳酸钾,甲醇, 25 ℃,69% 21 3 DMF:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;DMAP:4-二甲氨基吡啶;rt:室温 图 2 Geoffroy 等报道的 hoodigogenin A 合成路线 Figure 2 Synthetic route of hoodigogenin A reported by Geoffroy et al 1.3 俞飚课题组基于金催化的糖苷化策略合成 P57 22和23都可以从商业易得的原料葡萄糖转化而得, 2012 年,俞飚课题组的 Zhang 等 [15] 利用金催 而苷元 3 则可以由洋地黄毒苷(25)获得。现就上 化的糖基邻己炔基苯甲酸酯给体糖苷化方法完成了 述工作进行详细介绍。 P57 的化学合成。常规的糖苷化反应多使用强酸性 1.3.1 苷元 hoodigogenin A 的合成 从 Van Heerden 催化剂,并且伴随着亲核性副产物生成,导致反应 和 Geoffroy 等的工作中可以发现,对苷元 14β-OH 效率不高,底物耐受性不好。而以一价金复合物为 的引入存在着步骤过长或者产率不佳等缺点,因此 催化剂的糖苷化反应具有条件中性温和、无亲核物 Zhang 等选择具有 12α,14β-OH 结构的洋地黄毒苷 种、产率高、实用性广等优点 [16-22]。按照图 3 所示 (25)为原料来进行苷元 hoodigogenin A 的合成。 的逆合成分析,鉴于 P57 的糖苷键构建的难度,该 如图 4 所示,他们依次通过选择性乙酰化、糖链酸 课题组将 P57 逆向断裂成糖苷 22 和二糖邻己炔基 解和叔丁基二苯基硅基(TBDPS)保护反应得到甾 苯甲酸酯给体 23。其中糖苷 22 可进一步逆向断裂 体 26,随后用臭氧裂解和锌粉/乙酸还原得到所期 成苷元 3 和单糖邻己炔基苯甲酸酯给体 24,给体 望的甲基酮 27 [23]。在完成 20 位羰基的保护和 3 位 2020年7月 第44卷 第7期 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2020 Vol. 44 No. 7 538 李国龙,等:食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57和果同尼皂苷F的研究进展 羟基的去保护以及氧化后,课题组利用双(三甲基 助四氢铝锂还原烯醇,得到具有 Δ5,6-3β-OH 结构的 硅基)胺基锂/三甲基氯硅烷/三乙胺条件,将底物 产物 30。值得注意的是,这个过程中的烯醇中间体 28 的 3 位羰基烯醇化,然后通过乙酸钯氧化成功地 对氧气极为敏感,因此反应需要在无氧环境中才能 以 2 步 79% 的产率完成了 4、5 位双键的引入。所 顺利进行。课题组通过 3β-OH 的选择性保护、惕格 得产物 29 可以在叔丁醇钾存在的条件下再次发生 酸与 12β-OH 的酯化反应得到 31,最后脱除相关保 烯醇化,促使双键迁移到需要的 5、6 位,然后再借 护基,合成得到了苷元 hoodigogenin A。 1 22 23 葡萄糖 25 3 24 nBu:正丁基 图 3 Zhang 等对 P57 的逆合成分析 Figure 3 Retro-synthetic plan for P57 by Zhang et al 1. 臭氧,二氯甲烷, - 60℃ 2. 锌粉,乙酸, 70℃,71% 25 26 27 1. 双(三甲基硅基)胺 基锂,三甲基氯硅烷,三 叔丁醇钾,二甲 乙胺,四氢呋喃,- 78℃ 1. 1. 三异丙基氯硅烷, 基亚砜,rt 咪唑,DMF,rt 2. 乙酸钯,乙腈, 四氢铝锂, rt,79% 2. 2. 惕格酸,山口试 四氢呋喃, 剂,DMAP,甲苯, rt,56% ~ 71% - 60℃,80% 28 29 30 31 3 图 4 Zhang 等报道的 hoodigogenin A 合成路线 Figure 4 Synthetic route of hoodigogenin A reported by Zhang et al Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2020 Vol. 44 No. 7 2020年7月 第44卷 第7期 李国龙,等:食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57和果同尼皂苷F的研究进展 539 1.3.2 糖基邻己炔基苯甲酸酯给体的合成 糖基给体 后将 4 位羟基乙酰化,然后在 80% 乙酸、加热的条 24 的合成是以 α-D-葡萄糖甲苷(32)作为原料进 件下,水解甲苷得到相应的半缩醛 34,最后与邻己 行的 [15]。经过多步反应得到磁麻糖甲苷(33)。随 炔基苯甲酸缩合成酯得到给体 24(见图 5)。 邻已炔基苯甲酸, 1. 乙酸酐,吡啶, DMAP,EDCI,DIPEA, rt,87% 二氯甲烷,rt,70% 2. 80% 乙酸,100℃ 32 33 34 24 EDCI:1-乙基 -(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐;DIPEA:N,N-二异丙基乙胺 图 5 磁麻糖邻己炔基苯甲酸酯给体的合成 Figure 5 Synthesis of cymarosyl o -hexynylbenzoate donor 在二糖给体 23 的合成方面,Zhang 等 [15] 以双 苯甲酸酯给体 38 应用于此糖苷化时,在室温下用三 丙酮-D-葡萄糖(35)作为原料。如图 6 所示,多 苯基膦金(Ⅰ)三氟甲磺酸盐(Ph3PAuOTf)进行 步反应后得到半缩醛 36。随后通过相应的条件, 催化,产物 39 也同样发生了异构化。但是此条件 分别制得了 Schmidt 给体(37)和邻己炔基苯甲酸 更为温和,所以导致的异构化程度明显小于 Schmidt 酯给体(38)。然后,他们将 Schmidt 给体与 α-D- 给体,所得到的 α-构型比 β-构型更多,产率也有一 磁麻糖甲苷在三氟甲磺酸三甲基硅酯(TMSOTf) 定提升。接下来,课题组将苯甲酰基替换为乙酰基, 催化下进行糖苷化反应,以 85% 的总产率生成二糖 以确保在合成的最后能选择性脱除而不影响 12 位的 39。尽管此反应是在- 40 ℃的低温下进行,却能够 惕格酸酯。随后水解甲苷 40,并与邻己炔基苯甲酸 观察到产物 39 的异头位甲氧基有显著的异构化现 反应得到相应的二糖给体 23(见图 7)。 象,所得到的 β-构型比 α-构型更多。而将邻己炔基 三氯乙腈,DBU,二氯甲烷, , rt 98% 37 邻己炔基苯甲酸,DMAP, EDCI,DIPEA, 二氯甲烷,rt,80% 35 36 38 DBU:1,8-二氮杂二环十一碳-7-烯 图 6 黄夹竹桃糖给体的合成 Figure 6 Synthesis of thevetosyl donor 37,TMSOTf,二氯甲烷,- 40℃, 1. 四氢铝锂, 39α:35%,39β:50% 四氢呋喃,rt 38,Ph3PAuOTf, 二氯甲烷,rt, 2. 乙酸酐,吡啶, 39α:69%,39β:22% rt,90% 33 39 1. 乙酸,水,50℃ 2. DMAP,EDCI,DIPEA, 二氯甲烷,rt,85% 40 23 图 7 二糖给体 23 的合成 Figure 7 Synthesis of disaccharide donor 23 1.3.3 通过金催化糖苷化合成 P57 由于磁麻糖缺失 2 体的金催化糖苷化,由于在反应过程中存在一种相对 位羟基,因此无法利用经典的邻基参与来控制 P57 稳定的 α-构型中间体 41(见图 8),因此有可能通过 [24-26] 分子中糖苷键的 β-构型。以邻己炔基苯甲酸酯为给 类 SN2 反应接受受体的进攻而表现出 β-选择性 。 2020年7月 第44卷 第7期 Prog Pharm Sci Jul. 2020 Vol. 44 No. 7 540 李国龙,等:食欲抑制剂孕甾皂苷P57和果同尼皂苷F的研究进展 如图 9 所示,Zhang 等以 Ph3PAuOTf 为催化剂,二 效脱除糖苷 42 非还原端的乙酰基,所得醇 22 再与 氯甲烷为溶剂,发现在室温下 hoodigogenin A 与邻 二糖给体 23 在 Ph3PAuOTf 促进下完成糖苷化。遗 己炔基苯甲酸酯给体(24)的糖苷化的确表现出了 憾的是此处并未表现出明显的 β-选择性,所得产物 良好的 β-选择性,所得产物的 β-构型 /α-构型为 3.5∶1, 的 β-构型 /α-构型为 1∶1。最后他们选择性脱除了 以 58% 的产率得到糖苷 42。随后用弱碱碳酸钠有 43β 的乙酰保护基制得糖苷 P57。 SN2 反应 ROH β-构型产物 α-构型中间体 41 图 8 具有 β- 选择性的金催化糖苷化路径 Figure 8 Route of gold-catalyzed glycosylation with β-selectivity Ph3PAuOTf,二 氯 甲烷, 碳酸钠,甲醇, 分子筛,rt,75% rt,90% 3 24 42 23,Ph3PAuOTf, 氢氧化钾, 甲苯,分子筛, 甲醇,苯, - 40℃,70% rt,90% 1 22 43β 图 9 通过金催化糖苷化合成 P57 Figure 9 Synthesis of P57 by gold-catalyzed glycosylation 1.3.4 通过三糖糖烯合成 P57 尽管上述路线利用金 己炔基苯甲酸酯给体 38 反应,生成三糖 48。接下 催化糖苷化策略通过 20 步反应合成了 P57,但在最 来,该课题组使用温和的吡啶甲酸银试剂脱去异头 后的糖苷化中并没有表现出 β-选择性,在很大程度 位的对甲氧基酚(MP)保护基,然后通过三氟甲磺 上影响了合成效率。2018 年,Liu 等 [27] 报道了利用 酸酐/N,N-二异丙基乙胺条件(iPrNEt)消除异头位 三苯基膦氢溴酸盐(TPHB)催化糖烯给体合成 P57 羟基,得到三糖糖烯给体 49。在关键的糖链与苷元 的方法,在最后的糖苷化中表现出了令人满意的 β- hoodigogenin A 的拼接上,他们使用 TPHB 在室温 选择性(β-构型 /α-构型 = 6∶1)。如图 10 所示,给 下反应 18 h,以 70% 的总得率和较高的立体选择性 体 44 上的 2 个大位阻 TBDPS 能够有效屏蔽糖环的 (β-构型 /α-构型 = 6∶1)完成骨架拼接。最后选择 α 面,从而以高 β-选择性和高产率完成二糖 45 的制 性脱除 50β 乙酰基,再次完成了 P57 的合成。 备 [28-30]。通过二丁基氧化锡对二糖 45 的 4'-位平伏 羟基进行苄基保护,所得化合物 46 可以通过几步 2 果同尼皂苷 F 的合成研究 反应转化成磁麻二糖 47,随后在三苯基膦金双三氟 果同尼皂苷 F 也是从火地亚中分离出的一种 [8] 甲磺酰亚胺(PPh3AuNTf2)催化下与黄夹竹桃糖邻 四糖皂苷 ,与 P57 有着相同的苷元 hoodigogenin Prog Pharm Sci Jul.
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