Globalization of Chinese Munitions Enterprises' Car
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GLOBALIZATION OF CHINESE MUNITIONS ENTERPRISES’ CAR PRODUCTION Jin CHEN, Takahiro FUJIMOTO, Chunli LEE This paper undertakes a practical analysis on the Chinese munitions enterprises’ advance to the car production, their formation of the development strategies and the globalization process with foreign-ventured enterprises in order to formulate their mass production system. Along with the end of the cold war, the Chinese munitions enterprises began to transfer to the production of civilian goods. Automobile industry became the primary participation circle to each munitions enterprise. The most successful cases are Chang’an Automobile (Group) Liability Co., Ltd.(Chang’an Auto) to which Armament Industry Corporation(Armament Co.) affiliates, Changhe Aircraft Industry Co. and Harbin Aviation & Automobile Manufacture Corporation Ltd. to which Aviation Industry General Corporation affiliate. Their auto production were ranked the top forth, seventh and ninth in 1999(Table 1). Table 1. - Auto Production of Top Ten Manufacturers in the Chinese Automobile Industry (Year 1997-1999) (units) Manufacturer 1997 1998 1999 FAW 268,868 289,503 334,931 SAIC 232,074 236,411 230,946 TAIC 158,298 155,302 128,786 DMG 142,591 155,042 205,770 Chang’an Auto 113,899 110,999 171,012 Beijing Auto 105,657 81,759 121,308 Liuzhou Mini 90,008 102,088 81,018 Nanjing Auto 73,788 69,062 71,446 Changhe Aircraft 70,118 100,031 90,079 Harbin Airplane 50,018 58,322 86,017 Total, units 1,582,628 1,627,829 1,830,323 Resource: China Automotive Industry Yearbook 1998, P.76,113, China Automotive Industry Yearbook 1999, P.271,313,508,509. CHINA AUTO, Jan.2000.P.15.. 2 The five munitions makers, i.e. Chang’an Automobile Corporation, Xi’an Qinhe Automobile Works, Jilin Jiangbei Manufacturer, Jiangnan Automobile Works to which Armament Industry Corporation affiliate and Guizhou Aircraft to which Aviation Industry General Corporation affiliates, shifted to car production with the production technique introduction from Japan. Among these five makers, the Chang’an Auto introduced technique from Suzuki in 1990. The market share of Chang’an Auto was rapidly increasing along with its successful parts localization. Its car production in 1999 was ranked the top forth following Shanghai Automobile Industry Corporation_(SAIC), Tianjin Automobile Industry Corporation(TAIC) and the First Automobile Works(FAW) (Table 2). Table 2.- Production of Chinese Car Makers(Year 1997~99) (units) Maker 1997 1998 1999 SAIC 230,443 235,000 254,236 TAIC 95,155 100,021 101,828 FAW 68,391 81,837 97,195 DMG 30,035 36,240 40,200 Chang’an Auto 28,861 35,555 44,583 Beijing Auto 19,377 8,344 9,294 Xian Qinchuan Auto 4,010 5,005 5,306 Guizhou Aircraft 1,660 1,064 1,529 Guangzhou Auto 1,557 2,590 10,008 Jilin Jiangbei 1,234 518 500 Manufacturer Jiangnan Auto 1,050 1,012 480 Total, units 487,695 507,861 565,366 Resource: China Automotive Industry Yearbook 1998, P.336,_337, China Automotive Industry Yearbook 1999, P.154,509. CHINA AUTO, Jan.2000.12,_P.14. Note: The units of _SAIC in 1999 includes the total units of Shanghai-VW and Shanghai-GM. The units of FAW include the total units of FAW Group Corp. and FA-VW Automotive Co.. The units _of Chang’an Auto includes the units of Chang’an Suzuki as well. The units of Guangzhou Auto includes the total production of Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Co. in 1997, 2,246 units of Guangzhou Peugeot and 344 units of Guangzhou Honda in 1998 and the production of Guangzhou Honda in 1999. The background conditions and organization structure of munitions enterprises are quite different with civilian enterprises in their advance to car production. Different with civilian enterprises, the car production of successful munitions enterprises almost started from zero and rapidly increased within short duration._Their development are close related with the development strategy to China of the global enterprises in the Chinese automobile market. This paper will analyze on the development history of the munitions enterprises and their globalization development based on the actual conditions. Therefore, the focus of this paper are: _(1)Under what kind of background did munitions enterprises formulate their advance strategies to vehicle in their transfer production to civilian goods from military goods? (2) How did they reorganize their structure and 3 develop their car production along with the economic system reform? (3) How did they realize their car production globalization along with Chinese motorization? Chapter 2 focuses on the changes of outside environment and the accumulation of management resource of munitions enterprises; Chapter 3 focused on the strategy formulation and performance of the new advance production to vehicle; Chapter 4 concentrates on the shift of car production; Chapter 5 analyzes their strategy adjustment and system reorganization. After the previous discuss on the advance to car production and development process of munitions enterprises, chapter 6 analyzes the competition conditions of Chinese motorization and compact car production. Chapter 7 outlooks _the car production globalization of the munitions enterprises. THE HISTORICAL CHANGES AND MANAGEMENT RESOURCE’S DISTRIBUTION OF THE MUNITIONS ENTERPRISES From the historical view, the development of the Chinese munitions enterprises were affected by the relationship changes with Japan, the former Soviet and America, especially by the China-Japan War. This chapter analyzes the historical development of munitions industry, the primary distribution and technological foundation of munitions factories before their advance to automobile industry in 1980s. The beginning of the Chinese modern munitions industry was the “Foreign Introduction Activities” in the end of the nineteenth century. Several giant armament factories were built in big cities of the eastern China. For examples, the predecessor of Chang’an Auto Works—Chang’an Manufacturer Works and the predecessor of Construction Industry Group Corporation(motorbike production under the joint-venture with Yamaha)—Hanyang Armament Works were established during this period. Chang’an _Manufacturing Works was established during the foreign introduction activities as Shanghai Modern Artillery Plant in Shanghai Songjiang by Li Hongzhang in 1862, the end of the Qing Dynasty. Later it changed to Suzhou Modern Artillery Plant in 1863 and moved to Nanjing in 1865 with artillery production as Jinling Manufacturing Plant. In 1937, China-Japan War started and many munitions factories were moved to the inner areas from the coast areas due to the Japanese military invalidation. The groups of munitions industry factories were formed in the southwestern areas, mainly around Chongqing—the temporary capital of the National Party Government. For examples, Chang’an Manufacturing Works and Construction Industry Group Corporation were typical munitions enterprises that moved to Chongqing together with the National Party Government because they were regarded as the main attack targets of the Japanese military army. Moreover, important civilian enterprises in coastal areas were also moved to the middle and west areas in the war. In 1950s new munitions factories, i.e. airplane and missile production factories began to be established in the east areas with the assistance of the former Soviet. For examples, Harbin Dong'an Automobile Engine Corporation, which affiliated to Aviation Industry General Corporation later and Shenyang Xinguang Engine Manufacturing Corporation, were established in this period. Among these enterprises, Harbin Dong'an Automobile Engine 4 Corporation and Harbin Airplane Manufacturing Corporation that affiliated to Aviation Industry General Corporation were giant enterprises that were established in 1950s in order to produce fighter planes. From the middle of the 1960s, “The Third Front Construction ”1 was undertaken based on the lessons from the China-Japan War for preparation for the war with America or the Soviet and many enterprises, human resources and equipment were transmitted into the southwestern areas like Sichuan Province. And many airplane, missile, armament and machinery production bases were established. Among the “The Third Front Construction”, armament industry was mainly transferred to the city of Chongqing in Sichuan Province as one of the most important national projects and the production bases of conventional weapons and important machinery equipment were established near Chongqing. Many factories were established and enlarged. Relatively iron & steel factories in Chongqing were enlarged and moreover the construction of chemical industry, machinery industry, coal industry and power plants were conducted. Meanwhile Guizhou Aircraft Manufacturing Works(011 Base)--the predecessor of Guizhou Aircraft was established which transferred its factory equipment to the mountain areas of Anshun (Guizhou Province) from the city of Shanghai and Tianjin in order to produce military airplanes or fighter planes. Changhe Aircraft Industry Co. was established in Jingdezhen(Jiangxi Province)to produce helicopter & mini-bus and Shanxi Aircraft Industry Co. was established in the Hanzhong areas of Shanxi Province to produce military transportation planes. Therefore the production bases of the Chinese munitions industry in the inner areas were set up during China-Japan War and were more enforced during the cold war between America and Soviet. The factories groups that were established in these production bases and produced military goods or machinery goods became the