De Ciudad Mediterranea a Ciudad Lineal: Transformación De Las

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De Ciudad Mediterranea a Ciudad Lineal: Transformación De Las De ciudad mediterránea a ciudad lineal CIUDAD LINEAL C5 Escala digital 257 Capítulo 5 ESCALA DIGITAL Hacia mediados de la década de 1970, posterior a la crisis del petróleo, se había puesto en marcha el fin de una era industrial y con ello las ciudades comenzaban a cambiar nuevamente su dimensión territorial. La escala de éstas crecía exponencialmente a punto tal de originar las primeras megalópolis que transformaron dichas aglomeraciones en entes prácticamente ingobernables (Ciccolella, 2010). El rápido e incontrolado crecimiento de las ciudades desarrolladas, y posteriormente las que se encontraban en vías de desarrollo, se produjo en gran parte por la continua inmigración de personas que dejaban el campo en busca una "mejor vida" en las ciudades. Ese hecho generó rápidamente que se formen los primeros anillos de mano de obra barata dentro de las periferias conformadas alrededor de los centros urbanos de gran parte de las ciudades occidentales. Por otro lado, en ese mismo período una nuevo tipo de asentamiento urbano comenzaba a aparecer en medio de una llamativa propagación de suburbios dispersos de baja densidad que se establecían como el nuevo ideal de vida post- urbano. En definitiva, la segregación social observada en esos puntos aumentaba a la par de sus poblaciones. LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA ESCALA MECÁNICA La nueva escala, que aquí la llamaremos "escala digital", siguiendo el proceso evolutivo de las dos escalas de los capítulos anteriores (humana y mecánica), permitía que se comience a dejar de lado la importancia de las dimensiones del espacio en relación a las distancias por recorrer tras el aumento de la velocidades en las últimas décadas (Bauman, 2000; 2002). Tanto es así, y tomando un ejemplo concreto, es posible observar cómo en los últimos treinta años con el desarrollo de las tecnologías, y en especial las de comunicación, se produjo una pérdida sustancial en la morfológica de los objetos analógicos, y por defecto, también de los objetos urbanos construidos dentro de las ciudades. Según Rawsthorn "(…) ahora tenemos una nueva generación de productos en los que la forma no tiene relación alguna con la función. Fíjate en algo como un Iphone, piensa en todas las cosas que puede hacer. En los viejos tiempos de los productos analógicos, los no digitales o electrónicos, algo como una silla o una De ciudad mediterránea a ciudad lineal cuchara, la forma se relacionaba con su función, de modo que si eres un marciano que no ha estado nunca en la tierra ni ha visto antes ninguna de las dos cosas, puedes adivinar a grandes rasgos lo que puedes hacer con ellos: sentarte o comer, sólo por la forma del objeto y lo que parece. Todo esto ha sido aniquilado por el microchip, de modo que los diseñadores se están apartando de la cultura de lo tangible y lo material hacia la creciente cultura de lo intangible e inmaterial, y esto impone una enorme cantidad de tensiones y conflictos en el diseño."1 Si bien los procesos morfológicos correspondientes al paisaje urbano se desarrollan en períodos mucho más largos que los tecnológicos, la creciente movilidad extraterritorial promovida por las compañías aéreas de bajo coste, los trenes de alta velocidad, la mensajería instantánea, las videoconferencias, etc.; están provocando que el uso del espacio urbano se vea sustancialmente modificado por dichas actividades (Castells, 1998; Ascher, 2001). Por otra parte, la "escala digital" también puede entenderse como un replanteo por recuperar la histórica escala humana perdida durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. EL INCREMENTO EN LOS RECORRIDOS DE LARGA DISTANCIA Hace tiempo que se observa cómo han aumentado los recorridos diarios de larga distancia debido al commuting - migración pendular - ocasionado por la demanda laboral que ejercen los centros urbanos de las ciudades. Paradójicamente han disminuido proporcionalmente los recorridos de corto alcance debido especialmente al desarrollo de los suburbios netamente residenciales (gated communities - barrios cerrados), a las compras y pagos de los servicios públicos online, como a su vez, al sentimiento de "inseguridad" muchas veces percibido por los ciudadanos en las calles de las grandes ciudades. Por otra parte, junto a los extensos recorridos efectuados a diario se han incrementado las velocidades dentro de las urbanizaciones. Según Ascher "(…) la velocidad de desplazamiento de las personas en las ciudades europeas ha aumentado casi un treinta por ciento en quince años, al tiempo que se desarrollaban el teléfono móvil y el uso de internet (…) Se constituyen de este modo las "metápolis", es decir, grandes conurbaciones, extensas y discontinuas, heterogéneas y multi- 1 En el documental "Objectified" de Gary Hustwit (2009). RAWSTHORN, Alice. Design Editor, International Herald Tribune. A modo de ejemplo véase el trabajo de Carlos García Vázquez en: "Antípolis, el desvanecimiento de lo urbano en el Cinturón del Sol". García hace un análisis morfológico sobre las ciudades americanas ubicadas entre el paralelo 37 y la frontera con México; estableciendo cuatro categorías que caracterizarían a esa ciudades: Inestables (ciudades sin permanencia), Indiferenciadas (ciudades sin diversidad), Insustanciales (ciudades sin memoria), Inmateriales (ciudades sin consistencia). CIUDAD LINEAL C5 Escala digital 259 De ciudad mediterránea a ciudad lineal polarizadas"2. Siguiendo con ese pensamiento, el científico y escritor Ernesto Sabato afirma al respecto: "El hombre no se puede mantener humano a esta velocidad, si vive como autómata será aniquilado. La serenidad, una cierta lentitud, es tan inseparable de la vida del hombre como el suceder de las estaciones lo es de las plantas, o del nacimiento de los niños (…) estamos encima de un vehículo sobre el que nos movemos sin parar (…) Ya nada anda a paso de hombre, ¿acaso quién de nosotros camina lentamente?"3. Al parecer, en muchos de los casos el mal uso de la tecnología en lugar de favorecer y acortar distancias, genera en gran parte de la sociedad activa un sentimiento de insatisfacción y ansiedad que produce la necesidad del movimiento constante. ¿Será posible en un futuro cercano disminuir las velocidades urbanas y las distancias a recorrer en nuestras actividades diarias usando justamente las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación?, ¿existe relación alguna entre la situación actual y el urbanismo funcionalista de la década de 1930 propuesto por los CIAM y en espacial por Le Corbusier? A lo largo de este capítulo se presentan diferentes teorías, ensayos, y experiencias urbanas que reflejan y ejemplifican esas profundas transformaciones en el espacio urbano de las grandes ciudades. Por otra parte, se presentan alternativas relacionadas con la movilidad metropolitana en la región de Tel Aviv-Yafo que se encuentran actualmente desarrollándose con bastante intensidad. Las mismas pueden entenderse como proyectos que buscan equilibrar la escala humana perdida tras las décadas de 1950-1960 cuando se proponía justamente una nueva escala urbana. Y a su vez, como procesos inversos en sentido funcional y simbólico, contraponiéndose a los planes que finalmente originaron la dependencia motora individual. 2 ASCHER, François. "Los Nuevos Principios Del Urbanismo: El fin de las ciudades no está a la orden del día". Cap. 3: La tercera revolución urbana moderna. La metapolización: las ciudades cambian de escala y de forma, pág. 57. 3 SABATO, Ernesto. "La resistencia". Quinta carta: La resistencia, pág. 122. CIUDAD LINEAL C5 Escala digital 261 5.1 LAS INFRAESTRUCURAS Y LA MOVILIDAD URBANA Las principales ciudades del mundo (New York, París, Londres, Tokyo, entre otras) para finales del siglo XX comenzaron a enfocar su planificación territorial para establecer un buen funcionamiento de sus sistemas infraestructurales, especialmente los sistemas correspondientes a la movilidad urbana (plataformas logísticas, estaciones intermodales, nuevos aeropuertos regionales, restricciones vehiculares en los centros urbanos, ciclovías, etc.) Al parecer, estas ciudades están asumiendo que la suerte de su éxito a lo largo del siglo XXI estaría principalmente en reordenar eficazmente las cuestiones de accesibilidad y movilidad. El ingeniero Manuel Herce sostiene que "las infraestructuras siguen siendo, y cada vez más, el soporte fijo de la economía de una región, como sector de inversión generador de empleo e innovación y como condicionantes de su desarrollo; pero lo que está cambiando aceleradamente es su rol como discriminador de los servicios que se ofrecen al ciudadano"4. No obstante, se observa que desde hace un siglo cuando se había puesto en duda la idea de que la industria debía ser parte intrínseca de la ciudad tradicional, paralelamente las distancias recorridas dentro de las ciudades comenzaron a aumentar exponencialmente. Tal como describe Herce, la ampliación indiscriminada de las redes infraestructurales como sinónimo de crecimiento económico sólo provocaron un aumento insostenible de la dispersión urbana (fig.2, pág.260). Actualmente se considera que la industria debe estar lo más alejada posible de los centros urbanos si una gran ciudad pretende ser económicamente competente, y hasta se pretenderá ubicarla fuera del territorio nacional en busca de la mano de obra más barata para internacionalizar los costos de producción (China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, etc.). Es por ello que las grandes metrópolis a partir de finales del siglo XX se han caracterizado por introducir un cierto modelo más bien orientado hacia una "sociedad de servicios" y volcándose completamente
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