ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For Proposed Sheet Piling Works at Slot No. 5 Thilafushi, Kaafu

August 2018

Prepared for: V.A. Pvt. Ltd. Prepared by: Mohamed Zuhair (EIA01/15) Ibrahim Shakir (BP03106)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ާސާ ލާ ހު ދާ ސާ ...... 10 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 13 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 16 2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND...... 16 2.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ...... 16 2.3 POJECT DONOR ...... 16 2.4 LEGAL REQUIREMENT ...... 17 2.5 OTHER REQUIREMENTS ...... 17 2.6 EIA APPROACH, SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE ...... 17 2.7 EIA METHODOLOGY ...... 18 2.8 REVIEW OF RELEVANT STUDIES ...... 19 2.9 EIA TEAM ...... 20 2.10 EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) ...... 20 3. STUDY AREA ...... 21 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 24 4.1 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 24 4.2 PROPONENT ...... 24 4.3 JUSTIFICATION ...... 24 4.4 PROJECT OUTLINE ...... 25 4.4.1 Project Scope ...... 25 4.4.2 Project Design ...... 25 4.5 KEY PROJECT ACTIVITIES...... 26 4.5.1 Sheet Piling Works...... 26 4.5.2 Backfilling ...... 27 4.5.3 Concrete Works...... 28 4.6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ...... 28 4.6.1 Project Mobilization ...... 28 4.6.2 Temporary Setup and Arrangement ...... 28 4.6.3 Project Schedule ...... 28 4.6.4 Environmental Monitoring During Project Implementation ...... 29 4.6.5 Work Safety ...... 29 4.6.6 Emergency Plan ...... 29 4.6.7 Demobilization ...... 29 4.6.8 Project Input and Output ...... 29 4.7 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND AFFECTED BOUNDARIES ...... 30 5. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 32 5.1 APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS...... 32 5.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) ...... 32 5.1.2 EIA Regulation (Amended), 2015 ...... 34 5.1.3 Environmental Damage Liabilities Regulation, 2011 ...... 35 5.1.4 Dredging and Reclamation Regulation, 2013 ...... 35 5.1.5 Waste Management Regulation, 2013 ...... 35 5.2 RELEVANT POLICIES ...... 36 5.2.1 National Framework for Development, 2009-2013 ...... 36 Page 2

5.2.2 3rd National Environmental Action Plan, 2009-2013 ...... 37 5.2.3 Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development, 2009 ...... 38 5.2.4 National Solid Waste Management Policy, 2007 ...... 38 5.2.5 National Biodiversity and Action Plan 2016-2015 ...... 39 5.3 RELEVANT AUTHORITIES ...... 40 5.3.1 Ministry of Environment and Energy, MEE ...... 40 5.3.2 Environment Protection Agency, EPA ...... 40 5.3.3 Greater Male’ Industrial Zone (GMIZ) ...... 40 5.4 PERMITS GIVEN AND REQUIRED ...... 40 5.4.1 Concept Approval ...... 41 5.4.2 EIA Decision Statement ...... 41 6. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 42 6.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS ...... 42 6.1.1 Geophysical Environment ...... 42 6.1.2 Climatic and Hydrodynamic Environment ...... 42 6.1.3 Marine Environment ...... 42 6.1.4 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 43 6.1.5 Hazard Vulnerability ...... 43 6.1.6 Derivation of Environmental Indicators...... 43 6.1.7 Uncertainties on Data Collection Methods ...... 43 6.2 ASSESSMENTS UNDERTAKEN...... 44 6.3 GEOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 47 6.3.1 Geography and Environmental Setting ...... 47 6.3.2 Geology ...... 47 6.4 CLIMATIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 48 6.4.1 Climatic Setting...... 48 6.4.2 ...... 48 6.4.3 ...... 49 6.4.4 Rainfall ...... 50 6.4.5 Winds ...... 51 6.4.6 Currents and Waves ...... 53 6.4.7 ...... 54 6.4.8 Swells ...... 54 6.5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT...... 55 6.5.1 General Observations ...... 55 6.5.2 Assessments on Coral Reefs ...... 56 6.5.3 and Groundwater Quality ...... 58 6.5.4 Marine Protected Areas and Protected Species ...... 58 6.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 59 6.6.1 Population ...... 59 6.6.2 Health and Education ...... 59 6.6.3 Water, Sanitation and Electricity ...... 59 6.6.4 Economic Activities ...... 60 6.6.5 Land Use Planning ...... 60 6.6.6 Accessibility ...... 60 6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY ...... 61 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 66

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7.1 METHODS ...... 66 7.1.1 Impact Prediction ...... 66 7.1.2 Impact Significance...... 66 7.1.3 Limitations and Uncertainties ...... 68 7.1.4 Justification of the Method Used ...... 68 7.2 IMPACT PREDICTION ...... 69 7.3 DESCRIPTION OF IMPACTS ...... 70 7.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts ...... 70 7.3.2 Post Construction Impacts ...... 71 7.3.3 Indirect Impacts...... 72 7.3.4 Cumulative Impacts ...... 72 7.3.5 Positive Impacts ...... 72 7.4 IMPACT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ...... 72 8. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 74 8.1 JUSTIFICATION FOR MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 74 8.2 LIMITATIONS OF MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 74 8.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 75 8.3.1 Mitigation Measures for Sheet Piling Works ...... 75 8.3.2 Mitigation Measures for Backfilling Works ...... 75 8.3.3 Mitigation Measures for Construction Waste ...... 76 8.3.4 Mitigation Measures for Construction Machinery ...... 77 8.4 POST CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 78 8.4.1 Mitigation Measures for Solid Waste ...... 78 8.5 COMMITMENT ...... 79 9. ALTERNATIVES ...... 80 9.1 NO DEVELOPMENT OPTION ...... 80 9.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES ...... 81 9.2.1 Alternative to Sheet Pile Wall ...... 81 9.2.2 Alternative to Backfill ...... 81 10. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 82 10.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 82 10.2 METHODS OF CONSULTATION ...... 82 10.3 PROVISION OF INFORMATION TO GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES AND KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 82 10.4 SUMMARY OF OUTCOMES OF CONSULTATIONS ...... 83 10.4.1 Ministry of Environment and Energy, MEE ...... 83 10.4.2 Greater Male’ Industrial Zone Limited, GMIZL ...... 83 11. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING...... 85 11.1 BACKGROUND ...... 85 11.1.1 Aim ...... 85 11.1.2 Objective ...... 85 11.2 MONITORING REPORT ...... 86 11.2.1 Report Format ...... 86 11.2.2 Reporting Frequency ...... 86 11.2.3 Quality Control and Assurance ...... 86 11.3 MONITORING PLAN AND COSTS ...... 87 11.4 COMMITMENT ...... 87

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 88 12.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 88 12.2 MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 88 12.3 EMP AUDIT ...... 89 13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 90 14. REFERENCES ...... 93 15. APPENDICES ...... 94

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Thilafushi and location of the project site ...... 22 Figure 2: Slot No.5 ...... 22 Figure 3: Study area boundary ...... 23 Figure 4: Project concept ...... 23 Figure 5: Present site conditions ...... 25 Figure 6: Sheet pile cross section (not to scale) ...... 26 Figure 7: Typical U section interlocking sheet pile ...... 26 Figure 8: Method of impact pile driving ...... 27 Figure 9: Existing sand stock ...... 27 Figure 10: Potential direct and indirect impact boundary ...... 31 Figure 11: and drogue study ...... 45 Figure 12: Marine assessment sites ...... 46 Figure 13: Location of Thilafushi ...... 47 Figure 14: Average maximum and minimum (from 2000 – 2015) in the Maldives ...... 49 Figure 15: Comparison of max temperature for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv) ...... 49 Figure 16: Comparison of min temperature for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv) 50 Figure 17: Average rainfall (from 2000 – 2015) in the Maldives (Source: www.meteorology.mv) .... 50 Figure 18: Comparison of rainfall for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv) ...... 51 Figure 19: Average wind speed and direction (www.windfinder.com) ...... 52 Figure 20: Comparison of winds for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv) ...... 52 Figure 21: Wind frequency chart of Hulhule for July 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv) ...... 53 Figure 22: Male’ predictions from 21 – 23 July (www.tidetime.org/asia/maldives/male.htm) ..... 54 Figure 23: Swells map for North Male Atoll (www.surf-forecast.com) ...... 55 Figure 24: composition at the project area ...... 57 Figure 25: Condition at RF1 ...... 57 Figure 26: Condition at RF2 ...... 57 Figure 27: MPAs near project site ...... 59 Figure 28: MTCC Thilafushi access means ...... 60 Figure 29: hazard zones ...... 61 Figure 30: Tracks of cyclones affecting Maldives from 1877-2004 ...... 62 Figure 31: Tracks of cyclones passed within the scan radius of 500km...... 63 Figure 32: Regions to capture cyclones passing through Maldives for hazard zoning...... 63 Figure 33: 3D view of bathymetry of Maldives (depth in meters)...... 64 Figure 34: Storm surge hazard zones with cyclones affected ...... 64 Figure 35: Maldives seismic hazard zones ...... 65

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TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1: Project schedule ...... 28 Table 2: Key project inputs ...... 30 Table 3; Key project outputs ...... 30 Table 4: Details of the drogue study ...... 53 Table 5: Reef assessment locations ...... 56 Table 6: Seawater analysis results ...... 58 Table 7: Impact significance criteria ...... 67 Table 8: Significance rating matrix ...... 67 Table 9: Significance colour scale ...... 67 Table 10: Impact prediction table ...... 69 Table 11: Impact analysis table ...... 73 Table 12: Monitoring plan ...... 87 Table 13: Management plan ...... 89

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CONSULTANT DECLARATION

I, Mohamed Zuhair, Registered EIA Consultant at the Environmental Protection Agency of Maldives with the Registration Number EIA 01/15, hereby declare that the statements in this Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for Proposed Sheet Piling Works at Slot No. 5 at K. Thilafushi are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and abilities.

The EIA Report has been prepared in accordance with EIA Regulation 2012, implemented by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Name: Mohamed Zuhair (EIA01/15) Signature: Date: 14 August 2018

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

i. V. A. Pvt. Ltd. proposes to install sheet piles on the northern part of Slot No. 5 located in Thilafushi. The main purpose of the project is to facilitate boats to alongside during loading and unloading of goods as well as to protect the land slot from further damage. As part of the project it is proposed to install sheet piles on the northern boundary of the slot which has a total length of 60m. A small area of 886m2 requires to be filled with sand up to the northern tip of the slots. It is estimated that around 2,200m3 of fill material will be required to backfill gap between the existing land and sheet piles area. The fill material will be obtained from existing stockpiles at the project site.

ii. The former Thilafushi Corporation (now Greater Male’ Industrial Zone (GMIZ) upon approval of the project concept emphasized approval of an EIA from EPA prior to commencement of the project works. The approved EIA and Environmental Decision Statement has to be submitted to GMIZ in this regard. iii. The EIA has been prepared as per approved Terms of Reference (TOR) on 2 July 2018. iv. The scope of the proposed project involves; a. Installing sheet piles along 60m water front side b. Backfill 886m2 area up to the sheet piles

v. Currently part of the site has a retain wall which is getting damaged which makes the site vulnerable to further damage. Due to shallow depths found (0.5m – 2.5m below MSL) by the project site, it is difficult to bring goods directly to the site making the operations limited and time bound. In order to avoid such issues, the proposed project has been proposed mainly to protect the site from further damage and extend the backfill area to have adequate depths (7m – 8m below MSL) for larger boats to bring goods and provide a safer berthing area as well as enhance operational activities. vi. The aim of this EIA is to ensure that potential impacts are identified and addressed in relation to the proposed sheet piling works. For this purpose the report has addressed existing environmental condition from assessments undertaken on surrounding Page 13

environment as well as on secondary information available where the project may have some environmental impacts during construction and operation phases.

vii. The proposed filling and sheet piling works will be carried out at the Slot No. 5 located at 4°11'13.55"N / 73°26'22.08"E on the northern part of Thilafushi. The land slot is leased to V.A. Pvt. Ltd on long-term basis. viii. Wind currents by the project site had an easterly flow given that the assessment was undertaken during SW . Currents recorded from the site were quite high having 0.42m/s due to the strong winds that occurred at the time of the assessment. No waves along the reef were observed at the time of the assessment and the northern side of Thilafushi is not known to any effect of waves unlike southern side of the lagoon where seasonal waves can be observed especially during rough periods of SW monsoon.

ix. No live corals or new coral recruitments were found from the 2 sites assessed. Instead the top layer of the reef was observed to be covered with sediment, sand, rubble and large number of debris up to the upper reef slope, which is believed to be thrown to the area. Over 50% of the reef section of the project area on both sites were covered with such debris and 100% of the reef can be considered dead.

x. The site does not support good marine life including reef fishes. Very few reef fishes were observed from the area which are mostly found by the reef edge and slope area along the entire project site. Few Surgeonfish (18), Damselfish (20) and Parrotfishes (6) were the only varieties found. Given that the reef area is heavily impacted with absence of live corals and other life forms, reef fish abundance and diversity were also observed to be affected as a result.

xi. There are 2 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in vicinity of the proposed sheet piling area. They are Lions Head (Dhekunu Thilafalhu Miyaruvani) located on the southern side of Thilafalhu approximately 1.8km from the project site and Gulhifalhu Kollavaane located on the southern side of Gulhifalhu approximately 3.5km far from the project area.

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xii. The proposed sheet piling works is believed to generate some sediment within the surrounding environment, however, this will be at a very minor scale and will only generate during pile driving activities. The proposed backfilling works are not believed generate any sedimentation as it will be undertaken after confining the area with sheet piles. During operation of machinery, some noise and dust may be generated, however will be only during work hours and confined to the project site only. xiii. Careful planning and scheduling of the proposed activities to coincide with calm days and low tide operations has been proposed as the main mitigation measures in addition to regular monitoring of the various aspects of the environment. xiv. Alternatives to some of the project components such as alternative to sheet piles and alternative to backfill requirement have been identified and evaluated. The process of selecting preferred alternative has also been stated.

xv. Environmental monitoring during both construction and post construction have be given serious consideration in order to assess the degree and magnitude of environmental changes in the biophysical environment against the baseline conditions assessed. An environmental monitoring programme will be implemented in every 1 month during project implementation and in every 6 months thereafter for a period of 2 years. xvi. Although there are some environmental impacts from the proposed, most of these impacts can be reduced and mitigated by use of appropriate methodology. An EMP has been outlined to measure effectiveness mitigation measures in addition to environmental monitoring. Also, given that the condition of the site is unsafe and unusable as well as considering positive economic outlook and overall need for the project, it is concluded that the project can be undertaken.

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

V.A. Pvt. Ltd. proposes to install U-section sheet piles on the northern part of Slot No. 5 located in Thilafushi. The main purpose of the project is to facilitate boats to alongside during loading and unloading of goods as well as to protect the land slot from damage and erosion. As part of the project it is proposed to install sheet piles on the northern boundary of the slots which has a total length of 60m. A small area of 886m2 requires to be backfilled with sand up to the northern tip of the slot. It is estimated that around 2,200m3 of fill material will be required to backfill gap between the existing land and sheet piles area. The fill material will be obtained from existing stockpiles at the project site.

2.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The key aim of the project is to provide a safer berthing area for vessels coming for loading and unloading of goods. The objective of the project is to protect the site from further damage by sealing the area with sheet piles. Also important objectives of the project are to facilitate easy transport of goods to and from the site by having direct access from the waterfront, to protect the site from further damage as well as ensure adequate depth for bigger boats to alongside the plot.

2.3 POJECT DONOR

The project will be fully funded by V.A. Pvt. Ltd.

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2.4 LEGAL REQUIREMENT

This is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for the proposed sheet piling works to be undertaken at Slot No. 5 at Thilafushi prepared in order to get environmental clearance from Environment Protection Agency (EPA) for the project.

The EIA has been undertaken as per the requirement of the EIA Regulation 2012 and its Amendments where it states that such works require an EIA to be prepared and approved before the works can be undertaken. The EIA report shall outline the existing environmental conditions of the project site and surrounding, key environmental concerns including likely environmental impacts that will be generated from the proposed project and measures to mitigate these environmental impacts and a monitoring programme to be undertaken during pre-construction and post-construction periods.

2.5 OTHER REQUIREMENTS

The Greater Male’ Industrial Zone (GMIZ) upon approval of the project concept emphasized approval of an EIA from EPA prior to commencement of the project works. The approved EIA and Environmental Decision Statement has to be submitted to GMIZ in this regard.

2.6 EIA APPROACH, SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE

This EIA Report has been prepared based on information collected from the project site and the surrounding environment by use of established methodologies, desk research for obtaining relevant secondary data, information obtained from the project proponent, use of information collected from relevant guidelines, laws and regulations as well as information obtained from EIA studies carried out in the country for similar projects and experience of the EIA team engaged in preparing the report.

The primary objective of the EIA study is to safeguard the environment during planning, design, construction and operation of the proposed project activities by mitigating environmental impacts envisaged during various phases of the project and implementing an

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environmental monitoring programme to quantify the changes in the environmental components as a result of the development.

The specific objectives of the EIA study are;

 Determine the baseline environmental conditions of the project area and surrounding environment.  Identify, predict and assess environmental impacts that might arise during pre- construction, construction and operation phases of the project.  Suggest environmental impact mitigation measures to suit local conditions in order to eliminate or reduce the negative impact on the environment  Enable the project proponent to comply with environmental laws and regulations.

The scope of the EIA study includes;

 Assessment of the present status of physical, biological and socio-economic components of the environment relevant for the proposed development.  Identify environmental impacts due to the proposed project on environmental components (during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases).  Evaluate these environmental impacts to understand their magnitude.  Propose environmental management and mitigation measures for the impacts identified.  Propose an environmental monitoring programme to be pursued by the project proponent.

2.7 EIA METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted for the environmental impact study consists of the following stages:

 Identification of significant environmental components and assessment of their baseline (pre-project or existing) status within the study area. This is carried out by both qualitative and quantitative assessments.

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 Prediction of impacts on various identified environmental parameters due to the proposed project. Data relating to the proposed construction activities, construction and operation stage waste, as well as other activities causing environmental impacts through use of a descriptive environmental impact matrix and the magnitude impacts are evaluated by use of a colour chart.  Review of relevant EIAs of similar developments and in similar environmental settings.  Evaluation of significance of environmental impacts by use of significance analysis method  Expert judgment and professional opinion have also been used throughout the impact assessment and evaluation process. These methods are described in detail at the relevant section of this EIA Report.

2.8 REVIEW OF RELEVANT STUDIES

As part of relevant literature review and preparation of the report, the following EIA studies have been used as reference in addition to personal experiences of the environmental consultant who have prepared this EIA Report. These are;

 Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Sheet Piling in Hawks Land, K, Thilafushi prepared by Mahfooz Abdul Wahhab and Mohamed Ibrahim Jaleel in November 2017.  Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Undertaking Sheet Piling at Hulhumale’ Phase 1 prepared by Water Pvt. Ltd. in June 2017.  Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Sheet Piling Works at Slot Nos. 23 and 25 at Thilafushi prepared Mohamed Zuhair and Ibrahim Shakir in July 2018

These EIA studies involve installation of sheet piles for various uses including safe berthing and site protection as well as providing a calmer area, hence, have been used as reference material in order to understand the types, degrees and magnitudes of environmental impacts from various project activities including pile driving, concrete works and backfilling. Also, these projects discussed different types of environmental impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed development as well as identify ways in which these environmental impacts are managed through implementation of mitigation measures.

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2.9 EIA TEAM

Mr. Mohamed Zuhair, Registered EIA Consultant (EIA01/15) is a freelance Environment Consultant who has many years of experience in the field of environmental management, assessment and monitoring, implementation of environmental laws and regulations and has involved as lead consultant and a team member in preparing several EIAs in the Maldives.

Mr. Ibrahim Shakir, Registered Land and Hydrographic Surveyor (BP01306), is as experienced Land Survey Consultant who has undertaken a number of land surveys for the purpose of land registration and development, undertaken many hydrographic surveys for development of important facilities such as jetties, harbours, water villas.

Curriculum Vitae of the Consultants have been annexed to this report.

2.10 EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

The Terms of Reference (TOR) outlining the scope of the EIA has been approved on 2 July 2018 based on the discussions undertaken in the EIA Scoping Meeting held at EPA on the same day.

The approved Terms of Reference is attached in Appendix 1.

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3. STUDY AREA

The information for the EIA was collected from the proposed project area (Slot No 5) and the surrounding environment.

The following figures show the location of the project region, project location and the proposed plot areas where the development will be undertaken as well as the study area where the information was collected for the EIA.

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Figure 1: Thilafushi and location of the project site

Figure 2: Slot No.5

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Figure 3: Study area boundary

Figure 4: Project concept Page 23

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The proposed backfilling and sheet piling works will be carried out at Slot No. 5 is located at 4°11'13.55"N / 73°26'22.08"E on the northern part of Thilafushi. The land slot is leased to V.A.

Pvt. Ltd on long-term basis (Figures 1 and 2).

4.2 PROPONENT

The land slots are leased to Apollo Holdings Pvt. Ltd. The contact details of the proponent are outlined below.

V.A. Pvt. Ltd. G. Neem, 1st Floor Majeedhee Magu Male' Tel: (960) 779 7489 Fax: (960) 333 5706 E-mail: [email protected]

4.3 JUSTIFICATION

Currently there is no protection by the waterfront making the area somewhat damaged which makes the site vulnerable to further damage. Due to shallow depths found (0.5m – 2.5m below MSL) by the project site, it is difficult to bring goods directly to the site making the operations limited and time bound. In order to avoid such issues, the proposed project has been proposed mainly to protect the site from further damage and extend the backfill area to have adequate depths (10m below MSL) for larger boats to bring goods and provide a safer berthing area as well as enhance operational activities.

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Figure 5: Present site conditions

4.4 PROJECT OUTLINE

4.4.1 Project Scope

The scope of the proposed project involves;

a. Installing sheet piles along 60m water front side b. Backfill 886m2 area up to the sheet piles

As part of the project, no dredging or land reclamation will be involved.

4.4.2 Project Design

The design of the project involving installation of sheet piles and backfilling has been approved by Thilafushi Corporation (Now Greater Male Industrial Zone Limited) on 2 April 2018.

The approval letter is attached in Appendix 2.

Figure 3 outlines the project development concept.

The approved project concept is attached in Appendix 3.

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Figure 6: Sheet pile cross section (not to scale)

4.5 KEY PROJECT ACTIVITIES

Following are the key activities that will be undertaken as part of the proposed project.

4.5.1 Sheet Piling Works

Type of Sheet Pile

It is proposed to use U-Section interlocking steel sheet piles for the project.

Figure 7: Typical U section interlocking sheet pile

U section steel sheet pile is a service-proven type familiar to both designers and constructors, which is extensively used for permanent structures, temporary earth-retaining works and temporary cofferdams, etc. In addition to its rigid structure, its moment of inertia per pile is relatively large, thus allowing repetitive use.

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Work Methodology

The commonly used method for pile driving by means of impact driving will be employed for the project. Impact driving uses a falling to create the impact, spread to the top of the pile by a driving cap. In this regard, a hydraulic hammer mounted on an excavator or a crane will be used. Hydraulic hammer has relatively low noise compared to diesel hammers.

Figure 8: Method of impact pile driving

4.5.2 Backfilling

A small area of 886m2 from the present shoreline to the sheet pile area that has an extent of approximately 20m requires to be backfilled. It is estimated that 2,200m3 of fill material will be required to backfill the area, which will be obtained from existing stockpiles in the land slot. Hence, there will be no need for dredging and land reclamation as part of the project. The required fill material will be transported by trucks and spread by using an excavator.

Figure 9: Existing sand stock Page 27

4.5.3 Concrete Works

Once sheet pile driving and backfilling works are completed, concrete capping will be developed for further reinforcement of the sheet piles as well as for easily undertaking operations on the sheet piles. A timber formwork will be casted along the required area for the capping beam, once completed, concrete will be poured and cured. Mooring bollards will be placed at selected locations for anchoring vessels by the sheet pile wall.

4.6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

4.6.1 Project Mobilization

Project mobilization including mobilization of machinery, material and equipment will be undertaken upon approval of the EIA report.

4.6.2 Temporary Setup and Arrangement

There is no need for developing a temporary setup at the site. The labour will be accommodated at labour quarters in Thilafushi as well as in existing facilities at site. Other arrangements such as provision of energy, water and fuel will be sourced from existing facilities established at the site. Material required for the project will be stored within the site.

4.6.3 Project Schedule

Following is an outline of the project schedule. It is estimated that the project will be completed within a period of 9 weeks.

Activity Timeframe Mobilization 1 week Sheet pile driving 2 weeks Backfilling 2 weeks Concrete works 3 weeks Demobilization 1 week Total 9 Weeks Table 1: Project schedule

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4.6.4 Environmental Monitoring During Project Implementation

Environmental monitoring will be initiated immediately during project implementation. In this regard, components assessed during baseline assessments including bathymetry, currents and reef conditions in adjacent areas will be monitored.

A detailed monitoring programme is presented in the Environmental Monitoring section.

4.6.5 Work Safety

Work safety will be given importance as it is an important requirement. During project development, appropriate work safety measures will be undertaken and the proponent will monitor how safety measures are implemented on a regular basis.

4.6.6 Emergency Plan

Although fuel related emergencies are unlikely, the following measures will be undertaken immediately during an emergency of oil spill. These include, immediately confining the spilled oil by use of floating boom, in order to control its spread. Immediately removing oil within the boom by use of vacuum and transporting the oil for incineration. Also, dispersants will be made available in case the oil spills are uncontrollable. The site will be made ready to address any potential risks from fire and oil spill.

4.6.7 Demobilization

Once all project activities are completed, all machinery and equipment used in the project will be demobilized.

4.6.8 Project Input and Output

Following the key project inputs and outputs.

4.6.8.1 Key Project Inputs

Input resource(s) Source/type How to obtain resources

10 labour staff Foreign 5 / Local 5 Contractor/subcontractor Page 29

Power Existing facilities Proponent Freshwater Desalinated water MWSC Thilafushi Construction material Aggregate, cement, sand, rebar Proponent Machinery Excavator and hydraulic hammer Contractor/subcontractor Maintenance tool and Maintenance and spare parts and Contractor/subcontractor equipment fluids required for the machinery Fuel and lubricant for Diesel, Petrol, Lubricants Proponent machinery Work safety equipment Equipment, first aid kits. Contractor/subcontractor Table 2: Key project inputs

4.6.8.2 Key Project Outputs

Outputs (s) Anticipated quantities Disposal method Sheet pile wall 58.8m Placed at slots waterfront Backfill 1,200cbm Site extension Sedimentation Small to medium amount Controlled naturally Waste oil Approx. 20 - 30L per day Transported to Thilafushi site for incineration Noise and dust Small amount Confined to project site only Table 3; Key project outputs

4.7 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND AFFECTED BOUNDARIES

The proposed sheet piling works is believed to generate some sediment within the surrounding environment, however, this will be at a very minor scale and will only generate during pile driving activities. The proposed backfilling works are not believed generate any sedimentation as it will be undertaken after confining the area with sheet piles. During operation of machinery, some noise and dust may be generated, however will be only during work hours and confined to the project site only.

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Figure 10: Potential direct and indirect impact boundary

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5. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

The proposed project involving sheet piling and backfilling project to be carried out at slot No. 5 at Thilafushi has to comply with relevant laws and regulations, in particular Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (No. 4/93) of Maldives and EIA Regulation 2012 as well as relevant regulations maintained by EPA. Thus, most importantly it must follow the EIA process and get approval before the project starts implementation. This section summarizes key policies, applicable laws and regulations that the project has to comply with and relevant regulatory bodies regarding environmental protection in the Maldives that are relevant for the project.

5.1 APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

There are a number of laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and management in the country. Only relevant laws and regulations in relation to coastal protection projects have been outlined.

5.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93)

The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, EPPA (Law No. 4/93) provides the basic framework for environmental management including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process in the Maldives, which is currently being implemented by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on behalf of Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE).

Clause 2 of the EPPA mandates the Ministry of Environment and Energy to formulate policies, rules and regulations regarding the environment.

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Clause 5 of this Act specifically provides for environmental impact assessment (EIA), a tool implemented to attempt to integrate environmental issues into development decisions. According to the Clause, environmental impact assessments are a mandatory requirement for all economic development projects.

Clause 6 of the EPPA gives the Ministry of Environment and Energy the authority to terminate any project that has an undesirable impact on the environment.

Clause 7 of the EPPA refers to the disposal of oil, wastes and poisonous substances in to the Maldivian territory. According to this clause, any type of waste, oil, toxic gas or any substance that may have harmful effects on the environment should not be disposed within the Maldivian territory. If, however, the disposals of such substances become absolutely necessary, the clause states that they should be disposed only within the areas designated for that purpose and if incinerated, appropriate precautions should be taken to avoid harm to the health of the population.

Furthermore, clause 9 sets a fine between five and five hundred Rufiyaa for minor offenses in breach of this law and a fine of not more than one hundred million Rufiyaa for major offenses. The fine shall be levied by the Ministry of Environment and Energy or by other government authorities designated by that Ministry in case of minor offenses.

Finally, Clause 10 of EPPA gives the government of the Maldives the right to claim compensation for all damages caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.

The Clause 3 of the Environment Act has been amended by Law No. 12/2014 which now states that environmental protection including conservation of biological diversity, protection of groundwater resources and related environments including mangroves, swamps found in the islands, protection of the environment from waste and hazardous gases as well as formulate relevant policies, regulations, standards and implementation of such in consultation with other government agencies shall be a responsibility of the ministry assigned for implementing environmental policies.

The Environmental Act or Law 4/93 is the single most important legal instrument with regards to environmental management and it gives very high prominence towards safeguarding the environment with regard to all the development activities. Under this Act, the Ministry of Environment and Energy have developed regulations and guidelines concerning the environmental protection through implementation of EIA procedures. Page 33

5.1.2 Maldives EIA Regulation (Amended), 2015

The most important regulation concerning the proposed development is Environment Impact Regulations, 2007, which was amended in 2012 is enforced under Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) by EPA. The Clauses of Environment Protection and Preservation Act address the following that relate to the proposed project development and implementation.

 An impact assessment study shall be submitted to the relevant Government authority before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment  The relevant Authority of Government shall formulate the guidelines for environmental impact assessment and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in above.  The Termination of projects. The relevant Government Agency has authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation  Waste Disposal, Oil and Poisonous Substances. Any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substance that may have a harmful effect on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives  Government of Maldives reserves right to claim compensation for all the damages that area caused by the activities that are detrimental to the environment.

The EIA Regulation of 2012 was amended in August 2015, which now excludes all tourism relevant aspects as well as changes to certain administrative procedures.

In this regard, the Schedule D of the EIA Regulation 2012 prescribes that all tourist resort development project shall undertake an EIA prior to commencement of the project now does not have development of tourist resorts or guest houses and yacht marinas included in the schedule. Additionally, the proponents submitting EIAs now can chose a faster EIA review process with additional fees as prescribed in the Amended EIA Regulation of 2015.

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5.1.3 Environmental Damage Liabilities Regulation, 2011

Under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (No. 4/93), the Ministry of Environment and Energy formulated the Environmental Damage Liabilities Regulation in February 2011, which encompasses the basis to avoid environmental deterioration, extinction of biological resources, environmental degradation and avoid wastage of natural resources.

The main purpose of this regulation is to stop unlawful activities on environment and adequately implement a fining procedure for violations as well as implement a compensation mechanism on environmental damages. Its Schedules form the basis for levying fines on various environmental components and activities. Hence, the proposed project will be subject to this Regulation for any activity outside of the EIA scope and Environmental Decision Statement.

5.1.4 Dredging and Reclamation Regulation, 2013

Regulation on Reclamation and Dredging of islands lagoons (Regulation 2013/R-15) came into effect in April 2013. The regulation requires having permission of EPA on projects requiring alternation of the island, either by reclamation or dredging. Specifically the regulation requires producing scaled-maps of the island before and after the proposed intervention. Special provisions have been made on protected and sensitive area restricting changes to the environment of the islands.

There is no relevance of this regulation with the proposed project as the it will not undertake any dredging and reclamation activities.

5.1.5 Waste Management Regulation, 2013

Waste management Regulation (No. 2013/R-58) is more recent coming into effect on 6 February 2014. The Regulation was gazetted on 05 August 2013. The regulation is provides set of comprehensive guidelines and on collecting, storing, transporting and managing waste as well as management of hazardous waste. The waste management regulation identifies the following areas prohibited from dumping of waste; protected areas under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, mangroves, lagoons of islands, coral reefs, sand banks, beaches of islands, coastal vegetated areas of islands, harbors, parks and roads. Additionally,

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waste management regulation states that those involved in waste management must be permitted by the Environmental Protection Agency.

5.2 RELEVANT POLICIES

5.2.1 National Framework for Development, 2009-2013

One of the most important environmental policy guidance is given in the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) of the National Development Framework for 2009-2013. Due to the fragile nature of the country’s environment, all the development activities must ensure that appropriate care is taken to protect the environment. Environmental sustainability is the basis for socio-economic development, hence, the SAP outlines the key environmental policies that will be implemented in the country for environmental protection and sustainability, while one of the key environmental goals of the country is to protect and preserve the natural environment to ensure prosperous economic development. The environmental policies outlined in the SAP include;

Policy 1: Strengthen EIA process with an emphasis on EIA monitoring Policy 2: Conserve and sustainably use biological diversity and ensure maximum ecosystem benefits Policy 3: Develop resilient communities addressing impacts of climate change, disaster mitigation and coastal protection Policy 4: Strengthen adaptation and mitigation responses for beach erosion and develop a system to assist communities where livelihood and property are affected by beach erosion Policy 5: Ensure management of solid waste to prevent impact on human health and environment through approaches that are economically viable and locally appropriate Policy 6: Ensure protection of people and the environment from hazardous waste and chemicals Policy 7: Improve air quality to safeguard human health Policy 8: Enable a fully functional decentralized environmental governance system Policy 9: Develop a low carbon economy to achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2019

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Policy 10: Inculcate environmental values in the society and enable environmentally friendly lifestyle The Ministry of Environment and Energy and Environment Protection Agency takes the lead role in implementing the above national policies through various strategies and regulatory measures.

5.2.2 3rd National Environmental Action Plan, 2009-2013

NEAP 3 sets out the agenda for environmental protection and management in the Maldives for the five year period 2009 – 2013. This plan is targeted to achieve measurable environmental results that matter to the people of the Maldives.

The aim of developing NEAP 3 is to protect and preserve country’s environment and properly manage natural resources for sustainable development of the country and encompasses ten principles, six strategic results with targeted goals to be achieved under each result.

The key principles of the NEAP 3 are;

Principle 1: Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual

Principle 2: Achieve results

Principle 3: Promote and practice sustainable development

Principle 4: Ensure local democracy

Principle 5: Inter-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation

Principle 6: Informed decision making

Principle 7: Precaution first

Principle 8: Continuous learning and improvement

Principle 9: Right to information and participation

Principle 10: Environmental protection complements development

The six strategic results of NEAP3 are: resilient islands; rich ecosystems; healthy communities; safe water; environmental stewardship; and a carbon neutral nation with 30 result oriented environmental goals that will be achieved in the span of the NEAP 3.

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5.2.3 Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development, 2009

The Maldives National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) outlines the key objectives, principles and goals that the country will embark toward achieving sustainable development. Hence, the overall direction of the NSSD is to build a nation which appreciates the true value of the natural environment, utilizes its natural resources in a sustainable manner for national development, conserves its limited natural resources, has built the capacity to learn about its natural environment and leaves a healthy natural environment for future generations.

The guiding principles outlined in the NSSD are;

Principle 1: Promotion and protection of fundamental human rights Principle 2: Equity within and between generations

Principle 3: Democratic and open society

Principle 4: Full participation of businesses and civil society

Principle 5: Policy coherence and coordination

Principle 6: Use best available knowledge

Principle 7: Precaution first

Principle 8: Make polluters pay

While the country will be steered in accordance with the underlying principles of NSSD, the country aims to achieve very important environmental goals, including; adapting to climate change, protecting coral reefs, achieving carbon-neutrality in energy, ensuring food security, establishing a carbon neutral transport system, protecting public health and achieving full employment and ensuring social security.

5.2.4 National Solid Waste Management Policy, 2007

As waste management has been identified as a key environmental issue in the Maldives, a National Solid Waste Management for the Republic of Maldives was developed in 2007 as an important step towards mainstreaming waste management in the country. The key strategic principles outlined in the document include; establishing polluter pay principles, integrated solid waste management, best practice environmental option (BPEO), best available technology not entailing excessive costs (BATNEEC), proximity principle and private sector Page 38

participation. It is an important priority of the Government of Maldives as identified in the policy document to setup regional waste management facilities and island waste management centers and decentralizing waste management administration. Hence, the key policies relevant to this project include;

Policy 1: Establish a governance structure for solid waste management which will distribute clearly delineated roles and responsibilities for solid waste management at island, regional and national levels

Policy 2: All waste producers have a duty to manage the waste they generate

Policy 3: Waste will be management and disposed as close as possible to the place of their generation

Policy 8: Private sector participation (PSP) will be facilitated where it is financially for both government and private sector.

Establishing a proper mechanism of waste management and disposal will be vital for the overall operation of the project and the waste management practices both during construction and operation of the project will closely adhere to the policies and principles taken as a priority of the government.

5.2.5 National Biodiversity and Action Plan 2016-2015

One of the most recent policy documents that will the quite closely connected with the proposed development will be National Biodiversity and Strategy and Action Plan. The following strategies have been outlined in the NBSAP to be achieved in a span of 20 years; the strategies include

 Strategy 1 – Strengthen governance, policies and strategies for biodiversity  Strategy 2 – Enhancing communication and outreach through awareness programmes and capacity building  Strategy 3 – Work together globally for biodiversity conservation  Strategy 4 – Ensure sustainable use of biological resources  Strategy 5 – Address threats to conserve biodiversity  Strategy 6 – Strengthen Information Management and Resource Mobilization

The proposed project will ensure that the biological components of the environment are avoided from detrimental effects.

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5.3 RELEVANT AUTHORITIES

5.3.1 Ministry of Environment and Energy, MEE

The primary environmental institution in the Maldives is MEE. It is mandated with formulating policies, strategies, laws and regulations concerning environmental management, protection, conservation and sustainable development. The Minister of Environment or a designate gives the environmental approval or clearance to EIA by an Environmental Decision Statement. Additionally, MEE is responsible for formulating relevant laws and regulations, policies and strategies concerning energy, water and sanitation as well as waste management.

5.3.2 Environment Protection Agency, EPA

EPA is the key regulatory body on environment, which is an autonomous body formed under the umbrella of MEE. It is mandated with implementing the EIA process in the Maldives, implementing the Environment Act and subsequent regulations on behalf of MEE, regulating water and sanitation, biodiversity conservation, waste management and coastal zone management. Also, it is responsible for developing environmental standards and guidelines in the country.

5.3.3 Greater Male’ Industrial Zone (GMIZ)

Activities that are undertaken in Thilafushi are now managed by GMIZ (a merger between former Thilafushi Corporation and Gulhifalhu Investment) whereby all development activities has to meet with requirements of the GMIZ. For such development projects undertaken in Thilafushi, GMIZ often refers to undertake and approve EIA from EPA prior to permitting the activity to be undertaken in Thilafushi.

5.4 PERMITS GIVEN AND REQUIRED

The following are details of permits given and required in order for the project to start implementation. These include;

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5.4.1 Concept Approval

The proposed sheet piling and backfilling concept for Slot No. 5 has been approved by former Thilafushi Corporation (now GMIZ) on 2 April 2018.

5.4.2 EIA Decision Statement

The most important environmental permit to initiate the proposed project in Thilafushi at Slot No. 5 would be a decision regarding this EIA from the EPA. The EIA Decision Statement, as it is referred to, shall govern the manner in which the project activities must be undertaken. It is the final environmental clearance granted by the EPA for the proposed project.

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6. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

This section outlines the key existing environmental conditions of the project site, especially areas where the proposed sheet piling and backfill works will be implemented and boundaries where the project is believed to impact the environment.

6.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS

This EIA is based on both qualitative and quantitative data collected from the area and the surrounding environment as well as published information, where site specific information was not available.

Following are the key environmental components and the ways and methods used to gather relevant data for the project.

6.1.1 Geophysical Environment

Mostly a descriptive analysis from observations during field surveys as well as published information, aerial photography, Google Earth maps and information available online from websites were used. It mainly includes geographic setting, geological and topographical information.

6.1.2 Climatic and Hydrodynamic Environment

Site-specific climate information was not available for the project site. Climate data from the Maldives Meteorological Services collected from the International and Regional Airports in the country as well as relevant data from websites were used in the general description of the climate environment, which is quite uniform throughout the country. It mainly includes general weather patterns including temperature, sunshine, rainfall as well as oceanographic features such as waves and swells information.

6.1.3 Marine Environment

Most of the information on the coastal and marine environment was collected from field assessments and observations. These include;

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Bathymetry – an echo sounder was used to determine underwater topography.

Currents – drogues and GPS were used to identify the currents around the project area in selected locations.

Coral reef – quantitative assessments on selected locations were carried out by photo transects (at 5m intervals) and visual observations on these locations. These assessments were used to determine the general reef health of the reef including live coral cover and reef fish abundance and diversity.

Reef fish – only visual observation

Seawater – seawater samples were collected from two locations in clean 1.5 L PET bottles. Laboratory analysis of the water samples were carried out by Male’ Water and Sewerage Company Ltd (MWSC).

6.1.4 Socio-Economic Environment

Relevant socio-economic data was collected by using secondary information.

6.1.5 Hazard Vulnerability

Hazard vulnerability of the project area was generalized from information obtained from published sources.

6.1.6 Derivation of Environmental Indicators

The environmental indicators used for environmental monitoring purpose will be based on baseline environmental information collected for preparing this EIA including bathymetry, currents and general reef health conditions.

6.1.7 Uncertainties on Data Collection Methods

As most of the data on the environment was manually collected, human error could be the biggest uncertainty with regards to the data collection methods, however, GPS coordinates have been recorded for future monitoring purposes as well as reduce human error as exact points will be monitored in the future to assess changes as a result of the proposed project development on the resort. Other uncertainty factor could be timing of assessments in the future as some of the environmental conditions such as currents, reef fish populations, and water Page 43

quality, which changes from season to season. Nevertheless, the methods used in these assessments such as reef transects, drogues, etc. are widely used to collect environmental data.

6.2 ASSESSMENTS UNDERTAKEN

The following figures outline main environmental assessments undertaken to collect baseline data.

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Figure 11: Bathymetry and drogue study

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Figure 12: Marine assessment sites

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6.3 GEOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

6.3.1 Geography and Environmental Setting

The proposed filling and sheet piling works will be carried out at Slot No. 5 located at 4°11'13.55"N / 73°26'22.08"Eon the northern part of Thilafushi.

Thilafushi is a man-made island mostly made from disposal of solid waste generated from Male’, Villimale’ and nearby tourist resorts with top layer covered with dredged material. The island is located about 5.5km west of Male’. The current industrial activities in the island are boat manufacturing, cement packing, methane gas bottling and various large scale warehousing. The nearest area is Gulhifalhu reclaimed area located about 280 east.

Figure 13: Location of Thilafushi

6.3.2 Geology

The of the Maldives rise from 350- 450m depth from an underwater ridge found on the SW parts of the Indian at a depth of around 40km, which largely owes to formations over a long period of time. The formations of coral reefs die in time and space, and new reefs grow on top to replace old reef structures to form atoll shapes. The reefs in which the atolls are found serve as the foundation for the islands, which is also the result of reef limestone development within the atoll structures.

Thilafushi is the name given to the reclaimed island, which is found in a large lagoon called Thilafalhu. The area of the lagoon is approximately 380ha and it is elliptical in shape characterized by an inner deep lagoon having an area of approximately 120ha. The periphery Page 47

of the lagoon is covered with coral reef. No site-specific information was available on the geology of the lagoon.

6.4 CLIMATIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT

As site specific information from the island was not available, secondary information from other sources such as Maldives Meteorological Services, websites on general weather conditions as well as other available information was used to understand general climate environment. The climate is relatively uniform throughout the country, hence can be applied for general description purpose.

6.4.1 Climatic Setting

Maldives is located on the and therefore experiences monsoonal climate. There are two distinct seasons, dry season (Northeast Monsoon) and wet season (Southwest Monsoon). In these two seasons the temperature varies hardly. Northeast monsoon extends from January to March. Since Maldives consists of small islands and are surrounded by , hot days are often tempered by cooling sea breezes and balmy evening temperatures.

6.4.2 Monsoons

Maldives is in the Monsoonal Belt in the North Indian Ocean. Therefore, climate in the Maldives is dominated by south-west (Hulhangu) and north-east (Iruvai) monsoons. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season which lasts from May to September and the north-east monsoon is the dry season that occurs from December to February. The transition period of the south-west monsoon occurs between March and April while that of the northeast monsoon occurs from October to November. These monsoons are relatively mild due to the country’s location on the equator and strong winds and gales are infrequent in the Maldives. However, storms and line squalls can occur, typically in the period May to July. The winds usually get stronger in the south west monsoon especially during June and July. During storms the impact is greater on the northern atolls than the southern atolls.

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6.4.3 Temperature

Throughout the year, temperature remains almost same in the Maldives. However, daily temperature ranges from around 31 degrees Celsius in daytime to 23° Celsius in night time. The highest temperature ever recorded in the Maldives was 36.8°C, recorded on 19 May 1991 at Kadhdhoo Meteorological Office. Likewise, the minimum temperature ever recorded in the Maldives was 17.2°C, recorded at the National Meteorological Centre on 11th April 1978.

Figure 14: Average maximum and minimum temperatures (from 2000 – 2015) in the Maldives (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

As can be seen from the above figure, there is very little temperature variation throughout the country. The maximum temperature is between the ranges of 30 - 32oC and minimum temperature is between the ranges of 24 - 27oC.

Field assessments in the island were undertaken in July 2018 and as data for July 2018 was unavailable, temperature comparison for 2016 and 2017 for the month of July recorded from the nearest weather station to the island, which is Hulhule Met Center was obtained from Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS) for the central part of the country.

Figure 15: Comparison of max temperature for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

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Figure 16: Comparison of min temperature for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

The highest temperature recorded in central part of the Maldives last July was 32 degree Celsius, which was recorded on the 20th. The minimum temperature recorded in the same area for the last month was 24 degree Celsius and was recorded on the 28th of July. On the other hand, the highest temperature recorded in July 2016 in central part of the country was 32 degree Celsius, which was recorded on the 01st. Furthermore, the minimum temperature recorded in the central part in July 2016 was 23 degree Celsius, recorded on the 14th. Figure above shows daily maximum and minimum temperature (2016 and 2017) and average maximum and minimum temperature for the Month of July for central part of Maldives.

6.4.4 Rainfall

The wet season; southwest monsoon runs from mid-May to November. In this season Maldives experiences torrential rain. The highest rainfall ever recorded in the Maldives with in a 24 hour period was recorded on 9th July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Meteorological Office and amounts to 219.8mm of rainfall.

Figure 17: Average rainfall (from 2000 – 2015) in the Maldives (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

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As can be seen from the average for the past 15 years, the latter half of the year experiences more rain in the country.

Comparison of rainfall for the month of July 2016 and 2017 was also undertaken in order to understand the general rain pattern of the region during the field assessment period.

Figure 18: Comparison of rainfall for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

Last July, central part of the country received a total rainfall of 109 mm. The highest rainfall within 24 hours was recorded on the 08th and amounts to 34 mm of rainfall. The rainfall received in July 2016 was 143mm more than that of last July. Figure above shows daily total rainfall (2016 and 2017) and daily average rainfall for the Month of July for central part of Maldives.

6.4.5 Winds

The average wind speed for the sum of the years (2002-2015) is 9 knots for the entire country and the predominant wind directions are W, WSW and WNW, which is the main feature during the SW monsoon. During the NE monsoon, predominant wind occurs from ENE direction with an average wind speed of 6-7 knots. Thus, strong winds are associated with the southwest monsoon season. Gales are uncommon, and cyclones are very rare in the Maldives.

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Figure 19: Average wind speed and direction (www.windfinder.com)

Last July, the maximum wind speed in Central part of the country was experienced on the 28th at 14:22 hours from west at a speed of 47 mph. However, the maximum wind speed in central part in July 2016 was recorded on the 13th at 04:10 hours at a speed of 44 mph from west. Figure below shows daily maximum wind speed (2016 and 2017) and daily average maximum wind speed for the Month of July for central part of Maldives.

Figure 20: Comparison of winds for July 2016 and 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

The following figure shows wind rose for Hulhule in July 2017.

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Figure 21: Wind frequency chart of Hulhule for July 2017 (Source: www.meteorology.mv)

This is the wind rose for Hulhule based on hourly wind data of the month July 2017. This rose shows that the winds at Hulhule during the period blow from the west and west-north-west much of the time. In fact, the spokes in the directions west-south-west and north-west comprise about 20% of all hourly wind directions. This also shows that the wind rarely blows from other directions.

6.4.6 Currents and Waves

Wind generated current movement by the project area was measured from 1 location and presented in Figure 11.

The following table outlines GPS location and details of the drogue study undertaken on the northern side.

VA Thilafushi Site Heading Speed Drogue 4°11'14.89"N / 73°26'22.33"E 40.860 0.42m/s Table 4: Details of the drogue study

Wind currents by the project site had an easterly flow given that the assessment was undertaken during SW monsoon. Currents recorded from the site were quite high due to the strong winds that occurred at the time of the assessment.

No waves along the reef were observed at the time of the assessment and the northern side of Thilafushi is not known to any effect of waves unlike southern side of the lagoon where seasonal waves can be observed especially during rough periods of SW monsoon. Page 53

6.4.7 Tides

Tidal currents as well as oceanic currents mostly emanate from western side of the reef. The exposure of western side of the island to constant swells on the north and south of the island to channel swells ensure that an immense body of water is constantly flowing across and along the reef. The currents can be extremely strong on the south of the island especially during ebb and flow into the atoll.

Current speeds of four knots or more have been recorded in the atoll channels in the country. Oceanic currents are largely influenced by the direction of and can be of great strengths. Tidal currents which flow according the height of the tide and the direction of prevailing wind are much weaker than oceanic currents.

Like most of the places semidiurnal tides are experienced in the atoll, that is two high tides and two low tides a day. The tide varies from place to place, depending on the location and on the shape and depth of the basin, channels and reefs and also time of the year.

Tide data for the project site was not collected, instead secondary data collected was used to generalize tidal condition as a reference.

The following figure shows tidal prediction for 20 - 23 July 2018, taken from www.tidetime.org/asia/maldives/male.tm accessed on 20 July 2018. Male’ is the closest area to the project site where tide prediction was obtained. High tides of 1.09m at MSL low tides of 0.26m at MSL on 20 July are expected to occur.

Figure 22: Male’ tide predictions from 21 – 23 July (www.tidetime.org/asia/maldives/male.htm)

6.4.8 Swells

No site specific information was collected on swells around the reef. The closest region where swells data was available was from Male region which has been used as reference. Information Page 54

obtained from secondary sources indicate that the south-eastern side of North Male’ Atoll generate swells of 1.3 - 2m high. The swells reduce in height to 0.5m as it enters the atoll, where the reefs play a major role in reducing the heights of the swells. According to the information, swells ranging 1.3m – 2m will be experienced in 59% of the time, while 29% of the time ranging 0.5m – 1.3m are expected in July 2018.

Figure 23: Swells map for North Male Atoll (www.surf-forecast.com)

6.5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

6.5.1 General Observations

Thilafushi is the name given to the reclaimed part of 380ha large Thilafalhu, which is an elliptical shaped lagoon found on the southern periphery of North Male Atoll. Coral reefs are found all around the lagoon characterized by steep reef slopes on the northern side and slanted reef slopes on the southern side. The reclamation mostly by use of solid waste from Male’ and nearby islands began in the early 90s and since then the island has been under enlargement and development. Land reclamation also played a key role in terms of increasing the island to the current size. On some parts of the lagoon, reclamation has been undertaken up to the reef edge. Given that the various activities undertaken on the island as well as present light industrial activities, the reefs around Thilafalhu are believed to be heavily impacted and stressed.

The inner deep lagoon which is about 120ha in size is currently used as a large harbor and a mooring area. Page 55

Since the proposed project is a relatively small project, the entire reefs around the lagoon was not assessed to understand the present condition, Instead, reef sections that are believed to be impacted from proposed activities are assessed.

6.5.2 Assessments on Coral Reefs

Two areas from the coral reef section by the project site on the northern side outer reef have been assessed to understand the general reef health conditions (Figure 12), establish baseline for reef health conditions. Other areas of the reef are not believed to be impacted as a result of the proposed project.

The following table outlines the locations where reef assessments were undertaken to collect baseline information.

VA Thilafushi Site RF 1 4°11'14.72"N / 73°26'22.97"E RF 2 4°11'14.91"N / 73°26'21.74"E Table 5: Reef assessment locations

An important factor in determining reef health in biological terms is to assess the percent cover of live and dead component or determining composition of the reef in selected locations. In order to understand the biological content of the reef system, assessments involving, visual observations, photo quadrats (at 5m intervals) and visual fish census have been carried out on each reef survey sites (Figure 12). All areas are geo-referenced for the purpose of future monitoring in order to understand environmental impacts on them as a result of proposed project.

The two sites assessed were found to have very similar conditions and characteristics. The visibility was observed to be low having 5m – 7m at the time of the assessment.

The following figures summarize main findings of the assessment at both sites.

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Figure 24: Reef composition at the project area

No sign of live coral, new coral recruitments as well as dead corals were found from the 2 sites assessed. Instead the top layer of the reef was observed to be covered with sediment, sand, rubble and large number of debris up to the upper reef slope, which is believed to be thrown to the area. Over 50% of the reef section of the project area on both sites were covered with such debris and 100% of the reef can be considered dead.

Figure 25: Condition at RF1

Figure 26: Condition at RF2

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Only visual observation was undertaken to understand general reef fish abundance of the project site. The site does not support good marine life including reef fishes. Very few reef fishes were observed from the area which are mostly found by the reef edge and slope area along the entire project site. Few Surgeonfish (18), Damselfish (20) and Parrotfishes (6) were the only varieties found. Given that the reef area is heavily impacted with absence of live corals and other life forms, reef fish abundance and diversity were also observed to be affected as a result.

6.5.3 Seawater and Groundwater Quality

A seawater sample and a groundwater sample from the plot were taken and tested by the laboratories at MWSC for the parameters in the following table to establish the baseline status of seawater by the project site.

Water test results are attached in Appendix 4.

Perimeter Unit SW GW Physical Appearance Clear Clear with particles pH 8.12 7.35 Temperature Co 19.8 20.2 00 Salinity /0 33.87 3.87 TSS mg/L <5 (LoQ 5m/L) 9 Turbidity NTU 0.274 0.615 Table 6: Seawater analysis results

Both seawater and groundwater does not show any peculiar conditions. The results will be used as baseline for water quality by the project site.

6.5.4 Marine Protected Areas and Protected Species

There are 2 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in vicinity of the proposed sheet piling area. They are Lions Head (Dhekunu Thilafalhu Miyaruvani) located on the southern side of Thilafalhu approximately 1.8km from the project site and Gulhifalhu Kollavaane located on the southern side of Gulhifalhu approximately 3.5km far from the project area.

The proposed sheet piling works are not believed to cause any damage to these MPAs.

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Project Site

Miyaruvaani MPA

Kollavaani MPA

Figure 27: MPAs near project site

6.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

6.6.1 Population

The population of Thilafushi according to the Population and Housing Census 2014 has been estimated to be 2,052 residents with 99.8% males (MEE, 2018). The majority of the population (84%) are foreign workers (MEE, 2018).

6.6.2 Health and Education

Currently there are no schools and hospitals or medical facilities on Thilafushi.

6.6.3 Water, Sanitation and Electricity

MWSC provides desalinated water and limited sanitation through piped networks. However, some individual plots use small RO plants as well as septic tanks and direct outfalls for water and sanitation purpose. Rainwater is also collected from a number of plots for general usage.

Electricity is currently provided by STELCO.

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6.6.4 Economic Activities

Thilafushi is an industrial island that has a number of light industrial activities such as cement manufacturing, bottling gas, boat building as well as other economic activities such as warehousing, storing, engineering workshops, machinery storage, etc. Waste management is also an important activity on the island. These activities play a key role in the regional economy in terms of employment and support services. There are plans for expanding Thilafushi area as well as development of a port facility, which will attract more economic activities to the island.

6.6.5 Land Use Planning

The various activities on Thilafushi are not undertaken according to a proper land use plan as the island was initially created exclusively as a land fill site. However, areas that have been recently added to Thilafushi as well as future expansion plans are believed to have more focus on zoning different types of activities undertaken in these areas.

6.6.6 Accessibility

Given the close proximity of Thilafushi to Male’, access to the island by means of regular ferry operated by MTCC is available. Additionally, since there a number of private and commercial establishments on the island, private regular transportation are also widely undertaken. Furthermore, a number of plots also have developed quay walls for directly loading and unloading activities which is also used as a direct access to the island.

Figure 28: MTCC Thilafushi access means

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6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

The following information on the vulnerability of the islands in the Maldives are taken from published literature such as Developing a Disaster Rick Profile for Maldives by UNDP (2006) as site –specific information on vulnerability of Thilafushi was not available. According to the UNDP (2006) the natural vulnerability of the islands and atolls of the country to potential hazards have been modeled to understand the risk factors of the country.

The disaster risk scenario for Maldives can be described as moderate in general. Despite this, Maldives is among the most severely affected countries hit by the Asian tsunami on December 26th, 2004. Maldives experiences moderate risk conditions due to a low probability of hazard occurrence and high vulnerability from exposure due to geographical, topographical and socio- economic factors.

Following are some of the risks that have been identified and potential areas that may be within the range of risks based on its sensitivity, location, exposure, historic events, etc.

Figure 29: Tsunami hazard zones

Figure 29 show that Maldives faces tsunami threat largely from the east and relatively low threat from the north and south. So, islands along the eastern fringe are more prone to tsunami hazard than those along the northern and southern fringes. Islands along the western fringe experience a relatively low tsunami hazard. This map is produced based on the experience of the tsunami in 2004 and also occurrence of historic tsunami events in the greater region where most of the events have identified to have occurred from the Sumatra Region (UNDP, 2006).

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Besides heavy rains and strong winds during monsoons, hazardous weather events which regularly affect Maldives are tropical storms or ‘tropical cyclones’, and severe local storms. At times, tropical cyclones hitting Maldives are destructive due to associated strong winds that exceed a speed of 150 kilometers per hour, rainfall of above 30 to 40 centimeters in 24 hours and storm tides that often exceed four to five meters (UNDP, 2006).

Cyclonic winds sometimes can cause a sudden rise in sea-level along the , leading to a storm surge. The combined effect of surge and tide is known as ‘storm tide’. Storm tides can cause catastrophe in low-lying areas, flat and islands such as Maldives.

Maldives is also affected by severe local storms- thunder storms/ thunder squalls. Hazards associated with thunder storms are strong winds, often exceeding a speed of 100 kilometres per hour, heavy rainfall, lightning and hail; they also give rise to tornadoes in some regions. In general, thunderstorms are more frequent in the equatorial region than elsewhere, and land areas are more frequently hit by thunderstorms as compared to open . However, thunder storms close to the equator are less violent when compared with those in the tropical regions and beyond. Maldives being close to the equator, thunder storms are quite frequent but less violent here. Strong winds generated by severe local storms generate large wind-driven waves which are hazardous for Maldives (UNDP, 2006).

The islands of Maldives are less prone to tropical cyclones. The northern islands of the country were affected by weak cyclones that formed in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Figure 29 shows the tracks of cyclones affecting Maldives during the period 1877 - 2004. The number of cyclones directly crossing Maldives is small. Only 11 cyclones crossed the islands over the entire span of 128 years. Most of the cyclones crossed Maldives north of 6.0o N and none of them crossed south of 2.7o N during the period (UNDP 2006).

Figure 30: Tracks of cyclones affecting Maldives from 1877-2004

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UNDP (2006) stated that there were 21 cyclonic disturbances within the 500 kilometers radius during 1877-2004, of which 15 were depressions with an average wind speed of about 28 knots. The highest wind speed due to cyclonic disturbances that affected the islands during that time was about 65 knots. Figure 31 shows the tracks of cyclonic disturbances that passed through the circle with 500 kilometers radius.

Figure 31: Tracks of cyclones passed within the scan radius of 500km.

Based on the above information, Maldives is divided into zones with varying scales of cyclone hazards based on based on a qualitative judgment based on the gradient of the storm tracks from north to south.

Figure 32: Regions to capture cyclones passing through Maldives for hazard zoning.

Figure 32 shows the regions used to compute the highest wind speed of each cyclone captured within the region. Majority of the cyclonic disturbances crossed the northern region. The frequency and wind speed decreases from northern region to southern region. Region 1 is not affected by any storm. Thus, Maldives can be divided into three cyclone hazard zones – the northern zone with high cyclone hazard, central zone with moderate cyclone hazard and the southern zone with very little cyclone hazard.

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With regards to the storm surge potential, the bathymetry around the Maldives shows that the ocean slope close to the east coast is steeper than the west coast, hence it can be generalized that the eastern islands of the Maldives are vulnerable to higher surge hazard compared to the western islands. Figure 33 shows the bathymetry around Maldives. Figure 34 shows storm surge hazard zones based on computed model with maximum drops for 100 year return period and with historical data (UNDP, 2006).

Figure 33: 3D view of bathymetry of Maldives (depth in meters).

Figure 34: Storm surge hazard zones with cyclones affected

Based on historical catalogues of earthquakes in the region, identifying seismic sources based on this historical information and based on numerical models, it was found that except for Seenu, Gnaviyani and Gaafu Atolls, earthquake hazard is low across the country. The probable maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) is estimated between 7-8 in Zone 5 (Figure 34). This level of MMI can cause moderate to high damages (UNDP, 2006).

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Figure 35: Maldives seismic hazard zones

It can be summarized that the northern parts of the country are vulnerable to cyclones and storm surges while southern parts of the country are vulnerable to seismic activity. The eastern side of the country is more exposed to potential and surges. Based on the above disaster profile, it can be said that Thilafushi is located in a fairly safer area in terms of natural disasters and other natural events.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The following section predicts potential environmental impacts from the proposed sheet piling works to be carried out land slot No. 5 of Thilafushi. Once the potential environmental impacts are identified, the impacts are evaluated to identify their significance. In order to identify and analyze environmental impacts, the following methods have been used.

7.1 METHODS

7.1.1 Impact Prediction

The environmental impacts that may be generated as a result of the proposed project is predicted and is distinguished from construction and post construction phases of the project. The impacts have been predicted by using a simple descriptive matrix. The prediction of environmental impacts also to a great extent incorporated expert judgment and professional opinions of the EIA consultant as well as statements of the EIAs reviewed in this EIA report. Once the impacts are predicted, a detailed description has been given in order to understand the nature and type of impacts.

7.1.2 Impact Significance

The environmental impacts are assessed in terms of significance. Significance is the function of magnitude of the impact and the likelihood of the impact occurring and the impact magnitude is a function of the extent, duration and intensity of the impact. The criteria used to determine impact significance are summarized in the following table (adapted from Environmental Resource Management, 2008).

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Table 7: Impact significance criteria

Once a rating has been determined for magnitude and likelihood, the following matrix has been used to determine the impact significance.

Table 8: Significance rating matrix

The different ratings of impact significance are then given a colour scale for easily understanding the overall magnitude of the impact. The following colour scale has been used.

Negative Ratings Positive Ratings Negligible Negligible Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Major Major

Table 9: Significance colour scale

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7.1.3 Limitations and Uncertainties

The potential environmental impacts from the proposed project are all predicted and assumed, hence there may be variables affecting the accuracy of these impacts due to natural variations such as site conditions and uncertainties in scales and magnitudes. Also the limited time available for undertaking baseline environmental assessments is also key limiting factor in terms of determining the accuracy of the environmental impacts. The assessments were done during one season and impacts are predicted based on these assessments, however, how the magnitudes of these impacts and how they behave during the other season are quite uncertain.

EIA studies undertaken in similar environmental settings and technical experience as well as professional judgment of the EIA team have been used while predicting and evaluating these environmental impacts.

Since the environmental, geomorphological and physical of the islands, reefs and lagoons of the Maldives are unique, the degree and accuracy of the predicted impacts when applied even in other islands of the Maldives in similar project settings, may differ in accuracy, magnitude and significance.

7.1.4 Justification of the Method Used

There are many ways and a number of methods in which environmental impacts that arise from development projects can be assessed and evaluated. The methods used for the purpose of predicting and evaluating the significance of environmental impacts is an accepted and internationally recognized as well as widely used methods throughout the world in a number of development projects. Although it is adapted for the condition of the project by the EIA consultant from Environmental Resource Management, 2008 literature, the approach as well as intended outcomes still remain same.

EIA is a decision-making tool, hence, needs to be understood by both technical and non- technical people. The use of colour codes for determining the significance of each and every impact related to the proposed project in the methods used has been demonstrated to be quite effective, especially with non-technical people.

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7.2 IMPACT PREDICTION

The environmental impacts that may be associated with the proposed sheet piling works at Thilafushi slot No. 5 are predicted in this section by using a simple descriptive matrix. The following matrix distinguishes the types of environmental impacts that may be associated with various project actions on key environmental components and distinguishes whether these are impacts during construction period or during post-construction period.

The following table predicts the nature and types of environmental impacts.

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AND PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IMPLICATION ACTIONS Land Beach Lagoon Reef PERIOD Vegetation Shoreline Habitat Habitat Groundwater Oceanography Seawater No major lagoon habitats Minor hence impacts sedimentation Sheet piling Permanently will be very in nearby areas, During

works altered minimal but short-term construction alteration of changes in the and seawater quality hydrodynamics Minor sedimentation Very minimal Permanently During Backfilling and short term impacts altered construction changes in seawater quality Aesthetic Construction impacts waste and Aesthetic seawater During

construction impacts pollution and construction activities accidental oil spillage Noise and Construction dust but During

machinery localized to construction project site Aesthetic Aesthetic impacts During Solid waste impacts seawater operation pollution Table 10: Impact prediction table

The above table shows the main project activities and the environmental components upon which the environmental impacts are believed to occur. The environmental impacts on various environmental components during the construction phase of the proposed project seem greater than those of the operation phase.

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7.3 DESCRIPTION OF IMPACTS

7.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts

7.3.1.1 Impacts from Sheet Piling Works

As part of the project, it is proposed to install sheet piles along the 58.8m long water front from the two land slots. During pile driving works, some minor environmental impacts are believed to occur including permanently altering seabed, generation of sedimentation plumes, minor vibration as well as alteration of the hydrodynamics around the area.

The seabed of the sheet pile wall will be permanently altered, which will be a key impact from the project. The backfilling area between the sheet pile quay wall and the existing land will be backfilled, hence will permanently be covered. Since there are no live corals and other significant marine habitats along seabed, the impacts are envisaged to be very minimal. Nonetheless, some impacts from sedimentation during piling works are believed to occur in the nearby areas. Live corals that may be present in the nearby areas may be affected to some extent as well as reef fishes may temporarily leave the area due to sedimentation. Also, as a result of sedimentation, short term changes in the seawater quality in the impact area will occur. However, due to strong currents that exist in the area, sedimentation will be dispersed very quickly.

Other minor impact from sheet piling works will be short term vibration at the time of pile driving into the seabed. As a result of vibration, reef fish and some marine organisms may leave the locality temporality. However, this impact is believed to be very minor since a hydraulic hammer will be used for pile driving which has less noise and vibration unlike diesel hammers.

As a result of sheet pile wall, the currents by the area will be permanently altered, however, are not believed to bring major impacts.

7.3.1.2 Impacts from Backfilling Works

A small area having 886m2 area requires to be backfilled up to the sheet pile wall. The backfilling works require 2,200m3 of fill material. Dredging will not be undertaken in order to get the fill material. The site already has a sand stockpile having over 2,300m3 which will be used for the work.

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Since, backfilling works will be undertaken after installing the sheet piles, it is unlikely that there will be significant sedimentation, hence the impacts from backfilling will be very minimal.

There may be minor impacts to groundwater in terms of increased , however this impact is believed to be very short-term. Since parts of the plots will be backfilled with sand, there may not be any salinization impacts on groundwater. In order to monitor groundwater, a sample has been tested to establish baseline.

7.3.1.3 Impacts from Construction Waste and Construction Activities

Some concrete works will be done to complete the sheet pile wall. In this regard, a concrete capping will be constructed along the sheet pile where construction material such as cement, sand, aggregate will be used. Disposal of concrete on land will make area aesthetically unappealing while disposal in the marine environment will generate some minor sedimentation and change the bottom substrate. No significant impacts are believed to occur.

Additionally, fuel handling during construction works also has potential for accidental oil spill risk. Accidental spill of fuel in the marine environment will generate some impacts such as marine water pollution. Since the project site does not have live corals and significant reef fish abundance and diversity, the impacts on corals and reef fish will be insignificant as fuels will afloat when in contact with water.

7.3.1.4 Impacts from Construction Machinery

Operation of construction machinery will generate noise and dust during construction which may have some potential health impacts to the workforce. These impacts are believed to be confined to the project site and can be avoided occurring for prolonged periods by restricting operational hours and locations.

7.3.2 Post Construction Impacts

7.3.2.1 Impacts from Solid Waste Disposal

During operation period of the project, large amounts of goods (mostly construction material) will be loaded and unloaded by using the sheet pile wall. There is high risk of accidents while transporting such material. Piling of unused construction material and waste on land will have Page 71

an aesthetic impact on land while if such material and waste is disposed in the marine environment, there will be some impacts including sedimentation, changes in sweater quality as well as changing the bottom substrate in the area which in turn will affect the biological components in the area.

7.3.3 Indirect Impacts

Indirect impacts from the proposed sheet piling works include excessive use of the site which will be developed as alongside berthing area upon completion of the project. Excessive use of the area has the potential for long term marine environmental pollution in the area, which may affect coral reefs in the vicinity.

7.3.4 Cumulative Impacts

There are number of development activities that are happening in Thilafushi and planned to be undertaken in the future, which includes land reclamation, sheet piling works, loading and unloading of goods in nearby areas, etc . A number of construction activities are happening in the island itself and disposal of construction waste within the marine environment have the potential for cumulative .

7.3.5 Positive Impacts

The main positive impact from the proposed sheet piling works will be development of an adequate alongside berthing facility to facilitate loading and unloading of goods to and from Thilafushi. Additionally, given that the final land will be slightly out, adequate depths will be available for larger vessels to alongside the facility. Furthermore, entire project will bring a positive economic outlook for the proponent as well as for other businesses established on the island.

7.4 IMPACT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

The following section analyses and evaluates the previously described environmental impacts in order to identify their significance.

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Table 11: Impact analysis table

The above impact analysis indicates that some of the environmental impacts during construction will be permanent in nature such as sheet piling and back filling. Other impacts such as construction waste and operation of construction machinery will generate short-term impacts that are much localized. During operation, potential solid waste disposal and cumulative impacts from other projects will be felt moderately, while economic impacts are believed to be positive and moderate.

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8. MITIGATION MEASURES

The main purpose of the following section is to outline environmental management and mitigation measures that will be undertaken and followed with regards to minimizing and reducing environmental impacts from the proposed sheet piling works to be undertaken at slot No. 5 at Thilafushi.

8.1 JUSTIFICATION FOR MITIGATION MEASURES

The environmental management and mitigation measures outlined in this section have been selected by taking into consideration a number of factors. The most important factor considered in selecting these mitigation measures is that these are not just ‘paper mitigation measures’, it has been selected based on its practicality. Other factors such as economics, technical know- how as well as adequacy and continuity played a key role in determining these environmental management and mitigation measures.

8.2 LIMITATIONS OF MITIGATION MEASURES

In spite of the measures that will be taken to mitigate against the foreseeable impacts, there is always the possibility of impacts that were not foreseen, or the extent of predicted impact can turn out to be greater than predicted, or the mitigating measures may not be as effective as expected. In order to ensure that such incremental impacts do not suddenly appear without warning, the project will monitor key parameters in the vicinity of the development which can serve as environmental indicators. The area has been surveyed and a baseline have been established at key locations on the reef and seawater. These areas will be monitored (using the monitoring program) regularly to provide an indication of impacts before they become too advanced for corrective action.

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8.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

8.3.1 Mitigation Measures for Sheet Piling Works

A 60m long sheet pile wall has been proposed to be installed. The key environmental impacts from proposed sheet piling works as outlined before are permanent changes in the seabed, sedimentation, alteration of local currents and minor vibration at the time of pile driving. According to the impact evaluation, the magnitude has been identified to be minor, given the scale of the project is very small. In terms of biological content of the marine environment, there is very little to be impacted if not all. Some impacts cannot be avoided such as alteration of the seabed along the sheet pile wall, while others can be minimized with appropriate action and others can adjust naturally.

Following are the key measures that will be undertaken to reduce environmental impacts from sheet piling works;

 Sheet piling works will be undertaken at designated site only with appropriate marking.  Debris on the seabed to be removed before installing sheet piles.  Work will be undertaken at low tide and on calm weather conditions to reduce spread of sedimentation to far distances.  Work will be completed in the shortest possible to reduce impact period.  Work will be undertaken during day time only to potential reduce risks.

Key considerations; Consideration Detail By use of natural and project planning mitigation Reduce impacts from sheet piling works measures Cost - Reduced spread of sedimentation and other visible Expected benefits impacts Expertise Environmental management and protection Required Manpower 2 - 4 Responsibility Contractor Equipment/Technology - Timing During sheet piling

8.3.2 Mitigation Measures for Backfilling Works

A small area having 886m2 requires to be backfilled. It is estimated that 2,200m3 fill material will be required for backfilling works up to the proposed sheet pile wall. The required fill

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material will be obtained from existing stockpile available at the site. No significant environmental impacts are foreseen given that the scale of filling area is very small. The seabed of the fill area will be completed covered, which will be an irreversible impact, however, given that area has no biological content, the impact will be very minimal. Another impact has been identified to be potential sedimentation, which may run into nearby areas during filling.

The following measures will be undertaken to reduce potential impacts from proposed backfilling works;

 Confine the waterfront area with sheet piles before filling works to reduce escape sedimentation.  Work will be undertaken at low tide during calm weather conditions to reduce spread of sedimentation into far distances.  No dredging will be undertaken at the site or nearby areas.  Work will be completed in the shortest possible to reduce impact period.  Work will be undertaken during day time only to potential reduce risks.

Key considerations; Consideration Detail By use of natural and project planning mitigation Reduce impacts from backfilling works measures Cost - Reduced spread of sedimentation and other visible Expected benefits impacts Expertise Environmental management and protection Required Manpower 2 - 4 Responsibility Contractor Equipment/Technology - Timing During backfilling

8.3.3 Mitigation Measures for Construction Waste

Some amount of construction waste from the proposed project are believed to be generated during construction phase of the project, which are mostly related to construction of concrete capping of the sheet pile wall. The impacts for disposal of construction waste into the marine environment have been identified to be alteration of the seabed and sedimentation as well as aesthetic impacts, however these impacts will be very minimal.

The following measures will be undertaken;

 All concrete works will be undertaken within the designated formwork. Page 76

 All solid waste such as empty cement bags will be discarded to waste management site at Thilafushi for appropriate disposal  Reduce wastage of river sand and aggregate  Use concrete in designated areas before it get dried up to reduce aesthetic impacts at site  Undertake daily cleaning of the work site  Wastewater will not be disposed into the immediate marine environment

Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce construction waste By use of project planning mitigation measures Cost - Expected benefits Reduction in overall construction waste Expertise Environmental management and protection Required Manpower 2 - 4 Responsibility Contractor Equipment/Technology - Timing During concrete works

8.3.4 Mitigation Measures for Construction Machinery

Vehicles such as excavator, hammer and dump trucks will be used during the construction of the proposed sheet pile wall. Noise and dust are expected during the operations of these machinery. However, these impacts will be minimal and is not expected to disturb any residential population as the operations will be undertaken in the project area only.

In order to reduce construction machinery related impacts, the following measures will be undertaken;

 Use a hydraulic hammer to drive sheet piles into the seabed which has less noise and vibration than diesel hammers  Daily maintenance of vehicles and machines  Undertake work during day time only  Use appropriate safety measures.  Make available appropriate equipment in case of emergencies and accidental oil spills from machinery.

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Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce impacts from construction machinery By use of project planning mitigation measures US$4,500 – US$ 6,000 (hydraulic hammer, oil Cost boomers and dispersants and vacuum in case of oil spill) Expected benefits Reduced construction machinery impacts Expertise Environmental management and protection Required Manpower 2 - 4 Responsibility Contractor Equipment/Technology - Timing During construction period

8.4 POST CONSTRUCTION PHASE

8.4.1 Mitigation Measures for Solid Waste

During the operation phase, solid waste may generate some environmental impacts on a long- term basis as the site will be used for loading and unloading of goods. The impact evaluation identifies the magnitude of the impact to be moderate given there are potential generation of solid waste from the site at a prolonged period. If such waste are disposed into the marine environment, there will be marine pollution that may affect nearby areas.

The following measures will be undertaken to reduced solid waste related environmental issues during operation of the project;

 Undertake daily cleaning and maintenance of the project area.  If there are waste at site, immediate collect and transport to designated areas in Thilafushi for final disposal  Establish a small area for waste collection and handling with dustbins and containers  Prohibit dumping of solid waste into the marine environment at all times

Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce impacts from solid wate By use of appropriate methodology US$1,000 per month for waste handling and Cost management Expected benefits Reduced environmental and aesthetic impacts Expertise Environmental management and protection Required Manpower 2 - 4 Responsibility Proponent Equipment/Technology Dustbins and containers Timing During operation period

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8.5 COMMITMENT

The proponent fully recognizes the importance of protecting the environment and ensures that the proposed mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the project implementation.

Commitment letter from the proponent is attached in Appendix 5.

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9. ALTERNATIVES

The following section outlines some alternative means to the project in terms of some project activities that can otherwise be implemented as an alternative to the project. Also, a “No Development Option” has been closely looked at in terms of understanding the opportunity cost of the project versus no development scenario.

9.1 NO DEVELOPMENT OPTION

The no development option have been outlined here only to address the consequences if the proposed development did not go ahead as a result of environmental impacts that the implementation of the project will generate. If the development does not go ahead, there would be no environmental impacts, however, there will be more risks in terms of further damage to the site as well as continue with current difficulties of accessing and using the site.

In this regard, if the project does not go ahead due to the reason of environmental impacts, there is great potential for increasing the threat of further damage to the area, inaccessibility due to shallow depths as well as the site cannot be appropriately used for loading and unloading purposes and alongside berthing of larger vessels.

Given that the current environmental condition of the site is not significant and the proposed project will not affect any Marine Protected Areas in close proximity and that the potential environmental impacts have been envisaged to be minor, the proposed project can be undertaken.

Also, since the project has a positive economic outlook as well as will enhance protection of the area and create an area that will maximize the use of the site, the No Development Option has not been considered as a favorable option for the project.

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9.2 OTHER ALTERNATIVES

9.2.1 Alternative to Sheet Pile Wall

As an alternative to the proposed sheet pile wall, a concrete quay wall can be constructed at the site which will have similar functions as proposed sheet pile wall. Many sites in Thilafushi currently have concrete quay walls.

The main advantage of the proposed sheet pile wall is that it is less expensive and has similar lifespan as concrete walls as well as can be constructed in a relatively short time period. Also, installation of sheet pile walls will generate less construction solid waste than an entire quay wall constructed with concrete. Due to these advantages, the proposed sheet pile wall has been preferred over the alternative.

9.2.2 Alternative to Backfill

The proposed backfill site is very shallow having around -0.5m to -2m MSL, which is not an ideal depth for vessels to alongside for loading and unloading purpose. As an alternative to backfill, the entire area can be dredged to have a minimum depth of -5m MSL. This alternative will keep the area as it is without backfill with a slight increase in depth. Although this may be a cost effective alternative, the environmental impacts such as physical damage and sedimentation will be far more significant than undertaking backfill in the area with available fill material. Also, this option will generate more environmental impacts than proposed backfilling, which will be undertaken in a confined area. Thus, the proposed backfilling is more preferred than increasing the depth of the site by dredging.

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10. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

This section outlines the major findings of the consultations undertaken with regards to the proposed sheet piling projects to be undertaken at Land Slots 23 and 25 by Apollo Holdings Pvt. Ltd. and Land Slot No. 5 by V.A. Pvt. Ltd. in Thilafushi. Since both these projects are similar projects, consultations were undertaken simultaneously.

10.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS

The approved Terms of Reference for the EIA identifies key stakeholders that require to be consulted with regards to the proposed development. These include;

 Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE)  Greater Male’ Industrial Zone Limited (GMIZL)

10.2 METHODS OF CONSULTATION

Both formal and informal methods have been used to collect information from some of the key stakeholders. Formal and informal meetings have been conducted in this regard.

10.3 PROVISION OF INFORMATION TO GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES AND KEY STAKEHOLDERS

The approval of the EIA is required before any physical activities of the project can be implemented and once the EIA report is approved, formal communication to concerned government agencies as well as key stakeholders with regards to obtaining any permit or clearance will be undertaken immediately. Following are the key measures;

 Ministry of Environment and Energy - MEE is the key policy-making authority on environmental matters and as this project will be undertaken on Thilafushi, it will

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be closely monitored through EPA. EPA has the mandate for implementing environmental laws and regulations on behalf of MEE.  Greater Male’ Industrial Zone Limited – GMIZL currently has the overall management responsibility of all activities undertaken in Thilafushi. Once the EIA is approved from EPA, GMIZL will be submitted with a copy of the approved EIA and Environmental Decision Statement to get their consent to undertake the proposed projects in Slots 23 and 25 and Slot 5 in Thilafushi. All their requirements and guidelines will be followed throughout the development and implementation of the project.

10.4 SUMMARY OF OUTCOMES OF CONSULTATIONS

10.4.1 Ministry of Environment and Energy, MEE

Following are the summary of consultation;

Date: 8 August 2018 Time: 20:30 hrs Type: Informal Meeting, near Agora Sosun Magu

 Since the project does not involve dredging and major reclamation as well as the proponent deciding to spread existing fill material into the backfill areas, the project is not believed to cause major environmental impacts.  Currently there is no policy, regulation or guideline as to regulate specific works related to sheet piling in the country in terms of standard of materials to be used, installation procedures, etc except that of the requirements in the EIA process implemented by EPA.

Participant Mr. Mohamed Zahir, Director General, Environment Department, MEE, 777 1504

10.4.2 Greater Male’ Industrial Zone Limited, GMIZL

Following are the summary of consultation;

Date: 2 July 2018

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Time: 11:30 hrs Type: Meeting, EPA

 The project has to comply with all requirements of MEE and EPA  Permission to implement the project will be given upon submission of the approved EIA and Environmental Decision Statement to GMIZL  Additional land created as part of the project (486.7m2) will be subject to land rent, which has been communicated to the proponent.

Participant Ms. Yumna Rasheed, Civil Engineer, Projects, GMIZL, 761 8918

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11. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

11.1 BACKGROUND

Environmental monitoring is important part of the whole EIA. It ensures that how the project has or is impacting the baseline environmental conditions that have been assessed as part of the EIA. It identifies the degrees and magnitudes of the predicted environmental impacts for the project are felt on the environment as a result of project implementation. Thus, it will help in implementing the mitigation measures that are already identified in this report or implement further measures if the impacts are identified to be bigger than anticipated.

11.1.1 Aim

The primary aim of the monitoring is to provide information that will aid impact management, and secondarily to achieve a better understanding of cause-effect relationship and to improve impact prediction and mitigation methods.

11.1.2 Objective

The following monitoring plan is used to measure impacts that occur during the proposed project activities and determine the accuracy of impacts that are predicted and the effectiveness of mitigation measures that are relevant for the proposed project. The objectives of the monitoring plan are to measure:

• Coral reef health (EIA baseline) • Seawater and groundwater quality (EIA baseline) • Currents (EIA baseline)

The monitoring will also ensure that these measurements are kept within the baseline limits and predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective.

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11.2 MONITORING REPORT

A detailed environmental monitoring report will be compiled and submitted to the EPA during construction and post-construction periods of the project based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan outlined for the project.

11.2.1 Report Format

The Environment Monitoring Report will be developed in accordance with the following format; i) Introduction ii) Aims and Objectives iii) Environmental Conditions a. Prevailing currents b. Marine environment including coral reef assessments, reef fish assessments and other benthos c. Groundwater and seawater conditions d. Visible impacts such as sedimentation iv) Comparison of data over different time periods v) Conclusion and Recommendations

11.2.2 Reporting Frequency

It is important to ensure that monitoring of the environmental parameters mentioned above will be initiated during construction periods, which will be continued throughout the operation life cycle of the project. In this regard, the following measures will be followed.

 During Construction Phase – Every month  During Post Construction Phase – Every 6 months for 2 years

11.2.3 Quality Control and Assurance

In order to reduce uncertainty factor and ensure that the monitoring undertaken is assured with quality control measures, the following aspects will be carefully integrated;

 Monitor exact GPS points outlined in the baseline surveys at all times  Employ technical personnel for all monitoring needs Page 86

 Increase visual presentation of the conditions and compare as an important aspect of monitoring  Repeat surveys if necessary  Ensure monitoring is undertaken as outlined in the Monitoring Plan

11.3 MONITORING PLAN AND COSTS

The following Environmental Monitoring Plan that will be followed during and after the sheet piling works have been carried out in the slot No. 5 in Thilafushi.

Monitoring Indicators Baseline Technique Frequency Approx Requirements Reference Cost (US$) Values Coral cover % live coral cover Baseline EIA Qualitative & Every month during 400.00 Quantitative construction and twice a year thereafter Reef fish Population structure Baseline EIA Qualitative & Every month during 400.00 populations quantitative construction and methods twice a year thereafter Fish census Marine and Salinity, TSS and Baseline EIA Laboratory Every month during 200.00 groundwater water Turbidity Analysis construction and quality twice a year thereafter Currents Seasonal directions Baseline EIA Drogue technique Every month during 200.00 construction and twice a year thereafter Sedimentation Visual impacts Quantitative Every month during 200.00 construction and twice a year thereafter TOTAL 1,400.00 Table 12: Monitoring plan

11.4 COMMITMENT

The proponent recognizes the important of environmental monitoring and commits to undertake the monitoring programme during construction and operation periods.

Commitment letter from the Project Proponent is attached in Appendix 5.

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been devised in order to systematically manage and improve the project’s environmental issues. The essential characteristic of the EMP is that its various components will interact to provide measurable information enabling continual improvements.

12.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The key aim of the EMP is ensure that proper environmental management and mitigation measures and environmental monitoring are incorporated in pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project meeting the requirements of regulatory authorities. Also an important objective of the EMP is to ensure that the proponent / contractor will be made responsible for establishing an operational system for managing environmental impacts as well as carryout mitigation measures and undertake corrective actions.

12.2 MANAGEMENT PLAN

Following are the key aspects of the EMP

Pre-Construction Stage Performance Responsibility Impacts Location Mitigation Measure Standard for Implementation Design of the project Slot No. 5 Proper access, safety, GMIZL Project design Thilafushi proper loading and requirement consultant unloading measures Construction Stage Sedimentation Slot No. 5 Reduce sedimentation run EIA Contractor Thilafushi off by natural means surrounding Noise and dust Slot No. 5 Regular servicing of EIA Contractor Thilafushi vehicles and restricted operation areas and hours Construction waste Slot No. 5 Regular collection and EIA Contractor Thilafushi and transportation, reuse surrounding Health and safety Slot No. 5 Use of proper safety EIA Contractor Thilafushi equipment during Page 88

construction, notices, emergency contacts Accidental spills Slot No. 5 Make available boomers, EIA Contractor Thilafushi and dispersants and vacuum surrounding Operation Stage Solid waste Slot No. 5 Designate area for Thilafushi and collection and handling at surrounding project site and make EIA Proponent arrangement for regular transportation for waste management site at Thilafushi Table 13: Management plan

12.3 EMP AUDIT

The implementation of this EMP will be audited every two years. The audit will be performed by both internal management and external environmental auditors or consultants. The audit reports will be carefully reviewed and efforts and measures will be undertaken to implement any recommendations.

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13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Following are the conclusions with regards to the proposed sheet piling project to be carried out at Slot No. 5 in Thilafushi;

 V.A. Pvt. Ltd. proposes to install sheet piles on the northern part of Slot No. 5 located in Thilafushi. The main purpose of the project is to facilitate boats to alongside during loading and unloading of goods as well as to protect the land slots from erosion. As part of the project it is proposed to install sheet piles on the northern boundary of the slots which has a total length of 60m. A small area of 886m2 requires to be filled with sand up to the northern tip of the slots. It is estimated that around 2,200m3 of fill material will be required to backfill gap between the existing land and sheet piles area. The fill material will be obtained from existing stockpiles at the project site.

 The Greater Male’ Industrial Zone (GMIZ) upon approval of the project concept emphasized approval of an EIA from EPA prior to commencement of the project works. The approved EIA and Environmental Decision Statement has to be submitted to GMIZ in this regard.

 The EIA has been prepared as per approved Terms of Reference (TOR) on 2 July 2018.

 The scope of the proposed project involves; o Installing sheet piles along 60m water front side o Backfill 886m2 area up to the sheet piles

 Currently part of the site has a retain wall which is getting damaged which makes the site vulnerable to further damage. Due to shallow depths found (0.5m – 1.5m below MSL) by the project site, it is difficult to bring goods directly to the site making the operations limited and time bound. In order to avoid such issues, the proposed project has been proposed mainly to protect the site from further damage and extend the backfill area to have adequate depths (7m – 8m below MSL) for larger boats to bring goods and provide a safer berthing area as well as enhance operational activities.

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 The aim of this EIA is to ensure that potential impacts are identified and addressed in relation to the proposed sheet piling works. For this purpose the report has addressed existing environmental condition from assessments undertaken on surrounding environment as well as on secondary information available where the project may have some environmental impacts during construction and operation phases.

 The proposed sheet piling works is believed to generate some sediment within the surrounding environment, however, this will be at a very minor scale and will only generate during pile driving activities. The proposed backfilling works are not believed generate any sedimentation as it will be undertaken after confining the area with sheet piles. During operation of machinery, some noise and dust may be generated, however will be only during work hours and confined to the project site only.

 The proposed project is not believed to cause any impact to the existing Marine Protected Areas in the proximity including Lions Head (Dhekunu Thilafalhu Miyaruvani) located on the southern side of Thilafalhu approximately 1.8km from the project site and Gulhifalhu Kollavaane located on the southern side of Gulhifalhu approximately 3.5km far from the project area.

 Careful planning and scheduling of the proposed activities to coincide with calm days and low tide operations has been proposed as the main mitigation measures in addition to regular monitoring of the various aspects of the environment.

 Alternatives to some of the project components such as alternative to sheet piles and alternative to backfill requirement have been identified and evaluated. The process of selecting preferred alternative has also been stated.

 Environmental monitoring during both construction and post construction have be given serious consideration in order to assess the degree and magnitude of environmental changes in the biophysical environment against the baseline conditions assessed. An environmental monitoring programme will be implemented in every 1 month during project implementation and in every 6 months thereafter for a period of 2 years.

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 Although there are some environmental impacts from the proposed, most of these impacts can be reduced and mitigated by use of appropriate methodology. An EMP has been outlined to measure effectiveness mitigation measures in addition to environmental monitoring. Also, given that the current condition of the site is unsafe and unusable as well as considering positive economic outlook and overall need for the project, it is concluded that the project can be undertaken.

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14. REFERENCES

Developing a Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives, 2006, UNDP

Environmental Resource Management, 2008, Solaire Direct Drennan Deir, Rev 2

EIA Regulation (Amended), 2015, EPA

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Undertaking Sheet Piling at Hulhumale’ Phase 1 prepared by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd. in June 2017.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Sheet Piling in Hawks Land, K, Thilafushi prepared by Mahfooz Abdul Wahhab and Mohamed Ibrahim Jaleel in November 2017.

Environmental Impact Assesment Report for Proposed Sheet Piling Works to be carried out at Slots 23 and 25 at K. Thilafushi prepared by Mohamed Zuhair and Ibrahim Shakir in July 2018.

Maldives National Sustainable Development Strategy, 2009, Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment

Ministry of Environment and Energy, MEE (2018), Greater Male’ Environmental Improvement and Waste Management Project – Improvement of Waste Handling and Processing Facilities for Thilafushi Island prepared for ADB

Preliminary Results, Maldives Census 2014, Bureau of Statistics, Maldives

Regulation on Environmental Damages Liability, 2011, Ministry of Housing and Environment

The Strategic Action Plan, National Framework for Development 2009 – 2013, Government of Maldives

Third National Environment Action Plan – 2009 – 2013, Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment www.meteorology.mv www.tidetime.org www.surf-forecast.com www.windfinder.com

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15. APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: EIA Terms of Reference (TOR)

APPENDIX 2: Project Approval Letter

APPENDIX 3: Approved Project Concept

APPENDIX 4: Water Quality Analysis Results

APPENDIX 5: Commitment Letter

APPENDIX 6: CVs of the Consultants

APPENDIX 7: EIA Report Contributors

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APPENDIX 1: EIA Terms of Reference (TOR)

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APPENDIX 2: Project Approval Letter

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APPENDIX 3: Approved Project Concept

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APPENDIX 4: Water Quality Analysis Results

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APPENDIX 5: Commitment Letter

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APPENDIX 6: CVs of Consultants

MR. MOHAMED ZUHAIR

PERSONAL DETAILS

Full Name: Mohamed Zuhair

NIC No.: A-045870

Date of Birth: 18 December 1971

Address (Home): H. Eforniumge (South), 4th Floor, Moonlight Hingun/Lonuziyaarai Hingun, Male’ 20¬023, Rep of Maldives Mobile: (960) 777 6800 Email: [email protected]

Marital Status: Married with 3 children

Languages: English (Professional) Dhivehi (Native)

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

 Master of Applied Science (Natural Resource Management), 2003 , James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia  Certificate in Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas, 1998, South Asia Co¬operative Environment Program (SACEP) in collaboration with Marine Mark Authority, Male’ Maldives  Certificate in Coral Reef Survey Methods, 1998, IOC¬UNESCO/UNEP/IUCN, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) in collaboration with Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Male’, Maldives  Certificate in Seminar to Cope with Climate Change in Asia Pacific Region, 1995, Environment Agency, Japan Weather Association Japan  Certificate in Comparative International Studies, 1994, Bath College of Higher Education, Newton Park, Bath BA2 9BN, United Kingdom  B.Sc (Hons) Combined Studies (Major: Environmental Biology), 1994, Bath College of Higher Education, Newton Park, Bath BA2 9BN, United Kingdom  Certificate in Coral Reef Ecology, Theory and Practice, 1990, International Center for Ocean Development and Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Male’, Maldives

EMPLOYMENT

 Freelance Environmental Consultant (2011 - Present) Provide technical consultancy on environment-related work including development of environmental management plans, preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and environmental monitoring plans, field assessment and environmental analysis of potential development sites, technical input for proposed development projects, as well as assist in project development, etc

 Recent Clients: Hotels and Resorts Construction Pvt. Ltd, Leisure Horizons Pvt. Ltd., Amin Construction Pvt. Ltd., Malahini

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Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Cocoon Investments Pvt. Ltd., Akirifushi Investments Pvt. Ltd., Hanimaadhoo City Hotel Investments Pvt. Ltd., Mr. Ali Zahir, Coral Tree Maldives Pvt. Ltd., Mr. Hassan Moosa, Mr. Ali Moosa, ABN Pvt. Ltd., Cowrie Investments Pvt. Ltd., Oliva Efficient Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Island Channels Pvt. Ltd., Sandcays Pvt. Ltd., Beachrock Ventures Pvt. Ltd., SAS e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd., Group X Pvt. Ltd., Coastline Investments Pvt. Ltd., Sanken Overseas Ltd.(Sri Lanka), Impiana (Lanuan) Bhd. (Malaysia), Gili Lankanfushi, Waterways Maldives Pvt. Ltd., Mahogany Pvt. Ltd., Vashugiri Pvt. Ltd., Premier Equity Manager, Ecolife Maldives Pvt. Ltd., Maldives Marketing and PR Corporation (MMPRC), Scaveola Travel Pvt. Ltd., Ebony Pvt. Ltd., Sunny Holdings Pvt. Ltd. (Singapore), B. Island Council, K. Island Council, Ayada Maldives, Maldives Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC), Dhidhoofinolhu Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Amingiri Holdings Pvt. Ltd., K & V Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Funnels Investment Pvt. Ltd., Mr. Abbas Waheed, H. Finimaage Aage, Male’, Mr. Mohamed Wafir, G. Rangireege, Male’ Hima Holdings Pvt. Ltd. North East Pvt. Ltd., Residency Resorts Male’ Pvt. Ltd., Batch Construction Pvt. Ltd., DAMAS Real Estate, Apollo Holdings Pvt Ltd., Westore Pvt Ltd., INSA Pvt. Ltd., O Blu at Helengeli, Aqua Blue Investments Pvt. Ltd., Indus-Resorts Maldives (Singapore), Sea Cross Maldives Pvt. Ltd., Kandinma Holdings Pvt. Ltd., EyeCare Pvt. Ltd., Champalars Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Thiladhoo Resorts Pvt. Ltd., Hurasfaru Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Naainfaru Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Roxy Maldives Resort and Spa, Vakkaru Resort and Spa (Efzy Holdings Pvt. Ltd.), Kuredu Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Pearl Atoll Pvt. Ltd., MEQ Boatyard Pvt. Ltd., WAPCOS (India), Good Catch Pvt. Ltd., Bathala Island Resort, Seal Maldives Pvt. Ltd., Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim, M. Pink Night, CT @ Thilamaafushi Pvt. Ltd, DXYN IQ Pvt. Ltd.Seahouse Resorts Pvt. Ltd., Ali Bey Maldives Pvt. Ltd., Lodester Marine Limited (London)., Amala Maldives Pvt. Ltd.

 Director General (2009 – 2011) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4th Floor, Jamaaluddin Complex, Nikagas Magu, Male’, Rep. of Maldives

Duties: Overall in charge of the Environmental Protection Agency directly reports to Minister and State Minister. Direct, supervise and technical input to the work of the Sections including Environmental Impact Assessment, Biodiversity Conservation, Coastal Zone Management, Waste Management, Water and Sanitation, , Resource Valuation and support to implementation of Environmental Protection Act and subsequent Regulations and develop national Environmental Standards, etc.

 Director General (2008 – 2009) Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (MEEW), Fen Building, 3Floor, Ameenee Magu, Male’, Rep of Maldives

Duties at MEEW: Overall in charge of the Environment Section of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water mainly responsible for general policy direction and technical support as well as office administration, finance and support to personnel and staff recruitment. Also guidance and support to implementation of international environmental conventions and treaties, technical input to national environmental action plan, national sustainable development strategy as well as implementation of national biodiversity strategy and action plan, technical support to National Commission on Protection of Environment (NCPE), support to implementation of environmental projects such as Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project, Integrated Climate Change Projects, etc.

 Assistant Director General (2007 – 2008) Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Fen Building, 3Floor, Ameenee Magu, Male’, Rep of Maldives

Duties: Overall in charge of biodiversity conservation, policy advice and technical guidance on environmental management in the Maldives, guidance on implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment in the Maldives, implementation of international environmental conventions, technical input to national environmental action plan, national sustainable development strategy, etc.

CONSULTANCY WORKS UNDERTAKEN (2015 – PRESENT)

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Ookolhu Finolhu Island, , Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Harbour Development in Himandhoo Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Kottafaru Island, , Maldives, 2015

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 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Harbour Rehabilitation in Thoddoo Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Aarah Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Measures in Plam Beach Resort and Spa, Lh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015  and Sunken Excavator near Havodda Island, GDh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Coastal Modifications at LUX Maldives, South Ari Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Coastal Protection Works in Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Coastal Protection Works in Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Mixed Use Residential Complexes in Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 11-Storey Building Development at Thulhaadhooge, Male’, Maldives, 2015  First Addendum to Environment Impact Assessment Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, , Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Reclamation and Tourist Resort Development in Bodufinolhu Island, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015  First Addendum to Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection, Modification, Maintenance Dredging, Gili Lankanfinolhu, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Agriculture Product Development in Hulhudhoo Island, , Maldives, 2015  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Mariculture, Hydroponics, Aquaponics and Boatyard Development in Vihamaafaru, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in , , Maldives, 2015  Situation Analysis Report Proposed Coastal Modification and Partial Renovation Project, LUX South Ari, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Technical Study of Erosion and Coastal Protection Measures Northern side of Island, B. Dharavandhoo, Malrives, 2015  First Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Maaenboodhoo, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in R. Filaidhoo Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Situation Analysis Report Proposed Coastal Modification and Partial Renovation Project, LUX South Ari, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Technical Study of Erosion and Coastal Protection Measures Northern side of Dharavandhoo Island, B. Dharavandhoo, Malrives, 2015  Second Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives, 2015  Environmental Impact Assessment Tower C of Amin Avenue, Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2016  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Agriculture, Water Sports and Training Facility Development in Faadhoo Island, Maldives, 2016  Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Vashugiri Island, , Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Sunny Lagoon in South Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Access Channel and Mooring Area Deepening in B. Fehendhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives 2016  Environmental Analysis Report For Tourist Resort Development in Ethigili Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2016  First Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Ukulhas Page 106

Island, AA Atoll, Maldives 2016  Environment Monitoring Land Reclamation Works at Bodufinolhu, ADh Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Uthuruboduveli, Uthurugasveli, Hurasveli, , Maldives 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Maniyafaru Lagoon, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Works at Ayada Maldives, GDh. Mugudhuvaa Island, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Beach and Swimming Area Development in K. Himmafushi Island, Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 11 Storey Building Development at H. Finimaage Aage, Male’, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Land Reclamation and Tourist Resort Development in Maavaru Lagoon, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Monitoring Land Reclamation Works at Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Third Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2016  Second Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Resort Development in Kodhipparu Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Aerodrome and Access Channel in the Lagoon near St. Regis Vommuli Resort, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 20-Storey Rehendhi 5 Building, Male’, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Hanimaadhoo, HDh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Hoarafushi, HA Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Farming Development Project at Aidhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Villingili, GA. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at , Raa. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Milandhoo, Sh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at , Th. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at , Dh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at , Lh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Villingili, GA. Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in the Lagoon Plot 4.155882 / 73.251890, North Male Atoll, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Amingiri Lagoon, Kodhipparu Falhu, North Male’ Atoll, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 10-Storey Mixed Use Residential Complex in Block D10- 4C, Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Mixed Use Residential Complex in Block C4-3, Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 10-Storey Building with Basement at H. Loveside, Male’, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Dhidhoofinolhu Lagoon, Kodhipparu Falhu, North Male’ Atoll, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Dhigudhefaru Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Maarandhoo Island, GA Page 107

Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Project at Hulhudhoo Island, , Maldives, 2017  First Addendum to the Environment Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Uthuruboduveli, Uthurugasveli and Hurasveli Islands in Meemu Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Audit Report Powerhouse Registration at Malahini Kuda Bandos, North Male Atoll, Maldives, 2017  First Environmental Monitoring Report Kodhipparu Resort Development Project, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Aanugandufalhu, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Fourth Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2017  Environment Impact Assessment Development of Platform at Kandinma Tourist Resort, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Kandoogandu and island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed City Hotel Development in Mandhoo Island, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed City Hotel Development in Island, K. Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 15 Storey Building at H. Dhoovehi, Male’, Maldives, 2017  Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2017  First Environmental Monitoring Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Innhuraa Island, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 14 Storey Building at Ma. Alidhooge, Male’, Maldives, 2017  First Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Coastal Protection Works in Kandoodhoo Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Additional Works at Vakkaru Island Resort, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Mixed Use Residential Complexes in Blocks C2-1, C2-2 and C2-3 in Hulhumale’ (Hiyaa Vehi Project), Maldives, 2017  First Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Bodufinolhu Island, ADh Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Coral Propagation and Reef Rehabilitation Project Proposal Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Sixth Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2017  First Environmental Monitoring Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Filaidhoo Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2017  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed MEQ Boatyard Development Project, K. Himmafushi Island, Male Atoll, Maldives, 2017  First Environmental Monitoring Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Bodufinolhu Island, ADh Atoll, Maldives, 2018  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Modification Works at Kudafunafaru (Noku Maldives Resort), , Maldives, 2018  Second Addendum to the Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Dh. Maaenboodhoo, Maldives, 2018  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 6 Storey Building with Basement Water Tank at Lot 20056 in Hulhumale, Maldives, 2018  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Bodufinolhu Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2018  First Addendum to Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Aanugandu Falhu, North Male Atoll, Maldives, 2018 Page 108

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Ruhthibirah, Thaa Atoll, Maldives, 2018  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Dredging, Land Reclamation and Coastal Protection for Tourist Resort Development in Maavaru Lagoon, North Male Atoll, Maldives, 2018  Seventh Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2018  Environmental Management Plan Proposed Reef Rehabilitation and Development at Muravandhoo Island, Raa Atoll Maldives, 2018  First Addendum to Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Land Reclamation and Tourist Resort Development in Maniyafaru Lagoon, South Male Atoll, Maldives, 2018  Environmental Management Plan Proposed Reef Rehabilitation and Restoration Project Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2018  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Mixed-Use Multi-Storey Buildings Development at Rasfannu Area, Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Male’, Maldives, 2018

EXTRACURRICULAR

 Registered EIA Consultant (2015) Registration (EIA01/15) at Environmental Protection Agency 3rd Floor, Green Building Male’ Republic of Maldives

 PADI Open Water, Advanced Open Water, Research Diver (1998-¬Present) Sea Explorers Dive School, 2nd Floor, Ma. Thuniveli, Male' 20¬01 Republic of Maldives

RFREES

 Professional Mr. Ibrahim Naeem Director General Environment Protection Agency 3rd Floor Green Building Male’, Maldives Email: [email protected]

 Academic Assoc. Prof. Peter Valentine Head School of Tropical Environmental Studies and Geography (TESAG) James Cook University Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia Email: [email protected]

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IBRAHIM SHAKIR (SHARK)

Date of Birth: 18 July 1967

Contact Address: Ma Sharky Shark

Koarukendi Magu

Male’ 20-30

Maldives

E-mail: [email protected]

Nationality: Maldivian

Contact no: +9607759695

Qualifications

Associate Diploma of Land information Management Systems

(Surveying) South Australian Institute of vocational Education (1994), Australia

Certificate from the Group Training Course in Hydrographic Survey (international accredited Category B Course) –

Conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency under the International Cooperation Programme of the Government of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (1996)

Certificate of participation in Environment Management at Singapore Environmental Management and Engineering Services Pte Ltd (January 2000)

Relevant Experience

Surveying projects

K.Fulmoon 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

K.Velassaru 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

K.Kurumba 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

K.Baros 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

M.Hakuraa 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

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K.Dhonveli 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

AA.Ehlidhoo 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

N.fushivellavaru 2012 Control and as built survey, after establishing PSM to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

Gdh.Dhigulaabadhoo Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

K.Kaashidhoo set-out survey for tourist hotel

B.Vakkaru Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for Back of the house

Laguna Maldives Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree Survey, Set out Survey & Environment impact assessment study.

Konnota Island (Gaafu Dhaal atoll) managed by PCH

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree Survey and Setout Survey.

Maavelavaru Island (Noonu atoll) managed by Athama Marine

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey and Setout Survey.

Halaveli Tourist Resort (Ari Atoll) / Waterfront Pvt Ltd.

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree Survey and Setout Survey.

HANDHUFUSHI (Herathere) ADDU Atoll / managed by Yatch tours

Hydrographic Survey of the proposed water villa site

Madoogali Island (Ari atoll)

Topographic survey includes buildings, structures and water villas.

Ariyadhoo Island (North Male’ atoll) / managed by VB

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes buildings, structures and water villas.

Full Moon Maldives / Universal Enterprises

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Baros island Resort / Universal Enterprises

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Dhigufinolhu island Resort / Universal Enterprises

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Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Palm Beach Resort, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Provided all consultancy work including equipment layout design and procurement analysis for all F&B areas and laundry

Ari Beach Resort, Ari Atoll, Maldives

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Coco Palm Resort, / Sunland Travels, Baa Atoll, Maldives

Provided all consultancy work including equipment layout design and procurement analysis for all F&B areas, Environment design, Water & Waste Management, Project Management and Laundry Design and Layout in addition, the project included the supervision of the installation of the designed system, surveying and instructing the contractors on construction methodology.

Veligandu Huraa, Maafushivaru (Twin island)

Tree survey, including identification of species and their respective locations through out the island, set-out survey for all structures.

Fesdu Fun island / Universal Enterprises

Reef survey, identification of coral species and condition of the reef with regard to coral bleaching, Tree survey including detailed layout of vegetation line and shoreline, set-out survey.

NakatchaaFushi / Huvafenfushi

Topographic survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree survey, set-out survey for water bungalows and land villas.

Hilton on Rangali / Crown company

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic survey and set-out survey for water villas, land bungalows, current and wave action surveys, tide measurements for the under water restaurant.

Reethi Rah Resort / One & Only

Environment impact assessment study.

Moofushi island Resort

Topographic survey, including vegetation, shore line, High tide and Low tide line and all structures.

Villivaru & Biyadhoo / Ministry of Tourism

Environment impact assessment study for the bidding project includes Plant identification survey, soil contamination survey, Ground water monitoring, Page 112

coral diversity and abundance survey, coastal erosion survey, sediment movement and setting studies, beach profiles and land topography survey.

Mushimas Migilli / Dhoani Migilli

Environment impact assessment study including Harbour development.

Keekimini / Fisheries Project

Environment impact assessment study including, Harbour development and set-out survey for infrastructure development.

Hudhufushi island Resort / Abdul Rauf

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for all buildings and villas.

Ministry of Health, Malé Maldives

Development of a master plan for the provision of safe, adequate and affordable freshwater for Malé (Maldives) including the designing of processes to harness and distribute water on a commercial basis. Includes study on sustainability of utilizing the freshwater aquifer of Malé as well as utilizing airport runway and a loating collector (shallow lagoon) for rainwater catchments vis-à-vis desalination of seawater.

Hinnavaru island, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Provision of a wastewater collection and disposal systems for a densely populated island.. Design to overcome the problems associated with a high water table and flat low lying island with limitations for proper gradients.

Maadhoo island, Maldives

Environmental impact study on Harbour Development and Recreational Boating Activity for the Management Kandooma island Resort, Republic of Maldives.

Fuah Mulaku

Hydrographic study and Environment impact study on harbour development and commercial boating activity.

Mirihi island Resort

Hydrographic Study, Land survey / and Environmental impact assessment on harbour Development.

Hebadhoo island Resort

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on harbour Development.

Embudhoo Finolhu island Resort / Taj

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on harbour Development. Page 113

Shaviyani Atoll (all inhabited islands)

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on Harbour Development.

Hulhumeedu island

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on Harbour Development.

Kulhuduffushi island Harbour

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on Harbour Development.

Dh.Eboodhoo/Olhuveli

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for all buildings and villas.

Gdh.Gazeera

Topographic survey for resort construction

ADh.Athurugaa

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey

AA.Thundufushi

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey

Ha.Uligamu

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for buildings.

STO Building

Set-out survey in Male’,Maldives.

Velaanaage office Building

Set-out survey in Male’,Maldives.

K.Giraavaru

Topographic survey for Resort Construction

Ga.Handahaa

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for all buildings, Beach Villa and Water Villa.

N.Huivani

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

N.Minaavaru Page 114

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

Gdh.Baulhagilaa

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

Rendheli Island (Noonu atoll) managed by INT Management Pvt Ltd.

Setout Survey of Rendheli Island, Noonu Atoll.

Finolhas Island (Baa atoll) managed by Coastline Maldives

Topographic & Hydrographic Survey of Finolhas Island, Baa Atoll.

Kuramathi Maldives (Ari Atoll) managed by Universal Resorts, Maldives.

Topographic Survey (update the site plan) of Kuramathi Maldives, Ari Atoll.

EIA Projects Participated

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Ookolhu Finolhu Island, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Kottafaru Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Coastal Protection Works in Veymandoo Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Coastal Protection Works in Kandoodhoo Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Mixed Use Residential Complexes in Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed 11-Storey Building Development at Thulhaadhooge, Male’, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Bodufinolhu Island, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environment Impact Assessment for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Ukulhas Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environment Impact Assessment for Proposed Mariculture, Hydroponics, Aquaponics and Boatyard Development in Vihamaafaru, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environment Impact Assessment for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Maaenboodhoo, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Technical Study of Erosion and Coastal Protection Measures for Northern side of Dharavandhoo Island, B. Dharavandhoo, Malrives, 2015 Page 115

Environment Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in R. Filaidhoo Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

Environmental Impact Assessment for Tower C of Amin Avenue, Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2016

Environment Impact Assessment for Proposed Agriculture, Water Sports and Training Facility Development in Faadhoo Island, Maldives, 2016

Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Vashugiri Island, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Sunny Lagoon in South Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Analysis Report For Tourist Resort Development in Ethigili Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Uthuruboduveli, Uthurugasveli, Hurasveli, Meemu Atoll, Maldives 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Maniyafaru Lagoon, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Beach Nourishment Works at Ayada Maldives, GDh. Mugudhuvaa Island, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Beach and Swimming Area Development in K. Himmafushi Island, Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Land Reclamation and Tourist Resort Development in Maavaru Lagoon, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Water Aerodrome and Access Channel in the Lagoon near St. Regis Vommuli Resort, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed 20-Storey Rehendhi 5 Building, Male’, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Farming Development Project at Aidhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in the Lagoon Plot 4.155882 / 73.251890, North Male Atoll, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Amingiri Lagoon, Kodhipparu Falhu, North Male’ Atoll, 2016

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Dhidhoofinolhu Lagoon, Kodhipparu Falhu, North Male’ Atoll, 2017

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Dhigudhefaru Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2017

Page 116

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Maarandhoo Island, GA Atoll, Maldives, 2017

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Coastal Protection Project at Hulhudhoo Island, Addu City, Maldives, 2017

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Aanugandufalhu, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2017

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed City Hotel Development in Mandhoo Island, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2017

Employment

Managing Director of Beach Rock Investment Pvt Ltd. Ma Sharky Shark, Male’, Maldives.

Page 117

APPENDIX 7: EIA Report Contributors

Chapter Consultant Chapter Page Contributors Registration Signature (including data Number collection)

Introduction 16 Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015

Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015

Project Description 24 Ibrahim Shakir

Legislative 32 Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015 (Project Setting)

Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015

Existing 42 Environment Ibrahim Shakir

Impact and 66 Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015 Mitigation 74

Stakeholder 82 Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015 Consultation

Monitoring 85 Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015

Conclusions 90 Mohamed Zuhair EIA01/2015

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