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La Difusió D ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tesisenred.net) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tesisenxarxa.net) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Doctor por la UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA Programa de Ciencia e Ingeniería Náuticas DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA NÁUTICAS Facultat de Náutica de Barcelona Barcelona, Enero 2010. TESIS DOCTORAL ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL RIESGO DE OCURRENCIA DE MAREAS NEGRAS PROCEDENTES DEL MAR ABIERTO, POR EL TRÁFICO DE HIDROCARBUROS, EN EL LITORAL MEDITERRÁNEO ESPAÑOL. Autor: Amable Vicente Esparza Lorente Director: Dr. Francesc Xavier Martínez de Osés Co-Director: Dr. Jaime Rodrigo de Larrucea Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fuente: http://www.planbleu.org/publications/RapportActivites2008Uk.pdf “Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.’’ Albert Einstein (1879-1955) 3 Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecer la colaboración prestada por las siguientes personas y entidades: En primer lugar y sobre todo, agradezco a mi padre su ejemplo cotidiano, ya que me ha ayudado no sólo en este proyecto, sino en mi trayectoria vital. Su afán de superación y constancia en el trabajo dentro de una rectitud y espíritu de mejora me ha sido de ejemplo constante. Mientras realizaba el doctorado, él ha sido mi máximo apoyo y en los momentos de debilidad me ha animado a seguir avanzando hasta este momento en el que he culminado esta tesis, la cual estoy seguro nos da similar satisfacción a los dos, a mí como doctorando y a él como padre. Quiero agradecer especialmente a mi mujer y a mi hija el apoyo y el cariño que me han dado en todos los años que ha durado el doctorado, así como el tiempo tan merecido que no les he podido dedicar a ellas y que me han regalado para dedicarme a esta tesis. También quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a mi hermano Isaac, Ingeniero Naval y Oceánico, Project Manager de ABS Consulting Maritime Services Houston – Texas, el cual me ha ayudado y apoyado con entusiasmo en el desarrollo de la tesis hasta su finalización. Don Francesc Xavier Martínez de Osés, Doctor en Marina Civil y Director de la tesis por su constante ayuda, apoyo, certeros consejos y estímulo. Don Jaime Rodrigo de Larrucea, Doctor en Derecho y Co-Director de la tesis por su ayuda y asesoramiento a lo largo del proyecto. Capt. Don Ricardo Rodríguez Martos, Doctor en Marina Civil y Director del Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería Náuticas. Capt. Don Esteban Pacha Vicente, Director General de IMSO, Ex_Representante del Gobierno de España ante la OMI y Ex Jefe de la Delegación Española del Comité de Protección del Medio Marino (OMI). Capt. Don Josep Trius Collazos, Consejero de la Autoridad Portuaria de Barcelona. Fundador y Ex Presidente de Marmedsa Group. Don Germán Sarasua Ibarburu, Jefe de Proyectos de la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Marítima (EMSA). Dña. María Isabel Durántez Gil, Directora General de la Marina Mercante, Ministerio de Fomento. 5 Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Don Gabriel Jiménez del Clos, Dirección General de la Marina Mercante, Capitanía Marítima de Sevilla. Don José Cristóbal Maraver Romero, Subjefe del CCS Tarifa (SASEMAR). Don José Luis Hormaechea, Director de la Autoridad Portuaria Bahía de Algeciras. Dña. Carmen Henríquez, Departamento de Estadística de Puertos del Estado, Ministerio de Fomento. Dña. Susana Pérez, Jefe de la División del Banco de Datos Oceanográficos de Puertos del Estado, Ministerio de Fomento. Don José María Salt, Director de Marmedsa Valencia, Dragados S.P.L. Don Rafael Soler, Director Regional de Levante, Marmedsa, Dragados S.P.L. 6 Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ÍNDICE Agradecimientos …………………………………………………... 5 Índice ………………………………………………....... 7 0 Objetivos ……………………………………………........... 11 I Introducción …………………………………………………………..… 13 PARTE 1: EL MAR MEDITERRÁNEO II La Cuenca Mediterránea ………………..………………………….... 17 II.1 Datos Geográficos y Sociales ……………………………………. 17 II.1.1 Características Generales ………………………….... 17 II.1.2 Recursos y Usos del Mediterráneo ………….……..… 19 II.1.3 La Comunidad Mediterránea …………………..……..... 25 II.1.3.1 Superpoblación Ribereña …………….…..... 25 II.1.3.2 Población en el Litoral Mediterráneo Español ..... 27 II.2 El Clima de la Región Mediterránea ………………………….. 28 II.3 Vientos Característicos …...……………………………………... 29 II.4 Hidrografía del Mediterráneo …………………………………... 30 II.5 Circulación Superficial General Mediterránea ……….…... 31 III Sistemas de Trasporte Marítimo en el Mediterráneo ……………….…... 33 III.1 Puertos Importantes …………………………..….…….. 33 III.2 Principales Rutas de Navegación ……………………...…………. 34 III.3 Antigüedad de los Buques ……….….……………..……… 36 III.4 Tipos de Mercancías ……………………………………...….. 38 IV La Polución del Mar …………………………... 55 IV.1 La Contaminación Marina …………………….……………. 55 IV.2 Fuentes Contaminantes y Cifras Involucradas ………………….. 55 7 Tesis Doctoral Amable V. Esparza Enero 2010 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV.3 Contaminación por Hidrocarburos ………………….………..……. 59 IV.3.1 Definición y Alcance ………………………….……… 59 IV.3.2 Accidentes Marítimos y Mareas Negras ……….……….. 70 IV.3.3 Origen y Evolución de la Normativa Internacional Preventiva …………..…..….. 89 IV.3.3.1 MARPOL ………………………..…….…… 95 IV.3.3.2 Convenio de Barcelona ……………..…… 100 IV.3.3.2.1 El Convenio de Barcelona …………... 100 IV.3.3.2.2 Protocolo sobre la prevención de la contaminación del mar Mediterráneo causado por vertidos desde buques y aeronaves ………………...... 101 IV.3.3.2.3 Protocolo sobre cooperación para combatir en situaciones de emergencia la contaminación del mar Mediterráneo causado por hidrocarburos y otras sustancias perjudiciales ………………………...... 102 IV.3.3.3 Convenio Internacional sobre Cooperación, Preparación y Lucha Contra la Contaminación por Hidrocarburos de 1990 (OPRC 90). ………….……. 103 IV.3.4 Otras medidas de la Administración Española para hacer frente a la contaminación marina por vertidos de hidrocarburos desde los buques ………..……….... 104 IV.4 Lucha contra la Contaminación del Mar por Hidrocarburos……….. 107 IV.4.1 Identificación de la Contaminación en el Mar ………. 107 IV.4.2 Medios y Técnicas de Lucha contra la Contaminación Marina
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