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Cooperation and Coercion: Us Strategies for Coalition Building COOPERATION AND COERCION: U.S. STRATEGIES FOR COALITION BUILDING IN THE FIRST AND SECOND GULF WARS By PETER M. McCABE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Peter M. McCabe 2 To my Dad in loving memory 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project and my graduate school studies would not have been possible without the full support of the International Relations faculty and staff at the University of Florida. I would like to highlight my committee members, Ido Oren, Bryon Moraski, Zach Selden, and Mike Ryngaert for being so generous with their time. My committee chair, Leann Brown, provided a sympathetic ear and critical comments that helped take this project from an abstract idea to fruition. I cannot thank her enough for her strong support. Finally, my biggest thanks are reserved for my wife and two daughters who provided the encouragement to finish this project. The views expressed in this dissertation are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 MILITARY COALITION FORMATION..................................................................... 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11 The Theoretical Literature ....................................................................................... 18 Methodologies ........................................................................................................ 19 Empirical Evidence ................................................................................................. 27 Plan and Organization ............................................................................................ 32 2 COALITION THEORY............................................................................................. 34 Alliances versus Coalitions ..................................................................................... 35 Realism and Coalitions ........................................................................................... 42 U.S. Coalitions ........................................................................................................ 46 Traditional Alliances and Allies ............................................................................... 48 Foreign Assistance ................................................................................................. 52 Rhetoric .................................................................................................................. 60 3 TRADITIONAL ALLIANCES AND ALLIES .............................................................. 65 First Gulf War .......................................................................................................... 72 Second Gulf War .................................................................................................... 88 4 FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ...................................................................................... 105 First Gulf War ........................................................................................................ 111 Second Gulf War .................................................................................................. 120 5 RHETORIC ........................................................................................................... 138 First Gulf War ........................................................................................................ 151 Second Gulf War .................................................................................................. 165 6 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 181 Research Question ............................................................................................... 184 5 Theory Building ..................................................................................................... 185 Major Findings ...................................................................................................... 192 Areas for Improvement and Next Steps ................................................................ 196 Policy Implications ................................................................................................ 202 APPENDIX A. FIRST GULF WAR DOCUMENTATION ............................................................... 207 B. SECOND GULF WAR DOCUMENTATION .......................................................... 229 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 252 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 266 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Troop-contributing members............................................................................... 80 A-1 Collective Defense Treaties .............................................................................. 219 A-2 U.N. Resolutions, First Gulf War ....................................................................... 220 A-3 Total German contributions to First Gulf War Coalition. ................................... 221 A-4 Monetary contributions in the First Gulf War. ................................................... 222 A-5 First Gulf War coalition notifications ................................................................. 223 A-6 U.S. Assistance by year ($ millions) ................................................................. 225 A-7 Summation of findings, salience of argument across cases ............................. 226 A-8 Notional paired comparison of states ............................................................... 227 A-9 Largest recipients of U.S. total economic and military assistance, 1946-2007, in constant 2007 dollars (deflated) in $U.S. millions ......................................... 228 B-1 List of elite interviews ....................................................................................... 242 B-2 Troop-contributing coalition partners (2003-2006) ............................................ 243 B-3 Troop-contributing coalition partners in Iraq ..................................................... 244 B-4 U.S. Assistance by year, 2001-2007 ($ millions) .............................................. 247 B-5 Combined U.S. aid and troop contribution by year, 2002-2006 ........................ 249 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page A-1 Warning time-line of Iraq-Kuwait Crisis ............................................................. 207 A-2 Diplomatic strategy for the coalition. ................................................................. 208 A-3 Military strategy for the coalition. ...................................................................... 210 A-4 U.S. Assistance by year country charts ............................................................ 212 A-5 Financial assistance from Gulf War coalition members .................................... 213 A-6 Public statements by senior leaders in two administrations .............................. 214 A-7 Total U.S. senior leader rhetoric (2 Aug 90 – 17 Jan 91) .................................. 215 A-8 President Bush and rhetoric charts (2 Aug 90 – 17 Jan 91) ............................. 216 A-9 A Model for the future ....................................................................................... 218 B-1 Coalition integration process ............................................................................ 229 B-2 Non-U.S. multinational forces in Iraq ................................................................ 230 B-3 Executive summary of coalition partners (OEF/OIF) ........................................ 231 B-4 Security incidents in Iraq. ................................................................................. 232 B-5 Prominent terrorist incidents, 1991-2003 .......................................................... 233 B-6 Charts - U.S. assistance by year, 2001-2007 ................................................... 234 B-7 Foreign assistance summary ............................................................................ 236 B-8 Combined U.S. aid and coalition troop data charts (2002-2006) ...................... 237 B-9 Total U.S. foreign assistance, 2001-2007 ($ millions) ...................................... 239 B-10 U.S. senior leader rhetoric (Jan 1 – Jun 30, 2003) ........................................... 240 B-11 Bush administration rhetoric (Jan 1 – Jun 30, 2003) ........................................ 241 8 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy COOPERATION AND COERCION: U.S. STRATEGIES FOR COALITION BUILDING
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