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HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF CAPTIVE TINAMIDS (AVES, TINAMIFORMES) IN Author(s): Marcus Vinícius Romero Marques, D.V.M. M.Sc., Francisco Carlos Ferreira Junior, D.V.M., M.Sc., Danielle de Assis Andery, D.V.M. M.Sc., André Almeida Fernandes, M.Sc., Alessandra Vitelli de Araújo, D.V.M. M.Sc., José Sérgiode Resende, D.V.M. Ph.D., Rogério Venâncio Donatti, D.V.M. M.Sc., and Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins, D.V.M. Ph.D. Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 43(3):539-548. 2012. Published By: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0262R1.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1638/2011-0262R1.1

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HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF CAPTIVE TINAMIDS (AVES, TINAMIFORMES) IN BRAZIL

Marcus Vinı´cius Romero Marques, D.V.M. M.Sc., Francisco Carlos Ferreira Junior D.V.M., M.Sc., Danielle de Assis Andery, D.V.M. M.Sc., Andre´ Almeida Fernandes, M.Sc., Alessandra Vitelli de Arau´ jo, D.V.M. M.Sc., Jose´ Se´rgio de Resende, D.V.M. Ph.D., Roge´rio Venancioˆ Donatti, D.V.M. M.Sc., and Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins, D.V.M. Ph.D.

Abstract: Ninety-five (95) captive tinamids (Aves, Tinamiformes) of obsoletus (brown ), Crypturellus parvirostris (small-billed tinamou), Crypturellus tataupa (), Crypturellus undulatus (), rufescens (red-winged tinamou), and solitarius () were evaluated for diseases of mandatory control in the Brazilian Poultry Health Program (PNSA). Antibodies were detected by serum agglutination test (SAT) in 4 for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and in 27 birds for Salmonella Pullorum (SP) and Salmonella Gallinarum (SG). However, by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), sera were negative to MG and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Bacteriology was negative for SP and SG. No antibody was detected by HI to avian paramyxovirus type 1. However, antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus were detected in 9.4% (9/95) by ELISA. Fecal parasitology and necropsy revealed Capillaria spp. in 44.2% (42/95), Eimeria rhynchoti in 42.1% (40/95), Strongyloides spp. in 100% (20/20), Ascaridia spp., and unknown sporozoa in small-billed tinamou. Ectoparasites were detected in 42.1% (40/95) by inspection, and collected for identification. The louse Strongylocotes lipogonus (Insecta: Phthiraptera) was found on all Rhynchotus rufescens. An additional four lice species were found on 14 individuals. Traumatic lesions included four individual R. rufescens (4/40, 10%) with rhinotheca fracture, one with mandible fracture and three with posttraumatic ocular lesions (3/40, 7.5%). One C. parvirostris had phalangeal loss, another had tibiotarsal joint ankylosis and another had an open wound on the foot. Results suggest that major poultry infections/ diseases may not be relevant in tinamids, and that this group of birds, as maintained within distances for biosecurity purposes, may not represent a risk to commercial poultry. Ecto- and endoparasites were common, disseminated, and varied; regular monitoring of flocks is recommended for best performance. Key words: Tinamiformes, Crypturellus, Tinamus, Rhynchotus, salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis, avian para- myxovirus, infectious bursal disease virus.

INTRODUCTION Environmental conservation and protection are essential; although, in contrast, human activity Tinamids are birds of Tinamiformes, reduces natural habitats, increasing rescue, reha- family Tinamidae, endemic in the Neotropics, bilitation, and reproduction in captivity for the occurring from to and subdi- recovery of the endangered species. Most of the vided into two subfamilies, Tinaminae, with captive populations are in private hands, and species of tropical and subtropical , and keeping avifauna demands infrastructure and Rhynchotinae, grassland species. Forty-seven human and material resources for conservation species and nine genera are included, with sub- programs.7 Reports on captive and wild tinamid family Tinaminae including Crypturellus spp., diseases are scarce. Salmonellosis and colibacil- Tinamus spp., and and subfamily losis were reported in young tinamids.4 However, Rhynchotinae with spp., Nothoprocta most of the private breeding stocks have poor spp., spp., Rhynchotus spp., Taoniscus monitoring and lack veterinary care. In Brazil, spp., and spp.5,36 In Brazil, five genera despite the large biodiversity, little is known and 23 species occur, three of which are endan- about the potential pathogens for wildlife. The gered, the lesser Nothura (Nothura minor), the diagnosis and research of disease etiologies of yellow-legged tinamou (Crypturellus noctivagus), native avifauna, especially those designated for and dwarf tinamou (Taoniscus nanus).8,37 mandatory governmental control and/or eradica- tion in poultry, is urgent. Without this knowledge, important conservation is likely to fail, because of From Avian Diseases Laboratory, Setor de Doencas death or nonadaptation to captivity, transloca- das Aves, Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ ria Pre- ventiva, Escola de Veterina´ ria da UFMG, Av. Antonioˆ tion, and/or reintroduction. Ecological disaster, Carlos 6.627–Caixa Postal 567, CEP 30123–970, Belo through the introduction of pathogens into hab- Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Correspondence should be itats previously exempted, may occur after rein- directed to Dr. Martins ([email protected]). troduction.7 Health management and monitoring

539 540 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Table 1. Assessed captive tinamid species (Aves, vett, Brazil) and Salmonella Gallinarum (SG)/ Tinamidae) in , Brazil. Salmonella Pullorum (SP) (PULOR TEST–Biovett, Vargem Grande Paulista, S˜ao Paulo, 06730-000, Number Scientific name Popular name of birds Brazil) were used within the validity period. Tests were performed according to the National Poultry Crypturellus obsoletus 3 Health Program (PNSA) with equal parts of serum Small-billed tinamou 20 Crypturellus parvirostris and antigen (25 lL) at room temperature (258C).1,3 Crypturellus tataupa Tataupa tinamou 2 Sera were not frozen and tested fresh, conserved at Crypturellus undulatus Undulated tinamou 10 Rhynchotus rufescens Red-winged tinamou 40 4–88C within 24 hr of collection. Tinamus solitarius Solitary tinamou 20 All sera were retested for MG or Mycoplasma Total 95 synoviae (MS) by hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Tube agglutination test (TAT) and bacterial culture were confirmatory tests for SP/SG. TAT for SG/SP programs would enable permanent evaluation, was performed according to PNSA, with the use of reduce emergencies, and avoiding the spread of sera and antigen at 1:25 (PBS) in tubes and read disease to and from intensive poultry farm, which within 24 hr. HI tests for antibodies to MG or MS has potentially vast economic relevance. employed commercial antigens (Laudo Laborato´ r- The aim of this study was to assess the health io Avı´cola, Uberlandia,ˆ 38407-180, Brazil) and status of tinamids kept in captivity, and test for performed according to PNSA.1,3 diseases of mandatory control in Brazil, as well as A commercially available IDEXX ELISA kit for other selected etiologies. FlockChek IBDt (Idexx Laboratories, Totowa, New Jersey 07512, USA) for antibodies to MATERIALS AND METHODS infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Birds and sampling and statistical analysis Serum samples with titers less than or equal to Blood samples and cloacal swabs were collected 396 were considered negative and titers greater from 95 (Table 1) captive tinamids in three breeding than 396 were considered indicative of previous facilities in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Birds were housed exposure to IBDV. in collective aviaries or paired for reproduction. The HI test for Newcastle disease virus (avian Flocks were stable and for a few generations paramyxovirus type 1, APMV-1) antibodies was maintained in captivity and new birds were rarely performed according to PNSA,2 with the use of four incorporated. Sick and dead birds were routinely hemagglutinating units of the APMV-1 La Sota necropsied and fecal parasitology exams were vaccine strain (New Vacin, Biovett, Vargem Grande performed. Two other large groups of cracids and Paulista, S˜ao Paulo, 06730-000, Brazil) after inacti- psittacines were maintained in the holding facility. vation by b-propiolactone, 96-well u-bottomed Birds were physically restrained and blood microplates (BD Becton, Dickinson and Company, samples (1–3 ml) were collected (less than 1% of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey 07417, USA) and fresh body weight) at the brachial or ulnar vein with the 1% red blood cells (RBCs) from adult specific- use of sterile disposable syringes and needles. pathogen-free chickens. HI titers were the recipro- Blood was left to clot at room temperature (258C/ cal to the dilution with complete inhibition and free- 2 hr) in syringes and overnight at refrigeration sliding RBCs. Titers above 16 were considered (48C/12 hr), centrifuged (2,000 g/10 min), and indicative of previous exposure to APMV-1. serum separated and stored under refrigeration or frozen for analysis. Cloacal swabs were collected Bacteriology for SG and SP with sterile swabs (Interlab, 04330–130, S˜ao Cloacal swabs were submitted to the culture of Paulo, Brazil) and placed in peptone water 1% Enterobacteriaceae in 1% peptone water at 378C/24 for preliminary bacterial culture. hr, subculture in selenite-cystine at 378C/24 hr, and The 95% confidence intervals were calculated plating onto MacConkey and Salmonella–Shigella with the use of the statistical software STATAÓ agars (Difco, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA). (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas 77845, Isolated colonies were inoculated into modified31 USA) for every frequency given. medium/378C/18 hr, analyzed for production of indole, L-tryptophan deaminase and use of sucrose, Serology glucose fermentation, gas production, H2S produc- Serum agglutination test (SAT) antigens for M. tion, urease production, decarboxylation of lysine, gallisepticum (MG) (MYCO-TEST GALLI–Bio- and motility (Imunodiagno´ stica, Belo Horizonte, MARQUES ET AL.—HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF BRAZILIAN CAPTIVE TINAMIDS 541

Table 2. Serum agglutination tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Salmonella Pullorum/Salmonella Gallinarum in captive tinamids in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum Salmonella Gallinarum/Salmonella Pullorum Host (percent and number) (percent and number)

Crypturellus obsoletus 0 (0/3)a 0 (0/3)a Crypturellus parvirostris 0 (0/20) 0 (0/20) Crypturellus tataupa 0 (0/2) 0 (0/2) Crypturellus undulatus 0 (0/10) 0 (0/10) Rhynchotus rufescens 7.5 (3/40) 55 (22/40) Tinamus solitarius 5 (1/20) 25 (5/20) Total 4.2 (4/95) 28.4 (27/95)

a % number reactive/number tested. ¼

Minas Gerais, 30120-010, Brazil). Additional media 88C until processing. Fresh wet preparations in were triple sugar iron, sulphide-indole motility, and saline, and flotation on saturated sodium chloride oxidative fermentative. Oxidase, catalase, and slides were visualized at the light microscope Gram stains were performed on 24-hr Mueller (Olympus, Tokyo, 190-0182, Japan).20 Feces con- Hinton (Difco) cultures. Representative Gram- taining oocysts were stored in potassium dichro- negative isolates of all distinct organisms were mate (K2Cr2O7) at room temperature (20–308C) identified using the Vitek 2 (bioMe´rieux, Marcy for the sporogony of coccidia, and observed after ´ l’Etoile, F-69280, France). 48 hr, at optical microscopy. Oocysts were mea- sured (n 25) according to previously described ¼ Identification of ectoparasites techniques for Eimeriidae.11 Ectoparasite species were manually collected and stored in 70% ethanol for permanent slide RESULTS preparation. Ectoparasites were identified accord- Serology ing to microscopic features, prepared according to published techniques,12,29 with associations of Four sera (4.2%; 4/95; confidence index [CI] host/parasite relationships,32 and species identifi- 95% 0.1–8.3%) were reactive for MG antibodies ¼ cation.6,17 by SAT—three red-winged and one solitary tina- mou. Twenty-two red-winged (55%; CI 95% ¼ Fecal examinations 38.8–71,1%) and five solitary (25%, CI 95% 4.2–45.7%) were reactive for SG/SP Excreta were collected from individuals or ¼ pools into sterile plastic bottles and stored at 4– antibodies by SAT. However, no MG or SG/SP reactivity was detected in any of the other tinamid Table 3. Anti-IBDV serotype 1 antibodiesa in sera of captive tinamids (Tinamidae) in the state of Minas Table 4. Isolation frequency of Enterobactaceae in Gerais, Brazil. tinamids.

Bird Isolation frequency Host number Titer Percent Confidence Rhynchotus rufescens 1 4,313 Enterobacteria and number index 95% 2 1,509 3 809 Escherichia coli 28.5 (50/175) 21.8–35.3 Tinamus solitarius 1 881 Ralstonia pickettii 22.2 (39/175) 16–28.5 2 901 Proteus mirabilis 8.5 (15/175) 4.4–12.8 3 796 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.5 (15/175) 4.4–12.8 4 429 Citrobacter spp. 7.5 (13/175) 3.5–11.3 5 440 Klebsiella spp. 6.2 (11/175) 2.6–9.9 6 470 Enterobacter spp. 5.8 (10/175) 2.2–9.2 b Gallus gallus domesticus positive control PC 776 Proteus H2S - 4 (7/175) 1–6.9 Gallus gallus domesticus negative control NCc 126 Pseudomonas spp. 3 (5/175) 0.3–5.3 Proteus vulgaris 3 (5/175) 0.3–5.3 a Commercial ELISA kit Idexx IBDt FlockCheck. Edwardsiella tarda 2.3 (4/175) 0–4.5 b Positive control. Alcaligenes spp. 0.5 (1/175) 0–1.7 c Negative control. 542 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Figure 1. Microscopy (1003) of Phthiraptera. A. Strongylocotes lipogonus (male); B. S. lipogonus (female); C. Heptapsogaster latithorax (male); D. H. latithorax (female); E. Heptapsogaster sexpunctatus (male); F. H. sexpunctatus (female).

species, including brown, small-billed, Tataupa, Bacteriology for SG and SP or undulated tinamous (Table 2). No showed No isolation was obtained for SG/SP. Other seroreactivity in the confirmatory tests for MG or isolates are shown in Table 4. MS (HI) or for SP/SG (TAT). Titers of antibodies to IBDV were found in Identification of ectoparasites 9.4% (9/95; CI 95% 3.4–15.5%) of captive ¼ Strongylocotes lipogonus (Figs. 1A, B, L) (Insec- tinamids (Table 3). However, no HI antibody ta: Phthiraptera) was found in all 40 (100%) red- titers were detected to APMV-1. winged tinamou (R. rufescens) evaluated, and four MARQUES ET AL.—HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF BRAZILIAN CAPTIVE TINAMIDS 543

Figure 1. Microscopy (1003) of Phthiraptera (cont, 1G–J). G. Heptapsogaster sexsetosus (male); H. H. sexsetosus (female); I. Heptapsogaster rotundatus (male); J. H. rotundatus (female); K. Eimeria rhynchoti oocyst (4003); L. Strongylocotes lipogonus on feather (33). additional species of chewing lice—Heptapsogaster ari) was found in 14 (n 40; 35%; CI 95% 19.5– ¼ ¼ latithorax (Fig. 1C, D), Heptapsogaster sexpunctatus 50.4%) individual red-winged tinamous (Table 5). (Fig. 1E, F), Heptapsogaster sexsetosus (Fig. 1G, Identification of endoparasites H), and Heptapsogaster rotundatus (Fig. 1I, J)— Endoparasites found in tinamids were hel- were found in coinfestation on 14 individuals (n ¼ minths of genera Ascaridia, Capillaria and Stron- 40; 35%; CI 95% 19.5–50.4%; Table 5). No ¼ gyloides, and oocysts of Eimeria rhynchoti (Fig. 1K) ectoparasites were found in the other species of and an unidentified coccidian (Table 5). Feces of tinamids studied. Megninia spp. (Arachnida: Ac- clinically affected partridges were diarrheic and 544 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Table 5. Ecto- and endoparasites of captive tinamids (Tinamidae) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Overall occurrence Overall occurrence Host Ectoparasite (percent and number) Endoparasite (percent and number)

Crypturellus undulatus NFa 0 Capillaria spp. 44.2 (42/95) Rhynchotus rufescens Strongylocotes lipogonus 100 (40/40) Eimeria rhynchoti 42.1 (40/95) Heptapsogaster latithorax 35 (14/40) Heptapsogaster sexpunctatus 35 (14/40) Heptapsogaster sexsetosus 35 (14/40) Heptapsogaster rotundatus 35 (14/40) Megninia spp. 35 (14/40) NF 0 Strongyloides spp. 21.0 (20/95) Crypturellus parvirostris NF 0 Ascaridia spp. 1 (1/95) Crypturellus parvirostris NF 0 Oocysts of 1 (1/95) unidentified coccidian

a Not found. foul-smelling. Eggs of Capillaria spp. (order Tri- was confirmed by HI in wild turkeys (Meleagridis churida) and nonsporulated oocysts of coccidia gallopavo silvestris). In California, USA, with 8– were found in red-winged tinamou feces. Most 10% reactivity,9 and in six American states 27.6% partridges had diarrhea of dark red color and foul (200/724) reactivity for MG by SAT, although odor. only 3% (20/664) confirmed positive by HI for Asmall-billedtinamou had nonsporulated MG and 2.2% (9/403) for MS.15 However, nega- oocysts of coccidia and eggs of Ascaridia spp. in tive findings as here described were similar to the intestinal content. Dark and fetid diarrhea, previous findings in Arkansas, USA, which de- especially in the young, with signs of apathy, were scribed no antibodies to MG or Salmonella spp., observed. Embryonated eggs of Strongyloides in 44 serum samples of wild turkeys.22 In an spp. were found in the excreta of all solitary evaluation of 119 sera of wild Merriam turkeys tinamous. In Tataupa and brown tinamous, no (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) and 31 backyard endoparasites were found. chickens, a 43% MG SAT reactivity was proven Severe capillariosis was found in undulated negative by HI,21 also reporting 28.4% (27/95) tinamous. Oocysts of E. rhynchoti were visualized reactivity for SG/SP (SAT) not confirmed by TAT in scrapings of the intestinal mucosa of a red- or bacterial isolation.21 MG antibodies were winged tinamou, with hemorrhagic and thickened detected in house finches (Capodacus mexicanus).25 duodenal loops. Taking HI and bacterial isolation as confirmatory assays, tinamids here studied were considered Other conditions found in tinamids negative to MG, MS, and SG/SP. Absence of contact, or a prolonged period of time since Trauma: Four partridges showed rhinotheca previous contact, could have occurred. fracture, one with fracture in the mandible, and Previous authors have found significant titers of three had ocular lesions. In a male brown anti-IBDV antibodies (virus neutralization) in tinamou, the severe eye injury was aggravated wild birds in Japan, for serotype 1 (2% of birds) by a local infection with exudates present, and and serotype 2 (4.9% of birds).28 The detection of was due to fighting with the paired female, significant anti-IBDV antibodies in the serum of resulting in its death. A small-billed tinamou birds may indicate susceptibility to infection and had ankylosis in the left foot, resulting from an capability of generating a detectable immune old joint lesion. response. However, attempts for virus isolation are under way. Potential sources of IBDV to DISCUSSION tinamids are domestic chickens and their waste, MG SAT reactive sera were retested by HI for especially if vaccinated chickens given live IBDV MG and MS antibodies; all were negative. No vaccines are raised at proximity. It may be of previous study in tinamids was available for importance to consider that the commercial kit comparisons. Considering wild species of order used was designed for detecting chicken immu- Galliformes, serological reactivity to MG and MS noglobulins, molecules which might have antigen- MARQUES ET AL.—HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF BRAZILIAN CAPTIVE TINAMIDS 545 ic differences to tinamids, possibly resulting in a Identification of endoparasites lower sensitivity. Occurrences of parasitic helminths may depend Although no antibodies to APMV-1 were on climate, for viability of eggs and larvae, detected, a potential role was reported for R. presence of intermediate host, concentra- rufescens as source of APMV-1, due to its tion, health management and monitoring, im- susceptibility to subclinical infection.30 mune depression, other diseases, nutrition quality, and other factors. The confinement of Bacteriology for SG and SP birds on soil and grass may favor parasitism, with Apparently healthy may shed Salmo- good conditions for survival of helminths, eggs, nella spp. intermittently.18 Thus, single sampling larvae, and the sporogony of oocysts, enabling could lead to false-negative results in birds. most parasitic cycles, especially important for Moreover, culturing Salmonella spp. from samples helminthes, which require intermediate hosts. of feces may be more efficient than cloacal Strongyloides oswaldoi was previously described swabbing.16 Although free-living birds have been in free-living undulated tinamou in considered as potential sources of pathogens to do Sul, Brazil.27 Among helminths of the digestive intensified poultry flocks, the frequency of Salmo- system and air sacs of 15 free-living adult nella spp. in wild birds in captivity is relatively undulated tinamous nine species were identified, low, as compared to mammals and reptiles.18 including Ornithostrongylus almeidai, Strongyloides Although no Salmonella serovars were obtained oswaldoi, Subulura strongylina, Heterakis alata, from tinamids, enteritis by Salmonella spp. was Heterakis valvate, Odontoterakis multidentata, Tet- reported in 2-day-old tinamid chicks.4 Salmonella racheilonema quadrilabiatum, Cyrnea apterycis, and Typhimurium in wild Passeriformes with high Procyrnea buckleyi.27 Eggs of Capillaria spp. were mortality was isolated and evaluated in Nor- found in feces of two undulated tinamou individ- way.33,34 In the United States, a study on mortality uals. Capillaria crypturi and Capillaria rudolphii of wild birds in the period of 1985–2004, found were previously detected in the gastrointestinal 14 that salmonellosis was a major cause of death in tract of solitary tinamou. At necropsies of several species of birds, mainly Passeriformes, captive red-winged tinamous in Jaboticabal (S˜ao with up to 21.5% mortality.19 Salmonella Typhi- Paulo, Brazil), a higher occurrence of helminth 26 murium was isolated from 19 samples of 328 parasitism was found, as compared to the cloacal swabs collected from free-living birds in present study, with two species of nematodes, Japan.23 Subulura olympioi, Capillaria penidoi and a trema- tode Paratanaisia confusa with prevalences of 26, Identification of ectoparasites 100, and 33%, respectively. Eimeria crypturelli has been described in little All detected ectoparasites were previously tinamou in the Amazon region.24 In a free-living described on partridges.32 However, the chewing small-billed tinamou, a greater number of hel- louse Menacanthus arctifasciatus, which has been minths were identified, including Subulura olym- previously reported in red-winged tinamou,32 was pioi, S. strongylina, Strongyloides avium, Lutznema not detected in this study. The infestation of lutzi, Heterakis gallinarum, and Procyrnea cryptur- various species of chewing lice in the same ino.27 Here, typical oocysts of Eimeria spp. were individual was also described in a brown tinamou observed in red-winged tinamou and measure- (C. obsoletus), with 12 species, and in a great ments (n 25) were consistent with E. rhynchoti ¼ tinamou (T. major) with 15 species, indicating a (Fig. 1k), and the observed dark and fetid possibly common condition in tinamids, although diarrhea, especially in the young, with signs of unusual in other families of birds.10 Parasitism by apathy, were in agreement with previous re- Strongylocotes complantus, Megapeostus petersi, ports.13,35 Heptapsogaster mandibularis, Discocorpus microge- Intense capillariosis and coccidiosis were found nitalis, and Kelloggia ribeiroi in one brown tinamou in undulated tinamous duodenal loops, with was previously described in the city of Petropolis, hemorrhage and thickened lesions, consistent .38 with lesions previously described in red-winged Although no ectoparasites were found in the and undulated tinamou.26 Bare soil/grass housing other species of tinamids studied here, a large accommodations and diet, which may include number of species of chewing lice have been small arthropods and molluscs, may enable the previously described as parasites of Tinamidae.32 ingestion of intermediate hosts.8,37 546 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Other conditions found in tinamids represent a risk to commercial poultry. Ecto- and endoparasites were common, disseminated, and Trauma: Considering that tinamids are robust, varied, so flocks should be monitoring regularly cleaning, disinfection and eventual antibiotic for best performance. However, for conservation treatment of recent minor injuries have resulted facilities, flock size and management must be in recovery. Intra- and interspecific aggressions designed for reducing social conflicts, with consid- may be common among Tinamidae, especially eration for mate pairing, in order to reduce near the breeding season, when birds become intraspecies trauma. more territorial. Another factor that may contrib- ute to the occurrence of aggression is high Acknowledgments: The authors are indebted to population density. Knowledge about the behav- CAPES, CNPq for the provision of Grant ior of captive species is fundamental, given that 471099/2010–4, FAPEMIG for the provision of some tinamids are solitary and others live in Grants APQ 00075–10 and 555850-2010-2, and groups. The correct adjustment of population FEP/MVZ for the financial support. The authors density of birds in premises, associated with the are indebted to CRAX–Brazil–Wildlife Research availability of hiding places (logs and rocks), can Society, IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro de Meio reduce the occurrence of intraspecies aggression. Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renova´veis), Vale Education of personnel can reduce trauma due to Verde and Shamal, for sampled birds, ICMBio vehicular collisions. and Ph.D. Michel Paiva Valim, for the identifica- tion and photos of ectoparasites. This project is CONCLUSIONS part of the National Institute For Science and Considering that the reproduction and reintro- Technology (INCT)—Brazilian Livestock Genet- duction projects for tinamids must meet health ic and Health Information (IGSPB). standards regulated by PNSA, negativity for M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Salmonella Pullorum/ LITERATURE CITED Salmonella Gallinarum and avian paramyxovirus- 1. Brasil. Normative instruction for the control and 1, the data shown here represent important certification of poultry establishments to avian myco- information regarding captive flocks. Results plasmosis. Instrucao˜ Normativa SDA No. 44, de 23 de indicate the viability for continuity of such actions agosto de 2001. Anexo Normas Te´cnicas para o and, as regulated by PNSA, flock health status Controle e a certificacao˜ de nu´ cleos e estabelecimentos must be regularly monitored for mandatory avı´colas para a micoplasmose avia´ria (Mycoplasma control pathogens. gallisepticum, M. synoviae e M. melleagridis). Dia´rio The endangered birds of Order Tinamiformes Oficial da Uni˜ao, Brası´lia, DF, p. 68, 24 ago. 2001. (tinamids), although formerly endemic in the Neo- Secao˜ 1. tropic, are highly threatened by human activity. 2. Brasil. Normative instruction for the vigilance of Aiming to reducing tinamid population losses and Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Instrucao˜ Normativa SDA No. 32, de 13 de maio de 2002. Anexo reducing the risk of species extinction, rescued Normas Te´cnicas de Vigilanciaˆ para Doenca de New- individuals are rehabilitated in captivity for rein- castle e Influenza Avia´ria, e de controle e erradicacao˜ troduction into nature. Diseases may become a para a doenca de Newcastle. Dia´rio Oficial da Uni˜ao, major difficulty for successful raising and breeding Brası´lia, DF, p. 28, 14 Mai 2002. Secao˜ 1. in captivity. Studied tinamids (n 95) were negative ¼ 3. Brasil. Normative instruction for poultry estab- for antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Myco- lishments to Salmonella gallinarum e Salmonella pullo- plasma synoviae, Salmonella Pullorum/Salmonella rum eradication and Salmonella enteritidis e Salmonella Gallinarum and Newcastle disease virus. Signifi- typhimurium control. Instrucao˜ Normativa SDA No. cant titers to infectious bursal disease virus detect- 78, de 03 de novembro de 2003. Anexo Normas ed may indicate susceptibility to infection and may Te´cnicas para Controle e Certificacao˜ de Nu´ cleos e suggest, considering the widespread use of live Estabelecimentos Avı´colas como livres de Salmonella vaccines for poultry, that live IBDV vaccine strains gallinarum e Salmonella pullorum e livres ou controlados para Salmonella enteritidis e Salmonella typhimurium. might be circulating among tinamids. No Salmonel- Dia´rio Oficial da Uni˜ao, Brası´lia, DF, p. 3, 5 nov. 2003. la isolate was obtained, as determined by cloacal Secao˜ 1. swab cultures. Results suggest, for the evaluated 4. Bruning, D. F., and E. P. Dolensek. 1986. captive collections, that major poultry infections/ (Struthioniformes, Casuariiformes, Rheiformes, Tina- diseases may not be relevant in tinamids, and that miformes and Apterygiformes). In: Fowler, M. Zoo and this group of birds, as maintained within distances Wild Animal Medicine. 2nd ed. W.B. 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