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2. Historiography : Indian Tradition 2. Historiography : Indian Tradition 2.1 Tradition of Indian Historiography You would like to know this: 2.2 Indian Historiography : Various Ideological Frameworks 2.1 Tradition of Indian Historiography We learnt about the western tradition of historiography in the last lesson. In this lesson we will know about the tradition of Indian historiography. Historiography in the Ancient Period : In the ancient period in India Sohagaura Copper-plate : The memories of the great deeds of ancestors copper-plate was found at Sohagaura and mythological lore, also memories of (District Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh). It social transitions were preserved with the is supposed to be from the Mauryan help of oral recitals. period. The inscription on it is in The inscriptions on the Harappan Brahmi script. The symbols known as seals and other artefacts confirm that ‘Tree-in-railing’ and ‘Mountain’ at Indians had mastered the art of writing the beginning of the inscription also as early as the third millennium B.C.E. occur on punch marked coins. Another or perhaps before that. However, the symbol which looks like a structure Harappan script is not yet successfully erected on four pilars is supposed to deciphered. be indicative of a granary. The inscription records a royal order that The earliest known written documents the grains stored in the granary should of historical nature found in India are in be distributed carefully. It is supposed the form of inscriptions. They are dated to be suggestive of precautions taken to the 3rd century B.C.E., that is emperor in the times of a famine. Ashok Maurya’s times. His edicts are inscribed on natural rocks and stone administration of various empires and pillars. kingdoms and also important political From the 1st century C.E. inscriptions events, social organisation, climate, begin to occur on coins, metal images famines, etc. of the respective times. and sculptures, and also on copper plates. The ancient Indian literature including They provide important historical the epics Ramayana and Mahabharat, information. We get to know about the Puranas, Jain and Buddhist texts, historical dates of various kings, dynastic accounts by Indian authors and also genealogies, territorial extent and travelogues by foreign travellers are 7 important sources of history. Writing of biographies of kings and Do you know ? dynastic histories mark an important step in the Indian historiography. Alberuni wrote in Arabic about ‘Harshacharit’, written in the 7th century Indian knowledge and social life. In C.E. by Banabhatta is King Harsha’s the following period many books about biography. It portrays a realistic picture India were written by foreign scholars. of the social, economic, political,religious Among them, to name a few, are : and cultural life during the king’s times. Hasan Nizami’s ‘Tajul-Ma’asir’; Historiography in the Medieval Minhaj-i-Siraj’s ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’; Period : The style of writing various works by Amir Khusrau; ‘Rajtarangini’, the history of Kashmir by ‘Tuzuk-i-Timuri’, the autobiography of Kalhana in the 12th century C.E. is quite Timur (-i) Lang, who was also known close to the concept of modern as Amir Timur who invaded India; historiography. Kalhana himself says that ‘Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi’ by Yahya he wrote this text after critically examining Bin Ahmad Sirhindi. Their accounts various sources like inscriptions, coins, provide us with historic information of remains of ancient monuments, dynastic Sultanate period. records and local traditons. Accounts of foreign travellers in In the medieval India the historians India are also important. Among them in the courts of Muslim rulers were are Ibn Battuta, Abdul Razzaq, Marco influenced by Arabic and Persian Polo, Nicolo Conti, Barbosa and historiography. Among them Ziauddin Domingos Paes. Their accounts provide Barani holds an important place. In us with historic information of medieval ‘Tarikh-i-Phiruz Shahi’, a book written by India. Ishwardas Nagar, Bhimsen him, he has stated the purpose of Saxena, Khafi Khan and Niccolao historiography. According to him the Manucci were among the historians of historian’s duty is not limited only to the Aurangzeb’s times whose accounts are recording of the ruler’s valour and policies important sources of Mughal history. of welfare but he should also write about the ruler’s failings and incorrect policies. Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire Barani further says that a historian should wrote an autobiography, entitled, also take into consideration the impact of ‘Tuzuk-i-Babari’. It contains the the teachings of the wise, the learned, descriptions of the battles fought by him. and the saints on the cultural life of Babur also recorded his minute people. Thus, Barani expanded the scope observations of various regions and cities of historiography. travelled by him including the local For the historians in the Mughal economy, customs and the flora. courts praising the emperors and exhibition Abul Fazl’s ‘Akbarnama’ is very of loyalty became more important. The important from the viewpoint of critical custom of adding suitable poetic quotes historiography. His method of collecting and beautiful pictures was also introduced. authentic historical documents and their 8 scrutiny is looked upon as devoid of bias and hence realistic. ‘Bakhar’ is an important type of historical documents of medieval times. It contains eulogies of the heroes and stories of historic events, battles, lives of great men. Marathi bakhars are of various types. ‘Sabhasad Bakhar’ was written by Alexander Cunningham John Marshall Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad during the reign of Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj. It Many British officials in India wrote is an important bakhar for getting about Indian history. Their writings information about the rule of Chhatrapati display strong influence of the colonial Shivaji Maharaj. policies of the British. ‘Bhausahebanchi Bakhar’ describes Three Volumes of ‘The History of the Battle of Panipat. Another bakhar, British India’, written by James Mill were entitled ‘Panipatachi Bakhar’, is also published in 1817. This was the first book about the same event. ‘Holkaranchi on Indian history Kaiphiyat’ provides information about the written by a British Holkars and their contributions to the historian. It clearly Maratha rule. reflects an absence Bakhars can be divided into various of objective types such as biographies of kings, perspective and dynastic history, descriptions of events, prejudice about history of a sect, autobiographies, various aspects of regarding grievance, based on mythologies the Indian culture. James Mill and state administration by a king. ‘The History of India’, written by Mountstuart Elphinstone, Historiography in the Modern Governor of Bombay (now Mumbai) was Period : In the 20th century the Indian published in 1841. archaeological exploration and research started under the British rule. A number The period of Maratha Empire is of ancient sites were excavated under the very important in the Indian history. supervision of Sir Alexander Cunningham, Grant Duff’s name stands out among the the first Director General of the British officers who wrote about Maratha Archaeological Survey of India. He chose history. He wrote the book entitled, ‘A mainly the sites mentioned in the Buddhist History of Mahrattas’. This book is texts for this purpose. Harappan published in three volumes. Grant Duff’s Civilisation was discovered during the writing also shows the British inclination tenure of Sir John Marshall. Because of of condemning Indian culture and history. this discovery the antiquity of Indian Similar tendency is witnessed in Colonel history could be traced to 3rd millennium Todd’s writings about Rajasthan’s history. B.C.E. or even earlier. The two volumes written by William 9 Wilson Hunter on Indian history show a mention. In his somewhat impartial treatment of the opinion Sanskrit was subject. the most ancient Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and language of the Indo- Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade were two European languages. Indian historians who took upon the task He was deeply of exposing the limitations of Grant interested in Sanskrit Duff’s writings. literature. He first William Johnes translated the Sanskrit 2.2 Indian Historiography : Various text of ‘Hitopadesh’. He was the editor Ideological Frameworks of 50 volumes of ‘The Sacred Books of Colonial Historiography : The early the East’. He also compiled ‘Rigveda’, scholars who studied and wrote Indian which has been history were mainly British officers and published in six Christian missionaries. Their prejudice is volumes. He clearly reflected in the way some of them translated Rigveda have ridiculed Indian culture. Their in German. writings were used to justify the colonial Lately, Edward British rule. The five volumes of Said, a scholar ‘Cambridge History of India’, published who has re- during 1922-1937 C.E. are distinct evaluated the Friedrich Max Muller examples of colonial historiography. orientalist writings, Orientalist Historiography : Many has thrown light on imperialistic interests European scholars felt curious about of orientalist scholors. civilisations and countries of the East. Nationalistic Historiography : The Some of those scholars felt admiration writings of Indian historians who were and respect for them. These scholars trained in the British educational system were known as ‘Orientalists’. show an inclination to restore the pride The orientalists studied the similarities in the ancient glory of India and the self- between Sanskrit
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