The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 29.12.2017 and it has been decided to implement it from the educational year 2018-19.

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

STANDARD TEN

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

The digital textbook can be obtained through DIKSHA App on a smartphone by using the Q. R. Code given on title page of the textbook and useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of the relevant lesson will be available through the Q. R. Code given in each lesson of this textbook. First Edition : 2018 © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Reprint : Research, Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves October 2018 all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004.

Chief Coordinator Authors History Political Science Smt. Prachi Ravindra Sathe Dr Shubhangana Atre Dr Vaibhavi Palsule Dr Ganesh Raut History Subject Committee

Dr Sadanand More, Chairman Translation Scrutiny Shri. Mohan Shete, Member Shri. Pandurang Balkawade, Member Dr Shubhangana Atre Dr Manjiri Bhalerao Dr Vaibhavi Palsule Dr Shubhangana Atre, Member Dr Sanjot Apte Dr Somnath Rode, Member Cover and Illustrations Shri. Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Shri. Devdatta Prakash Balkawade Shri. Balkrishna Chopde, Member Shri. Prashant Sarudkar, Member Typesetting Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary DTP Section, Balbharati

Civics Subject Committee Paper 70 GSM Creamwove Dr Shrikant Paranjape, Chairman Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni, Member Print Order Dr Prakash Pawar, Member N/PB/2019-20/1.00 Prof. Ajinkya Gaikwad, Member Prof. Sangita Aher, Member Printer Dr Mohan Kashikar, Member Print Plus Pvt. Ltd., Thane Shri. Vaijnath Kale, Member Coordination Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Mogal Jadhav History and Civics Study Group Special Officer, History and Civics Varsha Sarode Shri. Rahul Prabhu Shri. Vishal Kulkarni Assistant Special Officer, History and Civics Shri. Sanjay Vazarekar Prof. Shekhar Patil Shri. Subhash Rathod Shri. Ramdas Thakar Production Smt Sunita Dalvi Dr Ajit Apte Sachchitanand Aphale Prof. Shivani Limaye Dr Mohan Khadse Chief Production Officer Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Smt Shivkanya Kaderkar Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer Dr Nagnath Yevale Shri. Gautam Dange Shashank Kanikdale, Shri. Sadanand Dongre Dr Vyankatesh Kharat Asst. Production Officer Shri. Ravindra Patil Shri. Ravindra Jinde Smt Rupali Girkar Dr Prabhakar Londhe Publisher Dr Minakshi Upadhyay Dr Manjiri Bhalerao Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Dr Raosaheb Shelke Prof. Shashi Nighojkar Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Dr Satish Chaple Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025.

Introduction Friends, You have studied ‘History and Civics’ from Std. III to Std. V as a part of ‘Environmental Studies’. From Std. VI History and Civics are included in the syllabi independently. Starting from Std. VI, these subjects appear as two separate sections of a single textbook. We are very happy to hand over to you, the ‘History and Political Science’ textbook for Std. Ten. The book is written with a view to ensure that students find the book easy to understand and enjoyable. We wish that along with gaining knowledge, you should also feel happy while studying. You will find coloured pictures added with this purpose in mind. So, read the lessons very carefully. If you have difficulty in understanding any part of the book, request your teachers and parents to explain it. The additional information appearing in special frames is meant to enhance your knowledge. Audio-visual material can be accessed through ‘App’ by using the Q.R.Code. This would certainly help you in your studies. If you make history your friend and study the book, you will definitely develop a deep interest in the subject. In this book, you will learn about ‘Applied History’ in the history section. Many people find interest in history as an exciting subject and a hobby. However, many have doubts about the necessity of including it in the school syllabi; availability of professional opportunities; if a student chooses to specialise in the subject, its usefulness in the student’s chosen field of career; etc. It is difficult to clear these doubts as there is a lack of enough information. This textbook provides this information. All aspects of the day-to-day life, all occupations and crafts have a particular history of their development. This textbook highlights the fact that knowledge of such history is useful in the enhancement of an individual’s occupational skills. The section of ‘Political Science’, is about the ‘Constitution of India’. Information regarding elections, the process of conducting them, main political parties at national and regional levels, their agenda, political and social movements that lead to healthy democracy and challenges faced by the Indian democracy is included in this book. Students of Std. Ten will soon be getting a right to vote. This information will prepare them for fulfilling this new role capably.

Pune (Dr. Sunil Magar) Date : 18 March 2018, Gudhipadva Director Indian Solar Year : 27 Phalgun 1939 Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau

(E) - For the Teachers -

History is an awe-inspiring subject and many take it up as a hobby. However, many feel anxious about the need to include it in the school syllabi, career prospects if one chooses to specialise in it or if it would add value to one’s qualifications in his chosen field of career. Not enough information is available to help in overcoming this anxiety. So far, courses in ‘Method of History and Historiography’, ‘History of Historiography’, etc. were offered to students only at college and university level. They did not form a part of the school syllabi. Hence, two lessons in this book are devoted to historiography. While doing so the possible lack of clarity in student’s mind about the scientific method of history, is taken into consideration. History is not confined to narrating the stories of various dynasties and the battles fought by them or the stories of great warriors. From time to time, the history textbooks have strived to create awareness of this fact among school-going students. However, they did not have any opportunity to learn about the larger scope of history beyond political history and the relation of history with the present. The Std. Ten history syllabus is drawn with a special focus on this aspect. The lessons are also arranged with this view. Indeed, the day-to-day human transactions and history are closely related. A new branch of knowledge known as, ‘Applied History’ or ‘Public History’ has been developing since few decades. Universities in many countries are offering various courses in this field. This textbook tells us about this new discipline, as also about several available opportunities to professionals to enhance their qualifications by studying history and the increasing need for expert historians. The book also contains information about various courses in applied history and the institutions, which offer such courses. May it be about the day-to-day transactions or about occupational skills; every field has its own history. Knowledge of such history helps in the enhancement of one’s professional skills. This textbook strives to make this co-relationship between history and various professional fields. The students on the verge of starting college education face various questions regarding the choice of graduate programmes and proper decision making for selecting a career. Especially, students who aspire to specialise in history find very few informative inputs, which will guide and encourage them. This textbook has tried to overcome this shortcoming. It includes interesting information and suitable illustrations with this purpose in mind. The scope of school syllabi of ‘Civics’ and ‘Political Science’ is very exhaustive, which includes an array of topics starting with the introduction of social-political environment to international diplomatic relations and various political processes at national level. You will indeed fulfill the learning objectives while studying and teaching the textbook. However, it is also anticipated that the class interaction should not be limited to mere information. They should be linked with day-to-day events and happenings. There is no doubt that the Indian democracy is faced with many challenges but at the same time there are many traditions emerging, which would strengthen it. They can be taught objectively with the help of discussions and dialogues. For this to happen, opportunities should be made available to students forming small groups. The structure of this textbook will expose students to newer fields of knowledge. We believe that the teachers and parents would receive this book with full support.

(F) Competency Statements

No. Unit Competency 1. Critical Explains the traditions of Historiography. Summary of Understands that a number of western thinkers have contributed History from to the development of the discipline of historiography. Ancient to Modern Period Studies various periods of Indian history with a critical and comparative viewpoint. Obtains information regarding historical research done in India and other countries. Explains that History is a scientific discipline. 2. Applied History Understands the concept of Applied History. Understands the applicability of history in various fields and also in real life. 3. Mass Media and Brings out the interrelation between mass media and history. History Develops independent historical outlook with the help of various media. Obtains information regarding specialisations in the concerned professional field. 4. Entertainment Explains the necessity of entertainment. media and Throws light on the interrelation between entertainment and history. History Understands the changes that have taken place in the entertainment media. 5. Art, Sports, Gives description of various arts in India. Literature and Takes pride in the achievements of Indians in various sports and History feels inspired by it. Studies various aspects of Art, Sports, Literature and explains their historical application. 6. Tourism and Understands the relevance of History in the field of Tourism. History Identifies opportunities in the field of tourism in our country. Understands that tourism can offer employment opportunities to many people. Understands the interrelation between History and Tourism. 7. History and other Highlights the importance of museums/libraries/archives in disciplines studying history. Understands that objective analysis is possible in historical studies. Can correlate between History and other disciplines.

(G) Contents

Applied History

No. Title Page No.

1. Historiography : Development in the West.. 1

2. Historiography : Indian Tradition...... 7

3. Applied History...... 15

4. History of Indian Arts...... 22

5. Mass Media and History...... 32

6. Entertainment and History...... 39

7. Sports and History...... 46

8. Tourism and History...... 52

9. Heritage Management...... 59

(H) 1. Historiography : Development in the West

1.1 Tradition of Historiography In historical research it may not be 1.2 Modern Historiography possible to use the method of laboratory experiments and observation. This is so 1.3 Development of Scientific because we were not present in the Perspective in Europe and historical time and space and the historical Historiography events cannot be recreated. Also in history 1.4 Notable Scholars it is not possible to formulate laws that remain true irrespective of the time and Historical research, writing and studies space. are carried out with an objective of To begin, we need an expert who understanding the chronology of the past knows the language and script of a events and their interconnections. This is historical document in order to read it a continuous process. and understand its meaning. Also, the In the physical and natural sciences experts can examine the authenticity of the empirical method (laboratory method the document by using criteria such as of experiments and observation) is used lettering style, author’s style of writing, to verify the available knowledge. This manufacturing date and type of paper, method allows formulating laws that stamps of authority, etc. Such a document remain true irrespective of the time and is further scrutinised by a historian with space. Those laws can be tested and the help of relevant historical references. proved repeatedly.

Historical Research Method

Examining relevant references of the available historical information Critically examining Collecting historical information, of various sources of highlighting the processes that lead history to historical transitions, carrying Writing of out comparative analysis Historical narrative Formulating Understanding the references hypotheses regarding time and space of the given historical events and also Formulating relevant various conceptual frameworks questions in view of the used in historical research method historical references

1 Methods of various disciplines are useful in historical research. For example, Do you know ? Archaeology, Archival Science, Manuscriptology, Epigraphy (Study of inscriptions), Analysis of lettering style, Linguistics, Numismatics (Study of coins), Genealogy (Study of lineage), etc. 1.1 Tradition of Historiography We have learnt about the historical research method, critically examining the historical sources and writing the historical narrative. The writing of critical historical The earliest inscription in the narrative is known as ‘Historiography’. A Louvre museum scholor who writes such a narrative is a historian. The above picture shows a The historian cannot include every fragment of the earliest inscription. past event in his narrative. The inclusion A forward marching file of soldiers and interpretation of historical events by holding shields and spears is seen the historian often depends on the here. The General is in the front. conceptual framework adopted by him. The tradition of recording His style of writing is determined by that historical event can be traced back conceptual framework. to Sumer civilisation in The tradition of writing historical Mesopotamia. Names of Sumerian narrative, that is historiography, was not kings and the stories of battles prevalent in the ancient societies of the fought by them have been preserved world. However, that does not mean that in various inscriptions. The earliest they were not aware of the historical time inscription shown above, dates back or were not eager to know about it. to 4500 B.C.E. It records a battle Ancient people also felt the need of fought between two kingdoms. It is passing on the stories of the life and now displayed at the Louvre valour of the ancestors to the next museum in France. generation. Ancient communities all over the world used various means like cave paintings, story-telling, singing songs and (1) Its method is based on scientific ballads, etc. for this purpose. These principles. It begins with the formation of traditional means are looked upon as the relevant questions. sources of history in the modern (2) These questions are anthropocentric. historiography. It means that these questions are about the deeds of the members of ancient human 1.2 Modern Historiography societies of a particular period. History Four main characteristics of modern does not suggest any interrelation between historiography : the Divine and human deeds.

2 (3) Answers to these questions are René Descartes supported by reliable evidence. (1596-1650) : René (4) History presents a graph of Descartes was the mankind’s journey with the help of past foremost among human deeds. scholars who insisted It is said that the modern on verifying the historiography with above characteristics reliability of has its roots in the ancient Greek historical historical documents writings. ‘History’ is originally a Greek by critically René Descartes term. Herodotus, the Greek historian of examining them. the fifth century B.C.E. used it first for Among the rules his book entitled, ‘The Histories’. given by him in his book, ‘Discourse on the method’, the following is supposed to 1.3 Development of Scientific have a great impact on the scientific Perspective in Europe and method of research : Never to accept Historiography anything for true till all grounds of doubt are excluded. Till the eighteenth century C.E. Europe had achieved a remarkable Voltaire (1694-1778) : Voltaire’s progress in the fields of Philosophy and original name was François-Marie Arouet. Science. Scholars by then had come to He was French. He believe in the possibility of studying the opined that along social and historical truths by applying with objective truth scientific methods. Now the philosophical and chronology of discussions focused more and more on the historical events objectivity in history and historiography. considering social Prior to the eighteenth century all traditions, trade, European universities were interested only economy, agriculture, in the philosophical discourses revolving etc. was also equally Voltaire around Divine phenomena. However, important in historiography. It gave rise gradually this scenario began to change. to the thought that understanding all In 1737 C.E. the Gottingen University aspects of human life is important for was founded in Germany. This university history writing. Thus, it is said that for the first time had an independent Voltaire was the founder of modern department of history. Later, other German historiography. universities also became centres of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel historical studies. (1770-1831) : Hegel was a German philosopher. He insisted that the historical 1.4 Notable Scholars reality should be presented in a logical The contributions of many scholars manner. To him the timeline of historical are important in the development of events was indicative of progress. He also historiography. Let us have a look at the thought that the presentation of history is contributions of the few notable scholars. bound to change over time as new

3 evidence would Leopold von Ranké (1795-1886) : come forth. With Historiography of the nineteenth century Hegel’s philosophy was greatly influenced by the thoughts of many scholars were Leopold Von Ranke of Berlin University. convinced that He spoke about the critical method of historical methods historical research. He put emphasis on were not of lesser the utmost importance of information quality though they gathered through differed from original documents. Georg Wilhelm scientific methods. He also stated that Friedrich Hegel The collection of his all types of lectures and articles documents associated is published in a book, entitled with a historical ‘Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences’. event need to be His book, ‘Reason in History’, is well examined with known. greatest care. He Leopold von Ranké believed that with this method it was It is good to know this : possible to reach the historical truth. He According to Hegel, grasping criticised imaginative narration of history. the meaning of any event happens Collection of his articles is published in in terms of two direct opposites. two books, entitled ‘The Theory and Human mind cannot understand the Practice of History’ and ‘The Secret of true nature of that event, without World History’. understanding the opposites, for Karl Marx (1818-1883) : In the example, True-False, Good-Bad, latter half of the nineteenth century a new etc. In order to understand the true school of thought arose keeping in view nature of a thing one needs to know the new thesis formulated by Karl Marx. both true and false, similarly good According to Karl Marx, history was not and bad. This method of analysis about abstract ideas; it was about living which is based on opposites is people. Human relationships are shaped known as ‘Dialectics’. In this by the fundamental needs of people and method a theory is proposed at the the ownership as well as nature of beginning, which is called, ‘Thesis’. prevalent means Then another theory is proposed, which is contrary to the thesis. It is of production to called, ‘Antithesis’. After a thorough meet those needs. logical discussion of the both a new The accessibility thesis is proposed which includes of these means to the gist of both, the thesis and the different strata of antithesis. This process of arriving the society may at the new thesis is called, not be equal. This ‘Synthesis’. Karl Marx inequality causes

4 a division of the society into classes, Michel Foucault (1926-1984) : The leading to class struggle. According to French historian of the twentieth century, Marx, human history is the history of Michel Foucault brought forth a new class struggle, as the class that owns the concept in historiography. He, in his book, means of production economically exploits ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’, argued that the rest of the classes. ‘Das Kapital’, a the prevailing practice of arranging treatise written by him is the most referred historical events in a chronological order book all over the world. is not right. He Annales School : At the onset of the drew attention to twentieth century a new school of the fact that historiography arose in France, which is archaeology does known as ‘Annales School’. Annales not strive to school gave a new direction to history reach the ultimate writing. It was recognised now that history historical truth is not only about the political events, but attempts to kings, great leaders and accordingly explain various transitions in the politics, diplomacy and wars but also Michel Foucault about the climate, local people, agriculture, past. Foucault felt trade, technology, means of that explaining the transitions in history communication, social divisions and their is more important. He called his method, collective psychology, etc. in the historical ‘the archaeology of knowledge’. times. The Annales School was started by Foucault subjected the so far French historians. unacknowledged areas by historians such Feminist Historiography as psychological disorders, science of Feminist historiography means the medicine, prison administration, etc. to restructuring of the history from the historical analysis. perspective of women. The writings of Thus, the scope of historiography Simone de Beauvoir, helped in establishing kept continuously expanding. Writing of the fundamentals of feminism. She was histories of various subjects like literature, French. The feminist historiography architecture, sculpture, drawing and emphasised not only on the inclusion of painting, music, dance, drama, films and women in history but also on the rethinking television, etc. came into practice. of the male dominated perspective of history. It drove historical research to focus in depth on various aspects of women’s life such as their employment, their role in trade union, institutions working for their cause, their family life, etc. In the historical writings after 1990 women were portrayed as an independent social class.

5 Exercise

1. (A) Choose the correct option from the (3) Why is Voltaire said to be the founder given options and complete the of modern historiography ? sentences. 5. Complete the concept chart. (1) It may be said that …….. was the founder of modern historiography. (a) Voltaire (b) René Descartes (c) Leopold Ranké (d) Karl Marx (2) ………… wrote the book entitled ‘Archaeology of Knowledge’. Notable (a) Karl Marx (b) Michel Foucault Scholars in (c) Lucien Febvre (d) Voltaire Europe (B) Identify the wrong pair in the following, correct it and rewrite. (1) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - ‘Reason in History’ (2) Leopold von Ranké - ‘The theory and Practice of History’ (3) Herodotus - ‘The Histories’ 6. Answer the following in detail. (4) Karl Marx - ‘Discourse on the Method’ (1) Explain Karl Marx’s ‘Class Theory’. (2) What are the four characteristics of 2. Explain the following concepts. modern historiography ? (1) Dialectics (3) What is feminist historiography ? (2) Annales School (4) Explain Leopold von Ranké’s 3. Explain the following with its reason. perspective of history ? (1) Historical research was driven to focus Project in depth on various aspects of women’s life. Obtain detailed information on your (2) Foucault called his method, ‘the favourite subject and write its history. For archaeology of knowledge’. example : - History of Pen 4. Answer the following in 25-30 words. - History of Printing technology (1) What is historiography ? - History of Computers (2) What did René Descartes insisted upon ?

6 2. Historiography : Indian Tradition

2.1 Tradition of Indian Historiography You would like to know this: 2.2 Indian Historiography : Various Ideological Frameworks

2.1 Tradition of Indian Historiography We learnt about the western tradition of historiography in the last lesson. In this lesson we will know about the tradition of Indian historiography. Historiography in the Ancient Period : In the ancient period in India Sohagaura Copper-plate : The memories of the great deeds of ancestors copper-plate was found at Sohagaura and mythological lore, also memories of (District Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh). It social transitions were preserved with the is supposed to be from the Mauryan help of oral recitals. period. The inscription on it is in The inscriptions on the Harappan Brahmi script. The symbols known as seals and other artefacts confirm that ‘Tree-in-railing’ and ‘Mountain’ at Indians had mastered the art of writing the beginning of the inscription also as early as the third millennium B.C.E. occur on punch marked coins. Another or perhaps before that. However, the symbol which looks like a structure Harappan script is not yet successfully erected on four pilars is supposed to deciphered. be indicative of a granary. The inscription records a royal order that The earliest known written documents the grains stored in the granary should of historical nature found in India are in be distributed carefully. It is supposed the form of inscriptions. They are dated to be suggestive of precautions taken to the 3rd century B.C.E., that is emperor in the times of a famine. Ashok Maurya’s times. His edicts are inscribed on natural rocks and stone administration of various empires and pillars. kingdoms and also important political From the 1st century C.E. inscriptions events, social organisation, climate, begin to occur on coins, metal images famines, etc. of the respective times. and sculptures, and also on copper plates. The ancient Indian literature including They provide important historical the epics Ramayana and Mahabharat, information. We get to know about the Puranas, Jain and Buddhist texts, historical dates of various kings, dynastic accounts by Indian authors and also genealogies, territorial extent and travelogues by foreign travellers are 7 important sources of history. Writing of biographies of kings and Do you know ? dynastic histories mark an important step in the Indian historiography. Alberuni wrote in Arabic about ‘Harshacharit’, written in the 7th century Indian knowledge and social life. In C.E. by Banabhatta is King Harsha’s the following period many books about biography. It portrays a realistic picture India were written by foreign scholars. of the social, economic, political,religious Among them, to name a few, are : and cultural life during the king’s times. Hasan Nizami’s ‘Tajul-Ma’asir’; Historiography in the Medieval Minhaj-i-Siraj’s ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’; Period : The style of writing various works by Amir Khusrau; ‘Rajtarangini’, the history of Kashmir by ‘Tuzuk-i-Timuri’, the autobiography of Kalhana in the 12th century C.E. is quite Timur (-i) Lang, who was also known close to the concept of modern as Amir Timur who invaded India; historiography. Kalhana himself says that ‘Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi’ by Yahya he wrote this text after critically examining Bin Ahmad Sirhindi. Their accounts various sources like inscriptions, coins, provide us with historic information of remains of ancient monuments, dynastic Sultanate period. records and local traditons. Accounts of foreign travellers in In the medieval India the historians India are also important. Among them in the courts of Muslim rulers were are Ibn Battuta, Abdul Razzaq, Marco influenced by Arabic and Persian Polo, Nicolo Conti, Barbosa and historiography. Among them Ziauddin Domingos Paes. Their accounts provide Barani holds an important place. In us with historic information of medieval ‘Tarikh-i-Phiruz Shahi’, a book written by India. Ishwardas Nagar, Bhimsen him, he has stated the purpose of Saxena, Khafi Khan and Niccolao historiography. According to him the Manucci were among the historians of historian’s duty is not limited only to the Aurangzeb’s times whose accounts are recording of the ruler’s valour and policies important sources of Mughal history. of welfare but he should also write about the ruler’s failings and incorrect policies. Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire Barani further says that a historian should wrote an autobiography, entitled, also take into consideration the impact of ‘Tuzuk-i-Babari’. It contains the the teachings of the wise, the learned, descriptions of the battles fought by him. and the saints on the cultural life of Babur also recorded his minute people. Thus, Barani expanded the scope observations of various regions and cities of historiography. travelled by him including the local For the historians in the Mughal economy, customs and the flora. courts praising the emperors and exhibition Abul Fazl’s ‘Akbarnama’ is very of loyalty became more important. The important from the viewpoint of critical custom of adding suitable poetic quotes historiography. His method of collecting and beautiful pictures was also introduced. authentic historical documents and their

8 scrutiny is looked upon as devoid of bias and hence realistic. ‘Bakhar’ is an important type of historical documents of medieval times. It contains eulogies of the heroes and stories of historic events, battles, lives of great men. Marathi bakhars are of various types. ‘Sabhasad Bakhar’ was written by Alexander Cunningham John Marshall Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad during the reign of Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj. It Many British officials in India wrote is an important bakhar for getting about Indian history. Their writings information about the rule of Chhatrapati display strong influence of the colonial Shivaji Maharaj. policies of the British. ‘Bhausahebanchi Bakhar’ describes Three Volumes of ‘The History of the Battle of Panipat. Another bakhar, British India’, written by James Mill were entitled ‘Panipatachi Bakhar’, is also published in 1817. This was the first book about the same event. ‘Holkaranchi on Indian history Kaiphiyat’ provides information about the written by a British Holkars and their contributions to the historian. It clearly Maratha rule. reflects an absence Bakhars can be divided into various of objective types such as biographies of kings, perspective and dynastic history, descriptions of events, prejudice about history of a sect, autobiographies, various aspects of regarding grievance, based on mythologies the Indian culture. James Mill and state administration by a king. ‘The History of India’, written by Mountstuart Elphinstone, Historiography in the Modern Governor of Bombay (now Mumbai) was Period : In the 20th century the Indian published in 1841. archaeological exploration and research started under the British rule. A number The period of Maratha Empire is of ancient sites were excavated under the very important in the Indian history. supervision of Sir Alexander Cunningham, Grant Duff’s name stands out among the the first Director General of the British officers who wrote about Maratha Archaeological Survey of India. He chose history. He wrote the book entitled, ‘A mainly the sites mentioned in the Buddhist History of the Mahrattas’. This book is texts for this purpose. Harappan published in three volumes. Grant Duff’s Civilisation was discovered during the writing also shows the British inclination tenure of Sir John Marshall. Because of of condemning Indian culture and history. this discovery the antiquity of Indian Similar tendency is witnessed in Colonel history could be traced to 3rd millennium Todd’s writings about Rajasthan’s history. B.C.E. or even earlier. The two volumes written by William

9 Wilson Hunter on Indian history show a mention. In his somewhat impartial treatment of the opinion Sanskrit was subject. the most ancient Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and language of the Indo- Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade were two European languages. Indian historians who took upon the task He was deeply of exposing the limitations of Grant interested in Sanskrit Duff’s writings. literature. He first William Johnes translated the Sanskrit 2.2 Indian Historiography : Various text of ‘Hitopadesh’ in German language. Ideological Frameworks He was the editor of 50 volumes of ‘The Colonial Historiography : The early Sacred Books of the East’. He also scholars who studied and wrote Indian compiled ‘Rigveda’, history were mainly British officers and which has been Christian missionaries. Their prejudice is published in six clearly reflected in the way some of them volumes. He have ridiculed Indian culture. Their translated Rigveda writings were used to justify the colonial in German. British rule. The five volumes of Lately, Edward ‘Cambridge History of India’, published Said, a scholar who during 1922-1937 C.E. are distinct has re-evaluated the Friedrich Max Muller examples of colonial historiography. orientalist writings, Orientalist Historiography : Many has thrown light on imperialistic interests European scholars felt curious about of orientalist scholors. civilisations and countries of the East. Nationalistic Historiography : The Some of those scholars felt admiration writings of Indian historians who were and respect for them. These scholars trained in the British educational system were known as ‘Orientalists’. show an inclination to restore the pride The orientalists studied the similarities in the ancient glory of India and the self- between Sanskrit and some of the esteem of the Indian readers. Their European languages. They focused more writings are known as ‘Nationalistic on Vedic tradition and Sanskrit literature. Historiography’. Nationalistic writings in Their studies resulted into formulating the Maharashtra were inspired by notion of an ancient language that could Vishnushastri Chiplunkar. He criticised be the mother of all Indo-European the prejudiced history of ancient India languages. written by British officers. The nationalistic In 1784, Sir William Jones founded historians tried to seek the golden era of Asiatic society in Kolkata. It opened the Indian history. They are at times blamed doors for research in ancient Indian for ignoring the critical analysis of the literature and history. historical truth. Mahadev Govind Ranade, Among the Orientalist scholars, Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, Vinayak Friedrich Max Muller deserves a special Damodar Savarkar, Rajendra Lal Mishra, 10 Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Kashi Prasad Jayswal, Radha Kumud Mukherjee, Do you know ? Bhagawan Lal Indraji, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Anant Sadashiv Altekar are V. K. Rajawade founded ‘Bharat the names of some renowned scholars Itihas Samshodhak Mandal’ in Pune, among the nationalistic historians. on 7th July 1910 to facilitate historical research.

Do you know ? ‘Human history is defined by Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade Time and Space. Describing any has explained the background of the event necessitates that the final rise of Maratha empire in great portrayal should be spread on the details in his book, ‘The Rise of complete canvass of the given time Maratha Power’. According to him and place. it was not like a suddenly erupted Only if a balanced combination forest fire but the ground for it in of the three factors, Time, Space Maharashtra on the social, cultural and Personalities is present, then and religious levels was getting only an event does qualify to be ready over a prolonged period. called so.’ - V. K. Rajwade Rajwade is well-known for his writings in Marathi on varied subjects like history, linguistics, movement of the etymology, grammar, Indian people against etc. He was of the the British. In this firm opinion that we aspect the book, ‘The should write our own Indian War of history. He compiled Independence, 1857’, and edited 22 volumes written by Vinayak of ‘Marathyanchya Damodar Savarkar is Itihasachi Sadhane’. Vinayak D. Savarkar of great importance. V.K.Rajwade He wrote very The nationalistic historiography scholarly prefaces to each of the 22 provided a momentum to the writing of volumes. He stated, ‘History is the regional histories too. As a result the all-inclusive image of the past societies. attention of historians was drawn to the It does not include only the stories of geographic conditions and history of south political images, conspiracies and wars Indian regions. for seizing power.’ He insisted that history Historiography in the Post- should be written only using the authentic Independence Era : Now along with documentary source. writing the dynastic histories, the cultural, The nationalistic historiography helped social, economic histories were also being in the triggering of the independence written. Scholars of the post-independence

11 era began to feel the need of writing Folklore has been considered as a histories of various communities, sciences, very important source of writing subaltern economic systems, political ideologies, histories. Ranjit Guha, an Indian historian cultural aspects, etc. The historiography played a major role in establishing of this era has been influenced mainly by subaltern history as an important academic three ideological schools: (1) Marxist school of historiography. However, we History (2) Subaltern History (3) Feminist may point out that much before the onset History. of subaltern ideology similar thoughts Marxist Histroy : The concern for were expressed by Mahatma Jyotirao the means of production, modes of Phule and Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. production and the industrial relations Mahatma Phule unfolded the history were at the centre in the writings of of the ‘shudratishudra’ commuunities in Marxist historians. Accordingly, to analyse his book, ‘Gulamgiri’. the impact of every social event of He drew attention to significance has the exploitation of remained the basic women, shudras and theme of Marxist atishudras done under historiography. the name of religion. Marxist historians The terms in India studied the ‘shudra’ and transitions within the ‘atishudra’ indicates Mahatma Jyotirao Phule caste system. Among the bottommost ranks in the caste system. Damodar Kosambi the notable Indian The role of the people belonging to historians who adopted Marxist ideological Dalit castes is very significant in the framework, scholars like Damodar shaping of various cultural and political Dharmanand Kosambi, Comrade Shripad aspects of India. However, their role was Amrut Dange, Ram Sharan Sharma, not duly acknowledged in the colonial and Comrade Sharad Patil have contributed nationalistic historiography. Dr Babasaheb notably. Comrade Dange was one of the Ambedkar focusing on founder members of the Indian Communist this fact, consistently Party. ‘Primitive Communism to Slavery’, wrote about it. Two of the book written by him represents Marxist his books, ‘Who Were historiography. the Shudras’ and ‘The Subaltern History : The seeds of Untouchables’ may be subaltern history are found in the Marxist cited as examples of historiography. The role of the Italian history of subaltern Dr Ambedkar historian Antonio Gramsci is very type. important in developing the idea that Feminist History : Over a significant history should be written starting from the period of time, mainly male scholars were bottommost ranks of people in the society. involved in the writing of Indian history. In fact, subaltern means the ‘bottommost As a result, the role and achievements of ranks’. women in history remained neglected. To

12 highlight this fact was a major task faced women in Maharashtra. Dr. Sharmila by the feminist historians. Also, it was Rege’s work is noteworthy in this context. important to study and compile the Her book, ‘Writing Caste, Writing Gender : historical writings of women. It was also Reading Dalit Women’s Testimonies’ necessary to rethink of women’s position includes her essays on the autobiographies in history. of Dalit women. Among women authors writing about women in the 19th Do you know ? century C.E., Tarabai Publication of ‘Marathi Shinde was the Riyasat’ by Govind Sakharam foremost one. She Sardesai was a momentous wrote attacking the achievement in the field of Indian male dominated Historiography. His work became social system and so famous that people began to the caste system. address him as ‘Riyasatkar’. He Tarabai Shinde Her book, ‘Stripurush published several volumes of Tulana’, published Maratha history. in 1882, is acknowledged as the first feminist book in India. In 1888, the book There have been a number of Indian written by Pandita Ramabai was published, historians who wrote without embracing entitled, ‘The High Caste Hindu Woman’. a particular ideology. Among them The feminist literature of the post- historians like Sir Jadunath Sarkar, independence era concentrated on the Surendra Nath Sen, Riyasatkar G.S. issues like employment of women, Sardesai, and Tryambak Shankar treatement meted out to them at their Shejawalkar are noteworthy. work place, their right to political equality, In the recent times historians like etc. Among the recently published feminist Yashawant Dinkar Phadke, Ramchandra literature Meera Kosambi’s book, Guha, etc. have contributed extensively to ‘Crossing Thresholds : Feminist Essays in the historiography of modern India. Social History’ is of importance. It Thus, it is evident that the Indian contains essays on the life stories of historiography has been influenced greatly women like Pandita Ramabai and Dr. by the social and political movements. It Rukhamabai, the first practicing lady seems that some part of the Indian doctor of India. A lot of literature is historiography was also developed outside available unfolding the viewpoint of Dalit the influence of these movements.

Exercise

1. Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option. (a) Alexander Cunningham (b) William Jones (c) John Marshall (1) …….. was the first Director General (d) Friedrich Max Muller of the Archaeological Survey of India. 13 (2) ………… translated the Sanskrit text 5. (a) Complete the following chart. of ‘Hitopadesh’ in German language. (a) James Mill James Mill ‘The History of British India’ James Grant ...... (b) Friedrich Max Muller Duff (c) Mountstuart Elphinstone ...... ‘The History of India’ (d) Sir John Marshall S.A. Dange ...... (B) Identify the wrong pair in the ...... ‘Who were the Shudras’ following, correct it and rewrite. (b) Complete the following concept (1) ‘Who were the Shudras’ - chart. Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar (2) ‘Stri-Purush Tulana’ - Feminist writing Descriptions of the battles (3) ‘The Indian War of Independence 1857’ - Marxist History fought by Babur (4) Grant Duff - Colonial History. Tuzuk-i-Babari 2. Explain the following with its reason. Purpose of HistoriographyZiauddin Barani (1) Writing of the regional history received

a momentum. Kalhana

(2) Bakhar is an important type of Kashmir of History

historical documents. Bakhar Sabhasad

3. Answer the following in 25-30 words. Maharaj Shivaji

(1) Which things are included in the Chhatrapati of reign The descriptions by Emperor Babur in his autobiography ? (2) What is the contribution of Svatantryaveer Savarkar to 6. Explain the following concepts. nationalistic historiography? (1) Orientalist historiography. (2) Nationalistic historiography. 4. Write detailed answers to the following (3) Subaltern history. questions : (1) What is Marxist History? Project (2) What is the contribution of Prepare an illustrated manuscript with the Itihasacharya V.K. Rajwade to help of the internet giving more information historiography ? about the historians mentioned in this lesson.

14 3. Applied History

3.1 What is Applied History ? times. Knowledge of history is useful as it can provide guidance in finding solutions 3.2 Applied History and Research in to contemporary social issues and Various Fields incorporate them in the social planning. 3.3 Applied History and Our Present Knowledge of history is essential for this 3.4 Management of Cultural and purpose. Natural Heritage The projects and programmes related 3.5 Affiliated Professional Fields to applied history can create opportunities for people to participate along with the 3.1 What is Applied History ? technical experts. Their participation in the ‘Applied History’ is also known as capacity of tourists visiting museums and ‘Public History’. ‘Applied History’ is a ancient sites is also important. Tourism field of study concerned with the creats interest in history among people. application of history for the benefit of They can volunteer to participate in the people in the contemporary and future conservation and preservation projects of their own city or town or village. It is interesting to know : 3.2 Applied History and Research in Public History : People have lot of Various Fields misgivings about the practicality of the knowledge of history. For example, history History is about the past events. The is usually thought as a field of interest way our present life style is shaped, is only for historians and students wishing dependent on the historical chain of to pursue higher studies in the subject and events. Historical events relate to various not pertaining to practical life, history as fields like politics, social and religious a field of knowledge does not have any structure of a community, philosophy, applicability to economically productive technology and science, etc. Each of these fields, etc. fields have their own history of building ‘Public History’ helps to overcome such misgivings and makes history knowledge. The direction of future meaningful in everyday life connecting development in every field is dependent people to history. on the state of available knowledge. There are many universities abroad, Hence, the method of history can prove where various courses in 'Public History' to be of value in the research of various are offered. Srushti Institute of Art Design fields. For example, and Technology is an institute at Bengaluru, (1) Philosophy : The history of Karnataka. This institute has an philosophy helps in understanding the independent department, named, ‘Centre origin of various ideologies, the intellectual for Public History’. This department has traditions giving rise to those ideologies taken up various projects and research in the field of public history. and their historical development. Philosophy needs language as a medium

15 of expression. In order to understand the understand the history of these processes. philosophical expression, knowledge of The nature of the market and commerce the history of language proves useful. has continued to change. Accordingly, the (2) Science : The history of science nature of human relationships and the helps in understanding the chronological social organisation also has continued to order of scientific discoveries, inventions change. To understand this development and theories. It can also help to understand it is necessary to study the history of the cause-effect chain that led to those culture, social organisation and economic discoveries and inventions. It is said that institutions. ‘need’ is the mother of inventions. (5) Management Studies : In order Scientific discoveries/inventions are often to understand various factors involved in the effects of human efforts to fulfil a the chain of production such as means of need and also curiosity. These efforts are production, human resources and processes based on already available scientific of production, as well as the chain of knowledge. Knowledge of history of market and sales management, etc. it is science helps in understanding the factors essential to have a knowledge of similar that facilitated a scientific discovery/ functional systems of the past. It is invention and also its chronology. essential to understand the psychological (3) Technology : The history of character of people working at various technology helps in understanding the levels in the chain of production and changes and their causes in the field of marketing for healthy management. In agricultural production, commodity order to achieve it, understanding of the production, architecture, engineering, etc. social and economic institutions that Scientific discoveries/inventions and support the industrial and commercial technological advancement are mutually processes is important. Knowledge of dependent on each other. Knowledge of history in this regard makes the science and technology was very important management at various levels easier. at every step from the making of stone (6) Arts : It is important to understand tools to agricultural production in the the development of various art forms with evolution of mankind. Later the the help of their style of expression and advancement of science promoted the their foundation in the form of intellectual- mechanisation of production. It is emotional-cultural traditions. The key to necessary to know the history of technology the expressions in any art form, emotional in order to understand the development of temperament of the artist and the mechanisation and the mutual dependence developmental history of the respective between science and technology. art form can be understood with the help (4) Industry and Commerce : The of cultural history. field of mutual social transactions expands (7) Humanities : Humanities include with the growth of industry and trade. It disciplines like history, archaeology, also promotes continuous development of sociology, anthropology, political science, the network of cultural interactions. It is economics, etc. To understand the history an integral part of the industrial and of the origin and development of these commercial management. It is essential to disciplines is an essential part of their

16 learning. All disciplines are supposed to 3.4 Management of Cultural and have their origin in philosophy. Ancient Natural Heritage people all over the world tried to speculate in order to understand the relationship (a) Cultural Heritage : It is in the between the universe and human existence. form of human creation. It is of two types It gave rise to various mythological stories - tangible and intangible. about the origin of this world, the 1. Tangible Cultural Heritage : This universal order, human life, gods and type of cultural heritage includes ancient goddesses, rituals and their philosophical sites, buildings, artefacts, manuscripts, explanation. Roots of philosophical sculptures, paintings, etc. ponderings are to be found in these 2. Intangible Cultural Heritage : mythological stories. Various disciplines This type of cultural heritage includes the under humanities have theoretical following things - foundations based on philosophical * Oral traditions and their language theories. Only historical knowledge can help us in understanding these * Traditional knowledge developmental stages. * Social customs and rituals of celebrating festivals 3.3 Applied History and Our Present * Styles of performing arts People often ask about the practical * Certain traditional skills value of history. The answer to the * Communities, groups who represent question about the nature of applied such traditions, Customs and skills history answers this question as well. The visible and invisible relics of the past (b) Natural Heritage : the concept exist in the present. We nurture some of natural heritage gives importance to kind of curiosity, attraction toward them. the thought of biodiversity. It includes the We wish to know more about their history following things - because they represent the creative (1) Fauna (2) Flora (3) Ecology and thoughts and traditions of our ancestors. geomorphic characteristics which is crucial It is our heritage. It helps in building our for sustaining the flora and fauna of a identity. The history of our heritage links particular region. us with our origin. Hence it becomes It is essential for the benefit of future necessary to preserve and conserve it for generations to preserve our heritage. future, for our benefit as well as for the UNESCO, the global organisation has benefit of future generations. Applied announced some directives with the history is concerned with the preservation objective of promoting the cultural and and conservation of our heritage and natural heritage. On the basis of those make it accessible to people. Heritage directives list of sites and traditions are management creates opportunities of declared as ‘World Heritage’. employment. In brief, applied history can The list of UNESCO’s World Natural be described as understanding of our Heritage now includes Western Ghats. present with the help of history and The Kaas plateau in the District Satara, finding right direction for the benefit of is also a part of the Western Ghats. our future.

17 1987, : Great Living Chola Temples - At a glance : 2004 Gangaikondcholapuram, Brihadishwar and Airavateshwar The Indian traditions declared as Oral at Darasuram and Intangible heritage : 1987 : Group of Monuments at Pattadakal 2001 : Kootiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre, 1989 : Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Kerala. 1993 : Humayun's Tomb, Delhi 2003 : The tradition of Vedic Chanting. 1993 : Kutub Minar and its Monuments, 2005 : Ramlila - the traditional Delhi performance of the Ramayana in 1999 : Mountain Railways of India Uttar Pradesh. (1) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, 2009 : Ramman : religious festival and (2) Nilgiri Mountain Railway, ritual theatre of the Garhwal (3) The Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himalayas. 2002 : Mahabodhi Temple Complex at 2010 : Kalbelia : folk songs and dances Bodh Gaya of Rajasthan. 2003 : Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka 2010 : Chhau dance : a tradition from 2004 : Champaner-Pavagadh eastern India. Archaeological Park 2010 : Mudiyett : a ritual theatre of Kerala. 2004 : Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 2012 : Buddhist chanting of Ladakh: Terminus, Mumbai recitation of sacred Buddhist texts 2007 : Red Fort Complex, Delhi in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh 2010 : The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur region, Jammu and Kashmir. 2013 : Hill Forts of Rajasthan 2013 : Sankirtana : ritual singing, drumming 2014 : Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s and dancing of Manipur. Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat 2014 : Traditional craft of making utensils 2016 : Archaeological Site of Nalanda of brass and copper among the Mahavihara (Nalanda University) Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab. at Nalanda, Bihar 2016 : Yoga 2016 : The Capital Complex at Chandigarh 2017 : Ahemadabad - Historical City World Cultural Heritage Sites - India 1983 : Agra Fort World Natural Heritage Sites : 1983 : Ajanta Caves 1985 : Kaziranga National Park 1983 : Verul (Ellora) Caves 1985 : Keoladeo National Park 1983 : Taj Mahal 1985 : Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 1984 : Group of Monuments at 1987 : Sundarbans National Park Mahabalipuram 1988, : Nanda Devi and Valley of 1984 : Sun Temple, Konark 2005 Flowers National Parks 1986 : Churches and Convents of Goa 2012 : Western Ghats 1986 : Fatehpur Sikri 2014 : Great Himalayan National Park 1986 : Group of Monuments at Hampi Conservation Area 1986 : Khajuraho Group of Monuments 1987 : Elephanta Caves Mixed 2016 : Khangchendzonga National Park

18 people while completing the projects of conservation, preservation and development of a heritage site. (4) Participation of the local people in the project can be facilitated. (5) Systematic plan can be designed to employ the local skills in a creative way and create better opportunities of livelihood. 3.5 Affiliated Professional Fields Kailasa Temple, Verul Knowledge of history can be supportive in the decision making with ‘Cultural and Natural Heritage regard to respective legal provisions and Management’ is one of the main aspects public policies in the following fields : of applied history. The work of conservation and preservation of the 1. Museums and Archives Cultural Heritage falls under the 2. Preservation and conservation of jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey historical site of India and India’s State Departments of 3. Tourism and Hospitality Archaeology. Beside, INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural 4. Entertainment and Mass Media Heritage) is actively working in this field. The work of conservation and preservation Do you know ? of cultural and natural heritage requires The earliest participation of experts from various museum (6th century fields. They need to be duly aware of the B.C.E.) in the world cultural, social and political histories of was discovered the heritage site. Principles of applied during the history are useful in creating the awareness excavations at the among them. Thus, city of ‘Ur’ in (1) The operations necessary for the Mesopotamia. The conservation, preservation and excavations were development of the heritage site can be Clay Tablets conducted by Sir handled without causing any change in Leonard Woolley its original state. (1922-1934). This museum was built by (2) The local social structure and the princess of Mesopotamia. Her name psychology of the local people, challenges was Ennigaldi. She herself was the faced by them in the present situations curator of the museum. and their expectations can be surveyed in A noteworthy feature of the that detail. museum is the clay tablets inscribed (3) Due precautions can be taken to with the descriptions of exhibited avoid hurting sentiments of the local artefacts.

19 Do you know ? It is interesting to know : Archives preserve and store old documents, official records, old films, etc. The National Archives of India is in New Delhi. Every state in India maintains its archives independently.

Archives with a distinct purpose : The main office of the National Film Archives of India is located in Indian Museum, Kolkata Pune, Maharashtra. It was established The ‘Indian Museum’ at in 1964 as the Media Unit of the Kolkata was founded by the Asiatic Ministry of Information and Society in 1814 C.E. Nathaniel Broadcasting of the Indian Government. Wallich, a Danish botanist was the It served three objectives. founder and the first curator of the To search and obtain rare Indian museum. The photograph of the films and to preserve the heritage museum seen here is dated to 1905. for the benefit of future generations. The museum has three main To categorise the important aspects departments, Arts, Archaeology and of films, to create documentation Anthropology. Other affiliated and catalogues and carry out departments are : conservation, research in the field. publication, photography, exhibition-presentation, model- To establish a centre for making, training, library, security. dissemination of ‘films culture’.

Every field mentioned here requires history can create various opportunities expert personnel with specialised skills. for these professionals. For example, architects, engineers, In this lesson we learnt about the role historians, archaeologists, museum of applied history in public training curators, sociologists, archive management programmes for understanding the professionals, legal experts, skilled importance of history, for creating social photographers, etc. Of course, this is just awareness regarding the conservation, a representative list. The help of experts preservation of our cultural and natural from many more fields is required. These heritage, using knowledge of history for experts need to have adequate knowledge this purpose, to enhance the professional of the ancient sites, the historical skills of people and to develop industrial, background of the structural remains and commercial field, to carry out preparatory artefacts. Projects in the field of applied work and plan for effective implementation 20 of heritage projects, etc. It is essential preserved for the benefit of future to avoid vandalising of historic and public generations. places and to ensure that they are

Exercise

1. (a) Complete the sentences by choosing 4. Complete the following concept chart. the correct option. (1) The earliest museum in the world was Cultural Heritage discovered in the excavations at the city of ………. . (a) Delhi (b) Harappa Tangible Intangible (c) Ur (d) Kolkata (2) The National Archives of India is in ……………. . (a) New Delhi (b) Kolkata (c) Mumbai (d) Chennai (b) Identify the wrong pair in the 5. Explain the following statements giving following, correct it and rewrite. reasons. (1) Kootiyattam - Sanskrit theatre, Kerala (1) It is essential to study the history of technology. (2) Ramman - Dance form in West Bengal (2) The list of world Heritage Sites is (3) Ramlila - Traditional Performance of announced by UNESCO. the Ramayana in Uttar Pradesh (4) Kalbelia - Folk songs and dances of 6. Write elaborate answers . Rajasthan. (1) How is the method of history useful in the research of 2. Explain the following concepts : (a) Science (b) Arts (1) Applied History (c) Management Studies (2) Archives (2) How can we correlate applied history 3. Answer the following in 25-30 words. with our present? (1) Explain the concept of ‘Public History’. (3) Suggest at least 10 solutions for (2) What is the role of UNESCO in the preservation of the sources of history. context of heritage sites? (4) What objectives can be fulfilled (3) Find out the world cultural heritage through the heritage projects. sites located in Maharashtra and write their names. Project Show the Indian heritage sites on the map of India.

21 4. History of India Arts

4.1 What is ‘Art’? and ‘Classical Art’. Folk art is a tradition 4.2 Indian Traditions of Visual Arts that has continued from the prehistoric 4.3 Indian traditions of Performing Arts times. The expression of folk art is a 4.4 Art, Applied Art and Professional natural part of people’s way of living. Opportunities Hence its expression is spontaneous. Folk art is created by collective participation of 4.1 What is Art ? the members of a social group. Classical art, on the other hand, is expressed within It is a natural human instinct to want to share his experience, wisdom, and also an established frame of consistent rules. It emotions. When that instinct results in a needs a prolonged training to master any beautiful creation, it is acknowledged as form of classical art. ‘Art’. The artist’s power of imagination, Style in Art : Artists tend to have sensibility, state of emotion and his skills their own method of working. It is known are the crucial factors at the root of as the style of the artist. When a style is artistic creation. adopted by many artists over a prolonged Visual Arts and Performing Arts : period of time, it may become a tradition. Artistic creations are of two types, ‘Visual Such tradition gets established as an ‘art Arts’ and ‘Performing Arts’. The Sanskrit style’. Various art styles develop in every term for the first type is Drik Kala and for culture, which are characteristic of a the second type, Lalit or Aangik Kala. Many certain period and region. Such styles are examples of Prehistoric rock art have been helpful in studying art history. discovered at many sites in the world. It proves that the origin of visual arts is as 4.2 Indian Traditions of Visual Arts old as the stone-age man. (Drik Kala) Folk Arts and Classical Arts : There The art of painting and sculpting are are two distinct traditions of art, ‘Folk Art’ visual arts. Maratha Style of Painting : Maratha paintings is an example of art style. The style known as Maratha paintings began to develop in the latter half of the 17th century C.E. This style consists of coloured paintings and they occur as murals and also miniatures used in manuscripts. Murals of Maratha style can be seen in the old wadas at places like Wai, Menavali and Satara in Maharashtra. The Maratha style was influenced by the Rajput and European styles of painting. Painting styles help us in understanding various things about the times in which it was developed such as the life style, attires, customs, etc.

22 Art of Painting : Paintings are two drawing various figures and symbols or dimensional, for using panels of paintings to narrate stories example, sketches or helped to develop regional styles of folk paintings of nature, paintings. objects and individuals. They are done on Do you know ? various surfaces, such as rocks, walls, papers, canvas of different types and earthen pots. The mural of The mural of Bodhisattva Bodhisattva at Ajanta caves is one of the finest examples of the art of painting. Folk styles of Paintings : Rock paintings dating to stone ages have been discovered in many countries. The traditions of Warli painting and In India, there are rock painting sites Pingul or chitrakathi in Maharashtra are in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar among the finest examples of folk style Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, of paintings. Jivya Somya Mashe, the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The rock artist in Thane district has played a great paintings in the caves at Bhimbetka are role in making the Warli style of paintings famous. Bhimbetka is a World Heritage very popular. He has been honoured with site. a number of national and international Rock paintings usually depict human, awards for his paintings. In the year animal and geometric figures. However, the 2011, he was awarded ‘Padmashree’. style of rock paintings seems to be changing according to the cultural changes from It is interesting to know : stone ages to the beginning of agriculture. The change is visible in the depiction of flora and fauna or it may be evident in the style of portraying various figures and also in the colours that were used. Black, red and white colours were used in the rock paintings, which were made from natural substances. With the help of rock paintings we can understand the knowledge of ancient people about their natural surroundings and The tradition of Chitrakathi is also the way they exploited available mentioned in ‘Manasollas’, a book natural resources. written by the Chalukya king Someshvara The tradition of folk style of paintings in the 12th century C.E. It confirms the closely resembles the style of rock paintings. antiquity of this tradition. The tradition Customs such as decorating the house of narrating stories from Ramayana or walls and courtyards (Rangawali) by Mahabharata with the help of wooden

23 puppets and paintings is known as, miniature style Chitrakathi or Pinguli tradition. The showing a blend of people who still practice the art of Indian and Persian Pingul live in a village called Pinguli. styles was They belong to Thakar tribal developed. community. It is located in the Konkan Western Style region, near Kudal. The Chitrakathi of Painting : In the pictures are drawn on a paper and British period Indian painted in colours made from natural artists came under substances. It takes 30-50 pictures to the influence of complete the narration of a single story. European style of These pictures are preserved very Mughal Miniature painting. An art carefully and handed down from one school was established under the leadership generation to another. The artists and of James Wales, a Scottish artist, in the the government are trying to preserve times of Savai the tradition, which is on the verge of extinction. Madhavrao Peshwe in Shaniwar Wada Classical Styles of Painting : The in Pune. He had ancient Indian texts have explained various done a portrait of aspects of arts in great details. There are Savai Madhavrao altogether 64 arts mentioned in these texts. and Nana The art of painting is mentioned as alekhyam Phadnavis. or alekhya vidya in these. Gagaram Tambat, a It is said to have six main aspects marathi artist who (Shadange). The ancient Indian scholars worked with Wales deserves a special Savai Madhavrao and studied these six aspects very minutely. Nana Phadnavis They include : Roopbheda (Different mention here. He shapes and forms), Pramana (Proportionate depiction of various features of an image), Bhava (Expressions), Lavanyayojana (Aesthetics), Sadrushyata (A resemblance to reality), Varnikabhang (Colour composition). Agama texts of various religious sects, Puranas, and Vastushastra texts explain the arts of painting and sculpting in the context of temple architecture. Miniature Paintings in Manuscripts : Gangaram Tambat with his Guru The miniature paintings in the early had made drawings of the rock-cut caves manuscripts show an influence of Persian at Verul and Karle. Some of his drawings style. The Deccan miniature style was are preserved in the Yale Centre of British developed under the patronage of the Art of Yale University. Deccan Sultanates. During the reign of Exact portrayal of the object of the Akbar, the Mughal emperor, the Mughal painting is characteristic of the European

24 style. A number of renowned artists were of carving out stone sculptures of larger trained in the J. J. School of Art and size began in the Mauryan period with the Industry, which was established in 1857 Asokan pillars. C.E., offering courses in European style of The Sanchi stupa was erected in painting. Pestonji Bomanji, an alumni of emperor Asoka’s time. However, the this school made replicas of Ajanta paintings. beautiful sculptural embellishments of the Sculptural Art : Sculptures are three stupa are supposed to be later additions. dimensional, such as images, statues, pots The sculptures at Barhut are testimonies of and objects with artistic embellishment. the continuous development of sculptural For creating sculptures either rock or metal art in India. or clay is used. Rock Buddhism was sculptures are made by spread far and carving, metal sculptures wide, in many are made with the help countries outside of moulds and clay India. The sculptures are formed tradition of either directly with erecting Buddhist hands or by using stupas began in moulds. The entire those countries as Barhut Stupa Ashokstambh temple of Kailasa at well. The stupa at Verul is a unique monolithic sculpture Borobudur in Indonesia is the largest stupa (carved out of a single rock). The lion in the world. It was built during the 8th-9th capital of the Asokan pillar found at century C.E. It was declared as a World Sarnath, is the national emblem of India. Heritage site in 1991. Folk Styles of Sculptural Art : The sculptural art is also as ancient Borobudur as the art of painting, dating back to Stupa stone ages. Carving tools out of stone can said to be the beginning of sculptural art. The custom of making clay images for rituals has been prevalent in India since Harappan times. It has continued till today in many regions like Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Rajsthan, etc. The Ganesha idols, Indian Iconography : The Gandhara masks of Gauri, bull figurines made for school of art came into being in the 2nd the festival of Bailpola, wooden memorials, century B.C.E. in Afghanistan and Veergals (memorial stones), the decorated neighbouring regions. It had Greek and clay storage bins, etc. are a few examples Persian influence. of the folk traditions of sculptural art. The 1st-3rd century C.E., that is the Classical Styles of Sculptural Art : Kushana period, saw the rise of Mathura The Harappan seals, stone and bronze school of art. The Mathura school laid statues tell us about the 5000 years old or the foundation of Indian iconography. even older tradition of the Indian tradition Iconography is a branch of knowledge of sculptural art. It is said that the tradition which includes everything about making

25 of images of gods The temple architecture in India began and goddesses. to develop around 4th century C.E. during The Kushana the Gupta period. The temples built at the kings made use of beginning of the Gupta period had only the images of various sanctum sanctorum (Garbhagriha) and a deities on their veranda with four columns. coins. During the The temple architecture in India had period of Gupta reached its empire the peak by the iconographic rules 8th century were formulated C.E. This is Natraja and standards for easily testified sculptural art were set. The art of making by the bronze images was developed under the magnificent patronage of Chola kings during 9th-13th composition century. Bronze idols of Gods and of the Kailas goddesses like Siva-Parvati, Nataraj, Nagara Style temple of Lakshmi, Vishnu, etc. were made in this Verul. By the medieval period various period. styles of temple architecture had developed Architecture and Sculpture : There in India. are a number of rock-cut caves in India. The styles of temple architecture are The tradition of rock-cut caves originated identified by the style of the tower in India in the 3rd century B.C.E. (Shikhara). The Nagara style of North Technically the entire composition of a India and the Dravida style of South India rock-cut cave represents a union of are the two principal styles of Indian architecture and sculptural art. Its entrances, temple architecture. A blend of these two interiors with its carved columns and styles is known as Vesara style. The images are excellent specimens of sculptural Bhoomija style seen in Madhya Pradesh art. The paintings on the walls and ceiling and Maharashtra has a close resemblance have survived in some of the caves till to the Nagara style from the structural today. The rock-cut caves at Ajanta and viewpoint. In the Bhoomija style, series of Verul in Maharashtra were declared as miniature towers are arranged, which World Heritage in 1983. become smaller toward the top. Hence, the tower appears to be continuously rising from the base of the temple to the top.

Ajantha Cave - No. 19 Enterance Dravida Style Gopura 26 Bijapur in Karnatak are the world famous It is interesting to know : examples of the Islamic architecture of Temples in Maharashtra built in India. The construction of the building of 12th-13th centuries are known as Kutub Minar started during the reign of Hemadpanti temples. The outer walls Kutubuddin Aibak (12th century C.E.) of Hemadpanti temples are built in a and was completed in the reign of star shape. In the star-shaped plan, Altmash (13th century). Kutub Minar is the outer walls of the temple has a the highest minaret in the world. It is 73 zigzag design. This results into an meters (240 ft.) in height. The Kutub interesting effect of alternating light Minar complex of buildings has been and shadow. The important declared as a World Heritage. characteristic of Hemadpanti temple is its masonry. The walls are built without using any mortar, by locking the stones by using the technique of tenon and mortise joints. The Ambreshwar temple at Ambarnath near Mumbai, Gondeshwar temple at Sinnar near Nashik, Aundha Nagnath temple in the Hingoli district are a few finest examples of the Hemadpanti style. Their plan is star-shaped. The Hemadpanti temples are found at several places in Maharashtra.

Kutub Minar The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal in the memory of his queen Mumtaj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is looked upon as the paramount example Gondeshwar Temple - Sinnar

In the medieval period, under the patronage of Muslim sultanates many styles of architecture, such as Persian, Central Asian, Arabic and pre-Islamic native Indian styles were blended together creating the Islamic architecture of India. Many beautiful buildings were created. The Kutub Minar at Mehrauli near Delhi, Taj Mahal at Agra, Gol Gumbaz at Taj Mahal

27 of the beauty of Islamic architecture in ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway India. This world famous building has Terminus’, Mumbai is the finest example been declared as World Heritage by of the Indo-Gothic architecture and it is a UNESCO. World Heritage Site. The Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur in 4.3 Indian traditions of Performing Arts Karnatak was built in the 17th century Traditions of Performing Folk Arts : C.E. This grand building houses the burial India has independent and varied traditions of Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur. Inside of folk songs, folk instrumental music, the dome, after which the building is folk dances and folk theatre, which are named, there is a round gallery. Even a characteristic of every particular region. slight whisper by a person standing in this There exist many rich traditions of gallery can be heard everywhere and it performing folk arts in Maharashtra also. somebody claps from here its echo can be They developed as an integral part of the heard many times. religious festivals and social life. To name a few as examples, we may mention Koli Dance, Tarapa Dance, Dashavatar of Konkan, Powada, Keertan, Jagar- Gondhal, etc. Traditions of Classical Performing Arts : India has a rich heritage of Classical performing arts, too. The text of ‘Natyashastra’ written by Bharatmuni is supposed to be the earliest one discussing music and theatre. The nine moods (nine rasas), supposed to be fundamental in the Gol Gumbaz presentations of Indian performing arts

During the British period a new are : Shringar (love), Hasya (humour), architectural style arose in India. It is Beebhatsa (repulsion), Raudra (terrible), known as Indo-Gothic architectural style. Karuna (sad), Veer (heoroic), Bhayanak Buildings like Churches, government (fearful), Adbhut (wondrous) and Shant offices, residences of top officials, (Peaceful). railway stations were built in this style Indian people came into contact with during the British period. The building of cultural traditions of other nations and that resulted into blending of many different streams in the presentation of Indian performing arts, enriching them over time. As a result many styles of presenting of classical vocal music, instrumental music, and dance came into existence. Various schools preserving those styles were also created. There are two main branches Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus of the Indian classical music :

28 Do you know ?

Lavani - Maharashtra The ruler of Bijapur, Ibrahim Adilshah II wrote a text in Dakhani Kathakali - Kerala Urdu language, entitled ‘Kitab-e- Navras’. This text is about Indian classical music. It includes verses sung in the Dhrupad style and enables the audience to experience the joy of excellent poetry. This text is originally translated in Marathi by Dr Sayyad Yahya Nashit. It is edited by Dr Arun Prabhune. The translation of the verse printed on the cover of this text reads as follows: ‘‘Oh, Mother Saraswati, you are the divine light in the world and you are complete with all qualities. If In India in the post-independence Ibrahim receives your grace period various festivals of music and dance (blessings), the poetry of the navras are organised with a view to make it will become eternal.’’ accessible to common people. Many people attend these festivals, including Indians ‘Hindustani music’ and ‘Carnatic music’. and foreigners alike. The ‘Savai Similarly there are two forms of it : Gandharva’ festival of Pune is a famous Classical (shastriya) and semi-classical one. (upshastriya). The semi-classical has Lately, we can see an inclination included many styles of folk music. toward experimenting and creating fusion A beautiful blend of all three forms of of various music styles, by trying to music, vocal, instrumental and dance can overcome the limitations imposed by a be seen in various Indian classical dance traditional style or school. Pandit Uday forms like ‘Kathak of north India, ‘Lavani’ Shankar is a prominent name among such of Maharashtra, ‘Odisi’ of Odisha, artists who created a new style. He ‘Bharatnatyam’ of Tamilnadu and successfully created a fusion of Indian ‘Kathakali’ and ‘Mohiniattam’ of Kerala. classical dance and European opera. He

29 also included various forms of folk dance (Nepathya); Art Direction for Films in his style. Thus the scope of the and Televison; Creating attractive presentation of Indian performing arts Layouts of books, magazins; seems to be constantly expanding. The Callligraphy; Production of greeting same phenomenon is apparent in the field cards, invitation cards, customised of Indian visual arts. stationary, gift objects; etc. are the fields of applied arts. 4.4 Art, Applied Art and Professional Opportunities (2) The field of architecture, photography are also part of applied arts. Nowadays, Arts : Art history is an independent still and animated graphics created branch of knowledge. Various opportunities with the help of computers are used of research are available in this field. for various purpose. This is also (1) Art historians can work in the applied art. Ornaments, artistic field of journalism. creations of metals, earthen pots with (2) Art market is an independent colourful designs, objects made from field. It calls for special expertise to cane and bamboo, beautiful glass assess the exact value of an art object or objects, attractive textiles and clothing, to ensure that it is genuine. An expert etc. all can be listed under applied with deep understanding of art history is arts. required for this task. Every field mentioned above requires (3) Heritage Management and a detailed planning and meticulous Cultural Tourism are recently developed management at every stage of production. fields. In these fields students of art can It is essential to employ, trained and find many professional opportunities. skilled individuals at every stage. Some Museums and Archives Management, of the production processes of artistic Library Science and Information objects have a history of certain traditions. Technology, Archaeological Research, The development of each productive Indology are some important fields in this process has its own history. Hence the regard. syllabi of training courses of art design Applied Art : The visual and include the history of various industrial performing arts are primarily looked upon and cultural traditions. as the means of entertainment for people. There are a few institutions in The artist performs primarily with this India, which offer technical and purpose. However, there is a scope to occupational training in the above combine an artistic creation with utility mentioned fields. Among them ‘National value to make it economically viable. Institute of Design’ in Ahmedabad, Thus an artistic creation with a utilitarian Gujarat is a world renowned institute. purpose is called applied art. This institute has introduced an online (1) Industry and Advertisement; Interior course since 2015. Design and production of ornamental In the next lesson, we will learn object; Art Design of stage Backdrops about mass media and history.

30 Exercise

1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing 4. Answer the following questions in 25-30 the correct option. words. (1) The arts of painting and sculpting are (1) Write about folk traditions of ………. . sculptural art. (a) visual arts (2) Write about Gandhara School of art. (b) performing arts 5. Complete the following table. (c) folk arts (d) classical arts Temple Naagara Draavida Hemadpanti Architecture (2) The ………. saw the rise of Mathura Naagara school. Characteristics (a) Kushana period Examples (b) Gupta period 6. Answer the following questions in detail. (c) Rashtrakuta period (1) Write in detail about folk styles of (d) Maurya period painting. (B) Identify the wrong pair in the (2) Explain the characteristics of the following, correct it and rewrite. Islamic architecture in India by giving (1) Kutub Minar – Mehrauli examples. (2) Gol Gumbaz – Vijapur (3) What kind of professional (3) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Railway opportunities are available in the Terminus – Delhi field of arts? (4) Taj Mahal – Agra (4) Observe the illustration of Warli painting on p. 23 and write about: 2. Explain the following concepts. (a) Depiction of nature (b) Drawings (1) Art of human figures (c) Depiction of (2) Hemadpanti style occupations (d) Houses (3) Maratha style of painting Project 3. Explain the following sentences with its reason. (1) Collect additional information of the (1) An expert with deep understanding of World Heritage sites in India. art history is required in the art (2) Observe the sculptors or image market. makers at work in your locality and (2) It is necessary to preserve the tradition interview them. like Chitrakathi, which is on the verge of extinction.

31 5. Mass Media and History

5.1 Introduction to Mass Media Newspapers : ‘Newspaper’ is a 5.2 History of Mass Media publication, which mainly prints news, 5.3 Why do we need Mass Media? editorials, people’s opinions, entertaining 5.4 Critical understanding of the or other supplementary content. It is information received through Mass printed and distributed regularly at a Media definite time. 5.5 Mass Media and Professional Newspapers provide various local, Opportunities national and international news. Newspapers are historical documents, Think about it. which record current events. What could be the method of Precursors of Newspapers : Before sending a news to Delhi if there were the beginning of the common era there a famine in Bihar in the Mughal period ? was a custom in Egypt of placing How much time would it take for the inscriptions with royal decrees at public aid to reach Bihar after the Badshah place. Emperor Asoka also resorted to heard the news ? similar method to reach out to his subjects. In the Roman Empire, royal decrees were 5.1 Introduction to Mass Media written on papers and those were Mass Media contains two words. distributed in all regions. They also ‘Mass’ in this context means an contained the information of various aggregation of people. ‘Media’ means events taking place in the nation and its various modes of communication. Thus, capital. During Julius Caesar’s reign mass media is a field of mass newspapers known as Acta Diurna, communication. We can easily send some meaning acts of everyday, used to be information to a far away destination placed, at public places in Rome. It was through a medium of communication. In a very effective way of conveying royal the olden days, a crier would run in the commands to people. In the 7th century streets beating drums and crying out C.E. royal dictates were distributed among important news according to the orders of people at public places. In England hand- the king. The news would spread among outs used to be distributed occasionally, people by word of mouth. giving information about wars or important 5.2 History of Mass Media events. Travellers arriving from faraway would add spice to stories from those Printing technology and newspapers places and narrate it to local people. The were introduced in India after the arrival ambassadors of a king posted at various of the British. People started receiving places would send back important news printed news through newspapers. to the royal court. Newspapers became the first mass medium ‘Bengal Gazette’ : The first English of circulating information and knowledge newspaper of India was printed on 29th among people. 32 January 1780. It Raja Ram Mohan Roy in England. was named as Reporting of such news throws light on ‘Calcutta General various historical events of those days. Advertiser’ or ‘Prabhakar’ : This newspaper was ‘Bengal Gazette’. It started by Bhau Mahajan. The history of was started by James French revolution and ‘Shatpatre’, the Augustus Hickey, an letters by Lokhitvadi (Gopal Hari Deshmukh) Irish gentleman. aimed at creating social awareness, were James Augustus Hickey ‘Darpan’ : The published in this newspaper. newspaper, ‘Darpan’ was started in 1832 ‘Dnyanoday’ : ‘Dnyanoday’ printed in Mumbai. Balshastri Jambhekar was the the map of Asia in 1842 and the map of editor of Darpan. Europe in 1851. The honour of printing Make a list. an illustration in an Indian newspaper for the first time, goes to Dnyanoday. The Make a list of national leaders in news of installation of telegraph, used for the pre-independence period and the electrically transmitting a news can be newspapers started by them. seen in Dnyanoday. The news of the The news printed in Darpan can be starting of railways in India was printed reviewed to know in Dnyanoday under the title, Chakya about the political, Mhasoba meaning ‘Mhasoba with wheels’. economic, social and It had also printed the news of the Indian cultural events of war of Independence of 1857. those times. Here are Newspapers, in those times were a a few news titles as very important medium of creating social examples : (1) The awareness. A newspaper named Accounts of ‘Induprakash’ supported widow remarriage Balshastri Jambhekar Expenditure from the in a big way. ‘Deenbandhu’, a newspaper Three Administrative Divisions of the representing the masses of the Indian East India Company (2) The Danger of society (Bahujansamaj), was started by Russian Attack on the Nation (3) Mahatma Jyotirao Phule’s close associate, Appointment of a Committee for Krishnarao Bhalekar. We get to know Cleanliness of the City (4) Remarriage of about the issues relating to the masses Hindu Widows (5) The Inception of through this newspaper. Theatre at Calcutta (6) Achievements of Do this. Do you know ? Let each student in the class Balshastri Jambhekar is referred bring a cutting of interesting news. to as the ‘First Editor’ by virtue of Create a journal from the collection his being the editor of the first of news. Marathi newspaper. His birth date, 6th January is observed in ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ : ‘Kesari’ Maharashtra as the ‘Patrakar Din’ and ‘Maratha’, the two newspapers are (Journalists’ Day). indicative of an important stage in the

33 history of Indian newspapers before of Maharashtra’s history and social independence. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and movements. Bal Gangandhar Tilak started these papers Currently there are many periodicals in 1881. They spoke about the social and devoted to Indian history. Marathi journals political issues of that period. Kesari such as ‘Bharatiya Itihas ani Samskruti’ began to publish articles about the and ‘Marathwada Itihas Parishad Patrika’ nationwide situations, books in the native may be cited as examples. languages and the politics in England. Electronic or Digital Journalism : In the 21st century newspapers have These are ultra-modern periodicals form continued to fulfil an important role. It a part of Electronic of Digital journalism. was acknowledged the fourth column of History is a prime subject of interest for democracy. these periodicals as well. Many web news Magazines and Journals : Magazines portals, social media, web channels, ‘You and Journals are periodical publications. Tube’, etc. make historical content This category includes publications, which available to the audience /readers. are weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, Radio : ‘Indian Broadcasting quarterly, six monthly, annual, etc. There Company’ (IBC), a private radio company may be some chronicles which are was the first one to broadcast daily published at no fixed time. programmes. Later the same company was taken over by the Do this. British Government and named as, ‘Indian State In recent times many newspapers Broadcasting Service have introduced e-newspapers. The (ISBS). On 8th June e-newspapers are being received well 1936 it was renamed, as by the readers. ‘All India Radio (AIR)’. Learn to read e-newspapers with After Independence, AIR became an the help of your teachers. integral part of the Ministry of Information Balshastri Jambhekar started the first and Broadcasting (India). Initially, it monthly magazine in Marathi. It was broadcasted Governmental programmes named, ‘Digdarshan’. Among the and schemes. It was named as ‘Akashvani’ periodicals ‘Pragati’, now a defunct on the suggestion of the famous poet journal, was started (1929) and edited by Pandit Narendra Sharma. Akashvanai Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar. He worte regularly in this historiographical journal Do you know ? Let us search and find out : Apart from the journals cited In the British India the first above there are many more journals English news bulletin was broadcasted related to research in history, published on 23rd July 1927 from the Mumbai in Marathi, Hindi and English by radio station of the Indian various institutions and universities. Broadcasting Company (IBC). Later, Search and find out about them with the Kolkata radio station of IBC the help of internet. started a news bulletin in Bengali.

34 broadcasts various entertainment, other alternative to television for watching awareness creating and literary an event as it actually happened. programmes. It also broadcasts special 5.4 Critical understanding of the programmes for farmers, workers, the information received through Mass youth and women. The ‘Vividh Bharati’ Media programmes are broadcasted in 24 regional Any information received through languages as well as 146 dialects of mass media needs to be reviewed critically. Indian languages. Lately, various new The news or information in the media may channels like ‘Radio Mirchi’ are providing not always represent exact truth. We need radio services. to scan it very carefully. There is a very Television : The ‘Delhi Doordarshan famous event of unauthentic information Centre’ was inaugurated by Dr. Rajendra appearing in print in Germany. ‘Stern’, a Prasad, the first Indian President. German weekly magazine had purchased Doordarshan’s Mumbai centre began to a number of so called handwritten diaries telecast its programmes on 1st May 1972. of Adolf Hitler. It sold them to various Colour television was introduced on 15th publication companies. The diaries were August 1982. In 1991 the Indian verified for their authenticity and government granted permission to private subsequently the news appeared in the national and international channels to print. However, later those diaries were telecast in India. Thus, it became possible proved to be forged. It becomes apparent for Indians to watch international events from this example that we need to be very on television. careful about the information published by 5.3 Why do we need Mass Media ? the media. 5.5 Mass Media and Professional We need mass media to facilitate free Opportunities flow of information to all strata of the society. Editorials, various columns and Newspapers have to fulfil the task of supplements are essential parts of providing fresh news to its readers. It is newspapers. Readers are also ensured of also necessary to unfold the background a platform to voice their opinions. of an event in the news. At such times, Newspapers can help in making the newspapers have to resort to history. democracy stronger. While reporting news in detail, reporters try to compare it with parallel events, Television is an audio-visual medium. which happened in the past. The past It was possible for this medium to cross event may be printed in a separate frame. the inherent limitations of newspapers and the radio and show the actual visuals of Editorials an event to people. So far, there is no

Columns Articles Do this. History ‘On This Collect information and write a News Day in report about the television channels in History’ India. Do this as a group activity. Reviews

35 Thus the reader gets access to additional History is also essential in planning information and he can get better insights radio programmes. For example, about the current news. Akashvani has preserved recordings of all Newspapers print columns about the speeches delivered each year by the historical information, appearing under prime ministers of India on 15th August. headings such as, ‘50 Years Ago’ or ‘100 Akashvani invites historians as experts Years Ago’, etc. Such columns are based for discussions on various occasions such on historical documents or written history. as the anniversaries of birth or death of These columns provide historical national leaders, anniversaries of historical information about economic, social, events, etc. Lectures on the contribution political events in the past and also events of various national leaders need to be of historical significance. supported by historical information. Programmes like ‘On This Day in History’ are also an integral part of the daily Do this. programmes of Akashvani. Newspapers also publish Television channels also telecast crossword puzzles based on history. programmes based on history. Doordarshan Try to create similar crossword and other television channels help in puzzles. For example use fort names creating interest in history among people to create a puzzle. through their historical shows and serials. The mythological and historical serials like Newspapers occasionally publish ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Bharat ek supplements to the regular edition or Khoj’ and ‘Raja Shivchhatrapati’ attracted special issues. For example, World War I a very large audience. While producing commenced in 1914. Year 2014 marked this type of programmes, maintaining the 100th year of this event. In order to accuracy with regard to the presentation of be able to publish a newspaper supplement environment, outfits, weaponry, life styles, or a special issue to commemorate the lingual expression, etc. is essential. One occasion, one needs to review its history. needs to have a deep understanding of In 2017, seventy five years were completed history of the concerned period. after the announcement of ‘Quit India’ Currently channels like ‘Discovery’, movement. On such occasions newspapers ‘National Geographic’, ‘History’, etc. highlight the event through various articles, have opened a rich treasure of global editorials, columns like ‘what happened history for the audience. It has enabled in history on this day’, reviews, etc. The people to view the historical and knowledge of history is essential for geographic wonders at home. To make writings of such type. such programmes more entertaining some parts of the serial are actually enacted by Try to do this. actors such as the characters of heroic men and women, sportsmen, army chiefs, Try to collect information about etc. Beside these serials about ancient the role of underground radio centres monuments, forts, histories of empires and in the ‘Quit India’ movement of 1942 with the help of your teachers. also the history of culinary arts are watched by a large number of people

36 with great interest. in the respective field are sought out in People with deep knowledge of history all the fields mentioned above.

You would find this interesting : ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’, a serial telecasted contributions of Mughal emperors, by Doordarshan has a special place in Bhakti Movement, Role of Chhatrapati the history of Indian television serials. Shivaji Maharaj, movements of social It was based on ‘Discovery of India’, reform and Indian struggle for a book written by Pandit Jawaharlal independence, etc. Nehru. It was directed by Shyam Roshan Seth, the actor who played Benegal. This serial presented the Pandit Nehru’s role in this serial also history of India from the ancient to the appeared as a narrator, introducing modern period, throwing light on and explaining various parts of the social, cultural and political history of story by dramatising them, using respective periods. folklore and informative speeches. The It effectively portrayed many serial was admired in all parts of India aspects of Indian history like Harappan because of the comprehensive historical Civilisation, Vedic history, interpretation perspective of Pandit Nehru and its of Ramayana and Mahabharata, equally comprehensive visual Mauryan period, Turk-Afghan presentation. invasions, Mughal period and the

Exercise

1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing 2. Write brief notes : the correct option. (1) The role of newspaper in the Indian (1) The first English newspaper in India struggle for independence was started by ……… (2) Why do we need mass media? (a) James Augustus Hickey (3) Mass Media and professional (b) John Marshall opportunities. (c) Allen Hume 3. Explain the following sentences with its (2) Television is an …………….medium. reason. (a) visual (b) audio (c) audio-visual (1) Any information received through (B) Identify the wrong pair in the mass media needs to be reviewed following, correct it and rewrite. critically. (1) ‘Prabhakar’ - Acharya P.K. Atre (2) Knowledge of history is essential for (2) ‘Darpan’ - Balshastri Jambhekar newspaper articles. (3) ‘Deenbandhu’ - Krishnarao Bhalekar (3) Television is the most popular (4) ‘Kesari’ - Bal Gangadhar Tilak medium.

37 4. Answer the following questions in 25-30 youth and women. The ‘Vividh Bharati’ words. programmes are broadcasted in 24 regional (1) Explain the objectives of newspapers. languages as well as 146 dialects of Indian (2) How is history helpful in the planning languages. Lately, various new channels like of Akashavani programmes. ‘Radio Mirchi’ are providing radio services. (1) Akashavani (AIR) is an integral part 5. Read the following extract and answer of which ministry ? the questions. (2) What was the new name of IBC ? Radio : ‘Indian Broadcasting Company’ (3) In how many regional languages and (IBC), a private radio company was the first local dialects are ‘Vividh Bharati’ one to broadcast daily programmes. Later the programmes broadcasted ? same company was taken over by the British (4) How AIR was named ‘Akashavani’ ? Government and named as, ‘Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS). On 8th June 6. Complete the following concept chart. 1936 it was renamed, as ‘All India Radio Newspapers Radio Television (AIR)’. After Independence, AIR became an Beginning/ Background integral part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India). Initially, it Nature of broadcasted Governmental programmes and informantion/ programmes schemes. It was named as ‘Akashvani’ on Functions the suggestion of the famous poet Pandit Narendra Sharma. Akashvani broadcasts Project various entertainment, awareness creating Write a review of a historical serial that and literary programmes. It also broadcasts you have watched. special programmes for farmers, workers, the

38 6. Entertainment and History

6.1 Why do we need Entertainment ? entertainment. 6.2 Folk Theatre Watching a sports match or listening 6.3 Marathi Theatre to music or watching a movie are examples 6.4 Indian Film Industry of passive entertainment. In this type of 6.5 Entertainment and Professional entertainment we are not actual participants Opportunities but only viewers.

Things that help refresh our minds Do it. and give a feeling of happiness are the sources of entertainment. Various hobbies, Create a chart of active and passive games, drama-film, writing-reading, etc. types of entertainment, which are are the sources of entertainment. related to history. 6.1 Why do we need Entertainment ? 6.2 Folk Theatre Healthy entertainment of excellent quality is essential for the healthy growth Puppetry - Wooden Puppets of one’s personality. Entertainment keeps (Kathputali) : Remains of clay dolls have our minds lively and fresh. It may also make us feel physically more energetic. So eventually our efficiency at work improves. Pursuing hobbies and games helps in personality development. In India many festivals, sports, dance- music, etc. were developed as forms of entertainment since ancient times. There are varied forms of entertainment available in the modern period as well. Puppetry - Wooden Puppets Try to do it. been found in the excavations of Make a list of various types of archaeological sites of Harappan entertainment and classify them into civilisation as well as sites in Egypt and different categories. Greece. It is possible that they were used Entertainment can be classified into as puppets. two categories, active and passive. Active In ancient India materials like wood, entertainment anticipates an individual’s wool, leather, horns and ivory were used mental-physical participation. Practicing of to make puppets. The Kathputali, a handicrafts and participating in sport traditional art of puppetry in India has two activities are examples of active styles; one that developed in Rajasthan

39 and the other in southern regions of India. In the 18th century Shyamji Naik Kale * The artists who stage Kathputali shows started a phad , of Dashavatara artists are found in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, which used to perform all over Maharashtra. Rajasthan, Assam, West Bengal, Andhra Vishnudas Bhave, the pioneer of Pradesh, Telangana, Karnatak and Kerala. Marathi theatre staged mythological plays The role of the narrator known as by introducing some modifications in the sutradhara is very crucial in the success Dashavatara style. Thus, the origins of the of Kathaputali stage show. The stage for Marathi theatre can be traced to this puppetry show is quite small but the Dashavatara tradition. puppeteers use light and sound effects in *The meaning of phad is ‘a troupe’. an ingenious way. Shadow puppets, hand Bhajan (singing devotional songs) : puppets, wooden puppets and string puppets To sing songs in praise of God and are used in Kathputali shows. chanting god’s name accompanied by Dashavatara Theatre : Dashavatara is instruments like taal (cymbals), mridangam, part of the folk theatre in Maharashtra. pakhavaj is known as Bhajan. There are Dashavatara shows are presented in the two types of Bhajan, Chakri Bhajan and regions of Konkan and Goa after harvesting Songi Bhajan. season is over. The stories presented in Chakri Bhajan : Devotees keep moving these shows are based on the 10 incarnations in circular fashion and sing without break. of Vishnu, namely Matsya, Koorma, Varaha, Songi Bhajan : The singer-actors act Narsimha, Wamana, Parashurama, Ram, as devotees and deliver dialogues in the Krishna, Buddha and Kalki. At the beginning form of devotional songs. of the show sutradhara, the narrator invokes Tukadoji Maharaj introduced a new Lord Ganesha, the destroyer of obstacles. form of Bhajan known as Khanjiri Bhajan.

Do this.

Listen to the bhajans composed by saints Tulsidas, Surdas, Meerabai and Kabir and try to learn them with the help of your music teacher or some traditional singer. In north India the bhajans composed by Saint Tulsidas, the great poet Surdas, Dashavatara Saint Meerabai and Saint Kabir are very The method of acting, make-up, popular. costumes in Dashavatara shows is set by Compositions of Purandardas, the tradition. The show is mostly musical Kanakdas, Vijaydas, Bodhendraguruswami, but sometimes there may be a few Thyagaraj, etc. are sung in Karnatak. spontaneous dialogues. The characters In Gujarat Saint Narasi Mehta gave representing gods use wooden masks. The momentum to the Bhakti movement. In show ends by breaking dahihandi, an Maharashtra, Saint Namadeva supported earthen pot of curds, followed by aarati, the tradition of bhajan-keertan through the singing praises of the God. tradition of Varakari sect. The Varakari 40 sect developed a glorious tradition of instruments, dance and humour. He needs bhajan-keertan. to be very well informed. Keertan is performed in a temple or in the precincts You would like to know this : of a temple. There are two main traditions of Lalit : Lalit is an old form of keertan, (1) Naraadiya or Haridasi entertainment in Maharashtra. It belongs (2) Varakri. Haridasi keertan is a solo performance. It has two parts, Poorvarang to the tradition of Naradiya Keertan. It is and Uttarrang. Naman (praising god), quite popular in Goa and Konkan. Nirupanacha Abhang (singing a During the performance of Lalit on the composition that leads to the main theme) occasion of religious festivals, it is and Nirupan (explanation of the main presumed that the presiding deity of that theme) comprise the Poorvarang. festival is present on the throne and then Narration of a story to illustrate the main she is invoked for fulfilment of a desire. theme comprises Uttarrang. In the The invocation continues as follows : “Let Varkari Keertan collective participation everybody be granted their desire. Let is more important. The players of cymbals entire village live in happiness till we also play an important part along with perform next Lalit. Let the internal the keertankar. During the independence clashes vanish with this performance of movement a new type of Keertan was Lalit. Let nobody’s mind be spoilt with developed, known as Rashtriya Keertan. prejudice. Let all transactions happen It places more importance on creating with clear minds. Let the community’s awareness by narrating the life stories of behaviour be pious.” great leaders of the Indian independence movement, scientists, social reformers, The Lalit is performed in a theatrical etc. The tradition of Rashtriya Keertan style. Stories of Krishna, Rama and great was started by Dattopant Patwardhan of devotees are presented during the Wai in Maharashtra. performance. A few texts of Lalit are Members of the Satyashodhak Samaj available in Hindi as well. Lalit forms a founded by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule also part of the backdrop of modern Marathi used Keertan as a medium of creating theatre. social awareness. The style of Keertan by Bharud : Bharud can be described as Saint Gadge Maharaj resembled closely a metaphorical song that has spiritual and to Satyashodhak style of Keertan. He ethical lessons. Bharud is comparable to used to throw light on issues like abolition the style of a road show. Bharuds composed of caste, cleanliness, deaddiction, etc. by Saint Eknath are popular in Maharashtra Keertan : Traditionally, Naradmuni because of its wide range of subjects, is supposed to be the founder of the dramatic quality, easy rhythm and humour. Keertana tradition. Saint Namadev is Saint Eknath composed Bharuds with a known as the first keertankar of purpose of educating people on various Maharashtra. Other saints helped the aspects of life. tradition to flourish. Tamasha : Tamasha is a Persian The keertankar is also known as word. It means a ‘pleasing sight’. Tamasha Haridas or Kathekaribuva. He has to dress developed as an independent art form in in a traditional way. He needs to train the 18th century, by absorbing various himself in oratory, singing, musical traits of folk theatre and classical arts.

41 There are two types of traditional Tamasha, as well as the audience is essential for a Sangeet Bari and Dholakicha Phad. Dance successful performance. The theatre and music are more important than drama comprises several factors such as script, in a Sangeet Bari. Tamasha with drama director, artists, make-up, costumes, stage, as the main part, was developed later. It art design (backdrop of the stage), lighting included Vag, the dramatic part, little arrangement, audience and critics. Dance later. The Vag becomes very lively and and music can also be part of a drama. A entertaining because of its spontaneous drama is usually enacted with the help of humour. The show begins by singing the dialogues. However, mime can also be praise of Lord Ganesha, known as Gana. used as the medium of expression. It is followed with the presentation of The rulers of the Bhosale family of Gavalan. The second part of Tamasha Tanjore were great patrons of drama. presents the Vag. The popular plays like Some of them had written a few plays Vichchha Mazi Puri Kara or Gadhavache and also translated Sanskrit plays. The Lagna are examples of the modern form 19th century saw a great development of of Tamasha. the Marathi thetre. Vishnudas Bhave is Powada : Powada (ballad) is a known as the father of the Marathi dramatic narration by alternatingly reciting theatre. Seetaswayamvar was the first poetry and prosaic extracts. Powada play presented by him. narrates great deeds of heroic men and The movement started by Vishnudas women in a very forceful and inspiring Bhave was followed in Maharashtra by style. The Powada composed by historical, mythological and also light Adnyandas, a contemporary poet of farcical stage plays. The farcical plays Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj, narrating the dealt with social issues in a humorous way. incidence of the killing of Afzal Khan Initially no written scripts were used. and another one on the battle of Often, only the lyrics were written down Simhagarh, composed by Tulasidas, are but the dialogues used to be spontaneous. two well-known examples of Powada. V.J. Kirtane was the first author who wrote In the British period, Powadas narrating the script of Thorale Madhavrao Peshwe the stories of Umaji Naik, Chapekar in 1861 and its printed copy was made brothers, Mahatma Gandhi were composed. available. This was the beginning of the During the ‘Samyukt Maharashtra’ tradition of having a complete written movement the powadas were used as a script ready before staging a play. medium of creating public awareness. In the latter half of the 19th century, 6.3 Marathi Theatre Balkrishnbuva Ichalkaranjikar made Theatre is a place devoted to special efforts to introduce classical khyal performances, either solo or collective, of music in Maharashtra. After him Ustad performing arts. Participation of the artist Alladiya Khan, Ustad Abdul Karim Khan and Ustad Rahimatkhan contributed in a Gather information about dramas great way. Their efforts helped in developing on the life of Chhatrapati Shivaji a taste for classical music among the Maharaj, Chhatrapati Sambhaji audience in Maharashtra. The growing Maharaj, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, popularity of classical music resulted in Lokamanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi the origin of musical Marathi theatre. The and Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar. musical plays of Kirloskar Mandali became

42 very popular. Sangeet Shakuntal written by great actors. The early Marathi playes Annasaheb Kirloskar earned a great were staged on open grounds. The British popularity. Another musical play, Sharada, first built closed theatres like Play House, written by Govind Ballal Deval is quite Rippon and Victoria in Mumbai. Thereafter, important, as it comments in a humorous the shows of Marathi plays gradually took style on the evil custom of marrying young to closed theatres. girls to aged men. Also plays such as Mooknayak, written by Shripad Krishna Do you know ? Kolahtkar, Sangeet Manapaman, written by Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar and The renowned author-poet Vishnu Ekach Pyala written by Ram Ganesh Waman Shirwadkar, also known as Gadkari are important in the history of Kusumagraj wrote Natasamrat, a play Marathi theatre. styled after Shakespeare’s well known play, ‘King Lear’. It became very Do you know ? popular. Ganpatrao Belvalkar, the tragic protagonist of Natasamrat represents a Khadilkar wrote Keechakvadh, a blend of two well-known personalities metaphorical drama to denounce the British government. It was based on of early Marathi stage, Ganpatrao Joshi certain events in the Mahabharata. and Nanasaheb Phatak. Draupadi represented helpless Mother 6.4 Indian film Industry India, while Yudhishthira represented the moderates and Bheem, the extremists. Cinema : Cinema is a medium that Keechaka represented the insolent brings together art and technology. With the Viceroy Lord Curzon. The audience used technology of motion pictures the film to percieve the characters in this fashion industry came into being. It gave rise to the and feel enraged about the imperialistic era of silent movies. Later, the technology attitude of the British government. of sound recording was introduced and the age of sound movies began. The popular plays written by Acharya Atre like Sashtang Namaskar, Udyacha Sansar, Gharabaher etc. helped the Do you know ? Marathi theatre to sustain through a Types of movies : Satirical movies, temporary decline. The recent plays based Documentaries, Advertising films, on historical themes like Raygadala Jevha Children’s films, Movies about army, Jag Yete and Ithe Oshalala Mrutyu by Educational movies, Movies narrating a Vasant Kanetkar, Ghashiram Kotwal by story, etc. Vijay Tendulkar, Tilak Ani Agarkar by Vishram Bedekar became very popular. The honour of making and releasing The Marathi stage continued to get the first full length movie goes to enriched because of its varied subjects and Maharashtra. Maharashtra is known as the types of the plays. Marathi stage artists of land that nurtured the Indian film industry. the bygone era like Ganpatrao Joshi, The contribution of Madanrao Madhavrao Narayanrao Rajahamsa, more popularly Pitale, the Patwardhan family of Kalyan, known as Balgandharva, Keshavrao Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatvadekar, Bhosale, Chintamanrao Kolhatkar and also known as Savedada is very important Ganpatrao Bodas are still remembered as in the development of Indian movies. 43 Later, Gopal Ramchandra Torane which was a silent one. He also created also known as Dadasaheb Torane and historical movies like Kalyancha Khajina, A. P. Karandikar, S. N. Patankar, V. P. Bajiprabhu Deshapande and Netaji Palkar. Divekar sought He also made a movie on a realistic help from Foreign social issue, entitled Savakari Pash. In technicians and 1925 Bhalaji Pendharkar made a movie made a movie entitled Bajirao-Mastani. However the entitled Pundalik. It British government suspected it to be a was released in medium of spreading nationalistic Mumbai in 1912. sentiments and it was banned. Raja Harischandra, Kamalabai Mangarulkar was the first a movie directed woman producer. She produced Savalya Dadasaheb Torane by Dadasaheb Tandel and Panaa Dai (Hindi). Ramshastri, Phalke was the first to be processed a movie made by Prabhat Company in completely in India. It was released in 1944 became very popular. In the post- Mumbai, in 1913. independence period a few movies were He also created made on historical themes. Aacharya Atre silent movies made a movie on the life of Mahatma named as Mohini- Phule and Vishram Bedekar made movie Bhasmasur, Savitri- on the life of Vasudev Balwant Phadke. Satyavana, also Dinakar D. Patil made a movie entitled, documentaries on Dhanya te Santaji Dhanaji. Bal Shivaji, the the rock-cut caves movie made by Prabhakar Pendharkar also of Verul and needs a special mention. pilgrim centres of Nashik and Dadasaheb Phalke Sant Tukaram is a movie to have Tryambakeshwar. Later, a tradition of received international acclaim. It was making movies on historical and shown in the international film festival mythological subjects came into being. in Paris. Vishnupant Pagnis acted as Anandrao Painter, the first one to Saint Tukaram in this film. make a cine-camera of Indian make, also Let us find out : got interested in the making of movies. Let us search on the internet the His cousin Baburao Painter, also known names of historical movies, which are as ‘Mistri’, made Sairandhri in 1918. He not mentioned in this lesson and let us made the first historical movie, Simhgarh, make a list of those names. You would like to know this : Historical movies were also made in The government of India created a Hindi. The Hindi movies made in the pre- special division for making documentaries. Independence period, Sikandar, Tansen, It was named as ‘Films division’. The Samrat Chandragupta, Prithvivallabha and documentaries released by this division Mughal-e-Azam were made with a historical used to be shown in the cinema theatres backdrop. Dr Kotanis ki Amar Kahani was before the beginning of the main movie. based on a true story. The movies based They were aimed at creating public on the Indian struggle for independence awareness about various issues. Gather such as Andolan, Zansi ki Rani, also more information about it. deserve a mention.

44 Let us find out : essential. Experts in these fields can work Find out the names of historical as art directors or consultants. Marathi movies made during the period (2) The script writers as well as of 1970-2015 with the help of internet. dialogue writers need assistance of experts in languages and the history of languages, Production studios such as ‘Bombay as well as experts in cultural history of Talkies’, ‘Rajkamal Productions’, ‘R.K. a given period. Studios’, ‘Navketan’, etc. played a Cinema : (1) The art directors of significant role in the development of movies create the backdrop designs of Indian film industry. atmosphere, costumes and jewellery, make- 6.5 Entertainment and Professional up, hair styles, etc., suitable to the times Opportunities of the theme of the movie. Scholars of The students of history can avail of history can work in this field as art many professional opportunities in the directors or as consultant to the art director. fields of drama and movies. (2) To write movie dialogues, Drama : (1) In order to achieve knowledge of the culture and language as accuracy of stage backdrops on the stage spoken in the concerned period is necessary. deep knowledge of the history of arts and Experts in these fields can find many architecture of the concerned period is professional opportunities.

Exercise

1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing 3. Write notes : the correct option. (1) Need of entertainment (1) ……… are supposed to be the first (2) Marathi Theatre (3) Entertainment keertankar in Maharashtra. and professional opportunities (a) Saint Dnyanehshwar 4. Explain the following statements with (b) Saint Tukaram (c) Saint Namdev reasons. (d) Saint Eknath (1) Expertise in history is important in the (2) Baburao painter made the movie, film industry. ……….. . (2) Bharuds composed by Saint Eknath (a) Pundalik (b) Raja Harischandra are popular in Maharashtra. (c) Sairandhri (d) Bajirao-Mastani 5. Answer the following questions in 25-30 (B) Identify the wrong pair in the words. following, correct it and rewrite. (1) Why is Maharashtra known as the land (1) Raigadala Jevha Jag Yete – Vasant that nurtured the Indian film industry ? Kanetkar (2) What is Powada ? (2) Tilak Ani Agarkar – Vishram Bedekar Project (3) Sashtang Namaskar – Acharya Atre (4) Ekach Pyala – Annasaheb Kirloskar Get the lyrics of any one of Saint Eknath’s Bharud, and enact it in the cultural 2. Complete the following chart. programme of your school. Bhajan Keertan Lalit Bharud Characterisitcs Examples

45 7. Sports and History

7.1 Importance of Sports 7.5 Toys and History 7.2 Types of sports 7.6 Literature and Movies on sport 7.3 Globalisation of Sports 7.7 Sports and Professional 7.4 Game Materials and Toys Opportunities

Sports combine entertainment and entertainment. The ancient Indian literature physical exercise. and epics mention various games such as To play is a natural human instinct. games of dice (dyut), wrestling, Horse and Hence, the history of sports begins with Chariot races and chess. the origin of mankind. Various games have been played since the beginning of Do you know ? civilisation. Hunting was indeed a way of Sports and obtaining food for the ancient people but Greeks is a very it was also looked upon as a game and ancient equation. The Greeks were the first to Standardise the rules of sports and organise them systematically. They started sports competitions of Discus throw, Horse and Chariot Races, Wrestling and Boxing, etc. The ancient event of Olympic competitions used to be held at Olympia, the ancient Greek city. To be able to participate in Olympics and be a Wrestling winner is supposed to be a great honour for sports persons. Do you know ? There are a number of training 7.1 Importance of Sports centres for wrestling and other sports. To play games is very important for 1. Vyayamshala of famous wrestlers us. It enables us to overcome suffering and Jummadada and Manikrao, Vadodara. worries. Games help us to relax and 2. Kreeda Vidyapeeth, Patiyala. refresh our minds. Games, which involve 3. Svarnim Gujarat Sports, Gandhinagar. lot of physical activities, provide good exercise as well. Games help in building 4. Khasbag Talim and Motibag Talim, Kolhapur. a tenacious and strong body. Playing games also helps us in developing courage, 5. Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, determination and sportsmanship. Games Amaravati. needing collective participation help us to 6. Shri Shiv Chhatrapati Kreeda Sankul, develop a sense of cooperation and team Balewadi, Pune. spirit. It also helps in developing leadership.

46 7.2 Types of sports Sports are of two types, ‘Indoor Games’ and ‘Outdoor Games’. Indoor Games : Indoor Games are played within a closed environment and a number of them are played by sitting at one place. They include chess, card games, games played with gamesmen and dice, carom, etc. The game known by Langadi various names as Kachkavadya or Chaukabara, or as Indian Ludo is very sports’ and ‘International Sports’. Indian popular among Indians. The game known games include Langadi, Kabaddi, as Sagargote played with a bunch of Atyapatya, Kho-kho, etc. seeds or stones, is usually played by girls. There is another game known as Bhatukali Do you know ? Daily schedule of Lakshmibai, the Queen of Jhansi : ‘Her highness was very fond of physical exercise. She used to wake up in the early hours, spent an hour (2 ghatikas) exercising on the Mallakhamb and then she had rounds of horse ride and a long elephant ride. Two hours (4 ghatikas) after sunrise, she would eat khurak (a diet Chess meant for enhancing physical strength) (playing house) which is usually played and drink milk. Thereafter, she had bath.’ by girls. However, all the members in (Translated from Maza Pravas by Vishnubhat Godse) the family can also participate in it, Indian games like marbles, Lagori, especially in the mock wedding of a girl Vitti-Dandu or Gilli-Danda, Bhingari doll and a boy doll. It is an occasion of (whorls), Bhovare (tops), Phugadi, Zimma are quite popular. The international games include Badmington (alternatively spelt as

Kabaddi family celebration. Outdoor games : The outdoor games can be categorised into two types, ‘Indian Table-Tennis 47 Skating

Football Badminton), Table Tennis, Hockey, Cricket, Football, Golf, Polo, etc. Shot put, discus throw, long jump, Among outdoor sports, running races high jump, water sports like swimming are popular all over the world. Sprints or competitions, water polo, rowing and short distance running races are usually sports that combine physical exercise and arranged for 100 and 200 metres. There acrobatics like mallakhamb, rope are also middle distance and long distance mallakhamb, gymnastics, etc. are all races. Marathon is a long distance running included in the outdoor sports based on race. Other types of running races are physical skills. hurdles and relay races. Let us find out : Get to know more about wrestlers Khashaba Jadhav, Maruti Mane and cricketer Bharatratna Sachin Tendulkar with the help of internet.

Adventurous games : Ice skating, skiing, ice hockey, etc. are popular games that require balancing skills. There are many other adventurous games which include rock-climbing, gliding, auto racing - cars and motorbikes, etc. Sports Competitions : Sport Mallakhamb competitions of various types is a Do you know ? According to Manisha Bathe Mallakhamb and its various tactics were devised by Balambhat Deodhar, the physical trainer of Peshwa Bajirao II. She also notes that Balambhat was inspired watching monkeys while they leaped and played on trees. Cricket 48 worldwide phenomenon. Sport scattered all over the world have competitions like Olympics, Asian Games significantly affected the entire structure of also known as Asiad, Paralympic or sports economy. Fans watch the matches Special Olympics for disabled people, for entertainment, industrial and Cricket World Cup, etc. are organised on commercial companies look at it as a good regular basis. Also international opportunity to advertise their ware. Retired competitions for many other sports like sportsmen also have an opportunity to hockey, wrestling, chess, etc. are organised participate as commentators. on a grand scale. In India hockey and cricket are very popular. Hockey is our 7.4 Game Materials and Toys national game. Competitions of all these The means and equipments for the games are organised at local, city, taluka, entertainment and education of children district, state, national and international are called toys. Clay toys have been found levels. Sportspersons who perform well in in archaeological excavations. These toys national and international competitions were fashioned either by hands or by using have good career prospects. moulds. Dolls are mentioned in the ancient Do you know ? Indian literature. A Sanskrit play by Shudraka is named as Mrichchhakatika. It Major Dhyan Chand, an expert means a clay cart. player of hockey was also the captain of the Indian hockey team. Indian Do you know ? Hockey team won a Gold Medal in 1936 at Berlin Olympics under his Kathasaritsagara has very interesting captaincy. He was also part of the descriptions of games and toys. There previous Indian hockey teams in 1928 are descriptions of flying dolls. It and 1932, which played at Olympics mentions that on pressing a key some and won Gold medals. 29th August, the dolls used to fly, some used to dance birth date of Dhyan Chand is celebrated and some used to make sounds. as the National Sports Day in India. He was known as the ‘Wizard of Hockey’. He was honoured with a Let us find out : ‘Padmabhushan’ in 1956. In India, there are regional traditions of making dolls. The wooden 7.3 Globalisation of Sports dolls made in Maharashtra were known as Thaki. The field of sports in the 20th-21st Let us find out about other regions century was naturally influenced by the where dolls were made or are still process of globalisation. The international being made. matches of various sports like cricket, Let us also find out the local football, lawn tennis can be watched on names of such dolls. television in any corner of the world. Thus, citizens of the non-participant countries can also enjoy these matches. For instance, 7.5 Toys and History the world cup winning match played by Toys can throw light on history and Indian cricketers was watched by cricket technological development. We can also fans all over the world. Sports fans get a glimpse of religious and cultural 49 traditions through them. As a part of to do research of this kind. Knowledge of traditional Diwali celebrations in history of sports is also essential for Maharashtra model forts are made. Clay writing articles in various publications images of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and like encyclopaedia, newspapers, sports his soldiers and also people and animals magazines, etc. are placed on these model forts. This 7.7 Sports and Professional tradition keeps the memory alive of the Opportunities important role of forts in the history of Maharashtra. Although sports and history appears An ivory doll made by Indian craftsmen to be distant as subjects, there is a close was found in the excavation of Pompeii, tie between them. Students of history can an ancient in Italy. It is dated to 1st find many opportunities in the field of century C.E. This artefact throws light on sports journalism. One needs to resort to the Indo-Roman trade relations. Thus, toys history in order to write articles, reviews found in archaeological excavations can about sports events like Olympics or tell us about cultural contacts between Asiad or national and international nations in ancient times. matches. Expert commentators are in demand 7.6 Literature and Movies on sport during sports matches. An expert Publishing of books and commentator needs to have good encyclopaedias of sports is a newly knowledge of the history, statistics, developing enterprise. The history of previous records, eminent players, Mallakhamb has been recently published. historical anecdotes, etc. related to the There is an encyclopaedia on the subject concerned game. Knowledge of history is of exercise. Some years ago there was a useful for them. sports magazine named ‘Shatkar’. There Matches of various sports like cricket, is ample literature available in English on football, kabaddi, chess, etc. are shown sports. Some television channels are live on television on various channels. exclusively devoted to sports. The role of professionals who track and Recently, some movies on sports and keep the record of these telecasts from biography of players have been released various channels has become very in various languages. For instance, the important now. The sports channels films Mary Kom and Dangal. Mary Kom continue telecasting round the clock. is the first Indian female boxer to There are many professional opportunities participate in the Olympics and to win a available in this field. bronze medal. Dangal is based on the life Referees are an essential factor of story of Foghat sisters who were the first sports matches. Trained referees are Indian female wrestlers to win gold required to pass qualifying examinations. medals at various international Qualified referees can work at district, competitions. state, national and international levels. The process of making a movie Government and private sectors are trying requires deep study of the particular to promote sports. There are scholarships period of the movie’s story, language, offered to sportspersons. There are reserved dressing style, social life, etc. of that seats for them in the government and period. Students of history are well trained private establishments.

50 Do you know ?

Bal J. Pandit was the history of the playground, first Indian cricketer to career history of the players, pioneer cricket commentary. anecdotes about the game, People used to listen very and established records of eagerly to his broadcasts the game. His commentaries from Akashvani. His well- used to be entertaining studied commentaries were because of these historical full of information about the details.

Exercise

1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing (2) Toys can tell us about cultural history. the correct option. 4. Answer the following questions in 25-30 (1) The ancient event of Olympic words. competitions used to be held at ...... (1) Explain the importance of sports. (a) Olympia, Greece (b) Rome (2) How are professional opportunities (c) India (d) China available in the field of sports? (2) The wooden dolls made in 5. Write detailed answers to the following Maharashtra are known as ...... questions. (a) Thaki (b) Kalichandika (1) Write about the history of sports equipment and toys in ancient India. (c) Gangavati (d) Champavati (2) Explain the close tie between sports (B) Identify the wrong pair in the and history. following, correct it and rewrite. (3) Explain the difference between indoor (1) Mallakhamb – Outdoor game based and outdoor games. on physical skills Project (2) Water polo – Water sport (3) Skating – Adventurous ice sport (1) Collect information about your favourite sports and its players. (4) Chess – Outdoor game (2) Discuss the hardships the 2. Write notes : sportspersons have to face while (1) Toys and Festivals training for the sport with the help of (2) Sports and movies information gathered through movies and literature. 3. Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) Currently the structure of sports economy has been significantly affected.

51 8. Tourism and History

8.1 Tourism in the Past Do you know ? 8.2 Types of Tourism 8.3 Development of Tourism Benjamin of Tudela is known as 8.4 Conservation and Preservation of the first European traveller/discoverer. Historical Places He was born in Spain. During the 8.5 Professional Opportunities in the period of 1159-1173 C.E. he travelled Tourism and Hospitality Industry to France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, Persia, India and China. He maintained 8.1 Tourism in the Past diaries of the accounts of his travels. The tradition of travelling is quite old His diaries are viewed as important in India. People used to travel for various historical documents. reasons like pilgrimage, going to local Marco Polo, the Italian traveller fairs and festivals, in search of a renowned of the 13th century introduced Asia, teacher and good education, for trade, etc. especially China to Europe. He stayed In brief, from ancient times people took to in china for 17 years. He wrote about travelling for various reasons. the flora and fauna, social life, culture and trade systems of Asia. Do you know ? Ibn Batuta, the traveller of the 14th century took the world on a The Buddhist literature tells us virtual travel of the Islamic world that Gautam Buddha travelled to with his travel accounts. He was several cities in ancient India for travelling for 30 years. He had preaching. Buddhist monks were resolved not to travel twice on the ordained not to stay at one place but same route. His accounts are helpful keep travelling continuously to various in understanding the medieval history places. Jain monks, sadhus also used and social life. to travel constantly. Gerardus Mercator, of 16th Yuan Shwang, the Chinese monk century was a cartographer. He is travelled to India in 630 C.E. In the known for creating a world map and medieval period Saint Namdev, Saint globe of the earth. His work proved Eknath, Guru Nanak, Ramdas Swami to be very useful for navigation travelled extensively in India. around the world.

Tourism : Tourism can be defined as noteworthy in the context of tourism travelling to visit places in distant regions history. He organised a trip by railway for a specific purpose. from Leicester to Loughborough for about In the latter half of the 19th century 600 people. Later he was successful in C.E. the name of Thomas Cook is Organising a round trip of Europe.

52 Eventually he established a travel agency locations of tourist interests. Mass media selling tourist tickets. This early venture began to make special audio-visual of Thomas cook opened doors for the presentations highlighting places of tourist development of modern tourism. interest. Tourism can be broadly typified into local tourism, interstate tourism, international tourism, religious tourism, Do you know ? historical tourism, health tourism, science tourism, agro-tourism, sports tourism, The tradition of travelling from tourism based on special events, etc. corner to corner was prevalent in India from ancient times. Vishnubhat Godase Local and Interstate Tourism : This kind of tourism is not very overwhelming wrote down the accounts of his journey because it is within one’s own country. It from Maharashtra to Ayodhya and does not cause difficulties of language, back to Maharashtra. It is published procuring currency and documents. More as a book entitled, ‘Maza Pravas’ so, we can plan it at the time suitable (My Journey). Vishnubhat travelled to us. during times of the Indian war of International Tourism : Nowadays, it independence in 1857. He was the has become easier to travel because of the eye witness for many events related to easy availability of a number of options this historical event. His accounts are of railway, marine and air transport. full of detailed descriptions about Marine transport has linked the coastal various incidences during this period, regions. There is a trans-European railway especially those about the life of route. Aviation has brought the entire Lakshmibai, the queen of Jhansi. We world closer. Because of the economic also get to know the nature of Marathi liberalisation policy of the Indian language of the 18th century. This government the number of people travelling book is one of the important sources back and forth from India has increased of history of that period. considerably. They include people travelling for studies, relaxation, sightseeing, and 8.2 Types of Tourism professional assignments (meetings, agreements, etc.), also for shooting of These days tourism has become an films, etc. One needs to procure various independent field of local, interstate, official documents for travelling abroad. national and international business. The Historical Tourism : This type of desire to visit national and international tourism is popular all over the world. Tours monuments, places of historical importance to historical places are arranged to satisfy and natural beauty, ancient centres known people’s interest in history. It can be noted for handicrafts, pilgrim centres, industrial in this context that Gopal Neelkanth centres and sites of various developmental Dandekar, a renowned Marathi writer used projects, etc. promotes tourism. Tourists to arrange hiking tours to forts in from all over the world wish to visit Maharashtra, to explore the sights closely natural and manmade sites, which offer linked to Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj and a delightful and awe inspiring experience. his achievements. Tours are also arranged The places like snow-capped peaks, to important historical sites in India such beaches, pristine jungles, which were as forts in Rajasthan, Ashrams of Mahatma neglected previously, became important Gandhi and Acharya Vinoba Bhave, 53 important places related to the Indian war to India to avail of the medical facilities of independence in 1857, etc. and health services. India is a tropical country, where ample sunlight is available throughout the year. This attracts tourist from countries with cold climate to India. Availability of facilities for Yoga training and therapies based on Ayurveda is one more reason to want to visit India. Agro-Tourism : Agro-tourism, which is also known as agri-tourism, is rapidly developing, especially meant for the urban population, which has very little exposure to rural life and agriculture. Now, Indian Valley of Flowers farmers are also visiting faraway places You would like to know this : like agricultural research centres, agricultural universities, and countries like People of various religious Israel where experimentation in advanced communities are dispersed globally. technology of agriculture is carried out. However, they feel united because of their mythological traditions and the Sports Tourism : Sports tourism was places associated with those traditions. developed in the 20th century. There are This creates a desire to travel to those various sports events organised on places and it gives rise to religious international level like Olympics, tourism. In this context the constructions, Wimbldon, World Chess Championship undertaken by Ahilyabai Holkar spending and international cricket tournaments, etc. from her personal funds are noteworthy. While there are events like ‘Himalayan Ahalyabai wanted to provide good Car Rally’ on national level, events like amenities on the pilgrim routes like ‘Maharashtra Kesari’ Wrestling Chardham Yatras and Bara Jyotirlingas. competitions are organised on state level. Travelling to attend such events comes Geographic Tourism : This type of under sports tourism. tourism involves visiting places to observe Tourism based on Special Events : special geographic features of a region. It People want to travel and they are often on includes various natural and animal the lookout for special reasons to do it. In sanctuaries, places like valley of flowers the 21st century it has become common to (Uttarakhand), various beaches, unique organise such events, which also help to geographical wonders like the crater lake Let us find out : at Lonar and ranjankhalage (naturally carved out cavities in rocks) at Nighoj in Apart from the types of tourism Maharashtra. Many tourists like to visit mentioned above, there are other types these places to satisfy their curiosity. like, science tourism, leisure and relaxation tourism also known as Health Tourism : People from the wellness tourism, cultural tourism and western countries find the health services group tourism, etc. Let us find more and facilities in India comparatively about it on the internet with the help cheaper and yet of good standard. of the teachers. Hence, many foreigners preferred to come 54 promote tourism. Film festivals, various types of seminars and conferences, Can you tell ? international book exhibitions, etc. are examples of such special events. People What facilities should be made keep visiting several places to attend such available to the tourists? special events. Many literature enthusiasts How would you behave with the in Maharashtra travel every year to attend tourist if you are the local person at ‘Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan’ a tourist site? (Pan Indian Marathi Literary Convention). books about a tourist site be available in their own language. Hence, such literature 8.3 Development of Tourism should be made available in various The crucial issue in the development languages. It would be helpful if the taxi of tourism is providing proper guidance to drivers are trained to converse in more national and international tourists about than one languages. They may also be various aspects of the actual travel, proper trained as tourist guides. social conduct during the tour and during their stay at the destination places.

Do this. Gather more information about the Swachh Bharat drive. Giving priority to ensure safe transport and security facilities for the tourists, amenities of reasonably good standard, availability of good accommodation, good washroom facilities on the travel routes is Gharapuri Caves of great significance in promoting tourism. Try this. It is also very important to pay special attention to the special needs of handicapped Collect pictures and photos of tourists. the cultural, natural and mixed It is important to take a few primary heritage sites in India, with the help precautions in order to preserve the of internet. historical heritage sites. It is essential that few things should be avoided at any instance, for example: vandalising or defacing the heritage monuments and sites. In order to avoid it everybody should refrain from activities like writing on walls or carving on trees, paint ancient monuments in garish colours, etc. Lack of good amenities in the precincts of the heritage sites causes filthiness. It is very essential for the tourists that pamphlets, guides and history Kas Pathar 55 8.4 Conservation and Preservation of Heritage Walks : To go on a tour Heritage for visiting historical places is known as It is a hard task to preserve and ‘Heritage Walk’. One can experience conserve heritage sites. Our country is very the thrill of being a part of history by rich with historical sites dating to ancient, participating in heritage walks. medieval and modern period. It is also ‘Heritage Walks’ as an organised blessed with abundance of nature. group activity has gained popularity in Heritage of any country is divided many countries. India has a rich history, into, Natural Heritage and Cultural which can be traced back to many (manmade) Heritage. There are some millenniums. Every region of India is full Heritage Sites in India, which are acclaimed of historical places from ancient, medieval globally, such as Taj Mahal at Agra, and modern period. The ‘Heritage walk’ Jantar Mantar observatory at Jaipur, and organised in the city of Ahmedabad is also the rock-cut caves at Ajanta, Verul well-known. In the cities of Mumbai and and Gharapuri (Elephanta), Chhatrapati Pune in Maharashtra such walks are Shivaji Maharaj Railway Terminus in organised regularly. Heritage walks can Maharashtra. Kas Plateau in Maharashtra encourage people to support projects like is located in the Western Ghats, which is conservation and preservation of historical a World Natural Heritage site. monuments, to collect authentic There are tourists all over the world, information about them and to publish it who wish to visit world heritage sites. through various media. Residences of Foreign tourists come in large numbers to renowned citizens who have passed away visit the heritage sites in our country. It are also part of heritage. In some cities makes us feel very proud when an Indian ‘blue plaques’ with the names and other heritage site is declared as a world heritage relevant information of such citizens are site. However, whenever we visit such placed on their residences, as a part places we feel very disappointed because heritage scheme. of what we see there. We get to see that people have written their names with charcoal; have drawn pictures, vandalising Try this. the heritage site. It affects our image as a nation. To preserve the heritage sites we Organise ‘Heritage Walks’ with need to resolve that : the help of your teachers as part of educational tours to historical places. (1) I shall strive to maintain the cleanliness of heritage sites. It has tremendous scope for experimentation (2) I shall not do anything, which will and innovation. result in vandalising of any historical site. A good number of opportunities of 8.5 Professional Opportunities in the employment are available in the tourism Tourism and Hospitality Industry and hospitality industry. The country which is a tourist destination begins to Tourism and Hospitality is an industry receive revenue even before a tourist with potential to create maximum arrives at the airport of that country. He employment opportunities. If managed has to pay for his visa. He spends for professionally, it is a very stable industry. his travel, stay in hotels, food, payment

56 to translators and guides, buying Shegaon, Tulajapur, Kolhapur, Nashik, newspapers, reference books, souvenirs, Tryambakeshwar, Paithan, Haji Malang, etc. This contributes to the growth of Gurudvara at Nanded, Mount Mary economy of that country. Church in Mumbai, etc.; hill stations like Markets in the vicinity grow along Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Khandala, with the development of a tourist centre. Lonavala, Matheran, Chikhaldara, etc.; Hence, the local handicrafts and cottage dams at Koyananagar, Jayakwadi, industries also begin to develop. The Bhatghar, Chandoli, etc. and sanctuaries demand for locally processed food items at Dajipur, Sagareshwar, Tadoba, etc. are and ethnic handicrafts increases. It results among the important tourist centres in in better income for local artisans, business Maharashtra. people and wage earners. The Maharashtra Tourism Development of Tourism in Development Corporation was set up in Maharashtra : Maharashtra is a state 1975. It helped in the development of blessed with rich heritage. The much- tourism in Maharashtra. The corporation admired rock-cut caves, paintings and has provided facilities of tourist hotels at sculptures of Ajanta, Verul and Gharapuri 47 places. Together these hotels can (Elephanta); pilgrim centres like Dehu, accommodate more than 4000 tourists. Alandi, Jejuri, Pandharpur, Shirdi, Many private entrepreneurs are also providing hospitality services to tourists. Do you know ? An unusual Village of Books Bhilar is a village near with a view to accelerate the ‘Reading Mahabaleshwar, which boasts of natural Culture’ movement for the reader-tourists beauty and sweetness of to enjoy the beauty of Marathi literature strawberry. It is also enriched by the works of old and new known as the ‘Village of authors and saints. It includes various Books’. Every household types of texts like biographies, in this village maintains autobiographies, fiction, poetry, literature a library of its own for by women, literature on sports, literature the tourists to enjoy. for kids, etc. Maharashtra State If you go to Mahabaleshwar, make Government has implemented this scheme it a point to visit Bhilar as well.

Can you tell ? You would like to know this : What kind of new occupations were Cultural tourism includes activities introduced in the surroundings of like visiting educational institutes of your village/town because of growing repute; trying to get a glimpse of local tourism? culture, history and traditions; visiting historical monuments at a place; trying What difference could be observed in to appreciate the achievements of local the lifestyle of people in the people and also participating in the surroundings of your village-town local festivals of dance, music, etc. because of growing tourism?

57 Do you know ? Mahabaleshwar and Panchagani tourists. Horsekeepers provide horses for are hill stations. Thousands of tourists horse rides and horse cart rides. It is arrive here. These tourists are the local people who are engaged in accompanied by guides who provide these activities and they can earn good relevant information on the sightseeing money for their services. In short tourism tour. At some places photographers becomes a major source of their are present to click nice snaps for the livelihood.

Exercise

1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing (2) In what way tourism becomes a major the correct option. source of their livelihood? (1) Thomas Cook established a travel (3) What would you do to develop the agency selling …… . surroundings of your village / town to (a) handicrafts (b) toys help the growth of tourism? (c) food items (d) tourist tickets 5. Complete the following Concept chart : (2) Bhilar is known as the ‘Village of …….’ . (a) books (b) plants Rock-cut Caves (c) mangoes (d) forts

(B) Identify the wrong pair in the World following, correct it and rewrite. Natural Heritage Railway (1) Matheran – Hill Station Heriage Sites Station (2) Tadoba – Rock-cut Caves (3) Kolhapur – Pilgrim Centre Sanctuary (4) Ajanta – World Heritage 2. Explain the following statements with 6. Give elaborate answers to the following. reasons. (1) What are the professional fields (1) The number of people travelling back associated with tourism ? and forth from India has increased considerably. (2) Describe any three types of tourism. (2) It is important to take a few primary Project precautions in order to preserve the Explain the need to preserve the heritage historical heritage sites. sites. What measures are required to 3. Write notes : achieve it? Discuss. (1) Tradition of Travelling (2) Marco Polo (3) Agro-tourism 4. Answer the following questions in 25-30 words. (1) What are the crucial issues in the development of tourism? 58 9. Heritage Management

9.1 Sources of History, their • Classifying, analysing and interpreting Conservation and Preservation the compiled material. 9.2 Some Famous Museums • Publishing the results of respective research. 9.3 Libraries and Archives Necessary Training : (1) Sociology 9.4 Encyclopaedias and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology The sources of history and all the (3) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library history books that are available today are Science and Information Technology the results of the diligent work of several (5) History and Historical Research historians. Institutes like libraries, museums Method (6) Writing of Research Reports and archives conserve and preserve this and Articles. precious historical heritage. They choose 2. Written Sources of History important specimens from the heritage • Collecting coins and copper plates with collection and exhibit them. They also inscription on them, documents like publish research journals, informative official records, personal correspondence pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc. and diaries, historical books, old books, The documents and artefacts which manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc. are not exhibited but historically very • Completing necessary mechanical and important, are stored in the museums and chemical processes of cleaning for the archives after completing necessary conservation and preservation of treatments for their conservation and collected documents. preservation. Those documents and • Ascertaining the historical value of artefacts are made available to researchers, collected documents. as and whenever necessary. Libraries • Exhibiting selected documents. conserve, preserve and manage the books. • Publishing edited documents and 9.1 Sources of History, their research reports. Conservation and Preservation Necessary Training : Each step like collecting the sources (1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, of history, creating their records and Modi, Persian and their development. indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books (2) Basic knowledge of social and artefacts after completing necessary organisation and traditions, literature treatments requires very careful handling and culture, dynasties, administrative and management. It needs people with systems, etc. of past societies. specific skills. Only trained persons, who (3) Knowledge of various schools and are duly qualified can take up these tasks. styles of painting and sculptural art 1. Oral sources of history and history of their development. • Collecting and compiling of folk songs (4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink and folk tales, etc. and colours. 59 (5) Knowledge of properties of various fossils. stones and metals used for inscriptions (6) Knowledge of various approaches of (6) Knowledge of the equipment and managing exhibitions in museums chemicals used in various processes galleries and information technology. of cleaning, conservation and (7) Writing research reports and articles. preservation. 9.2 Some Famous Museums (7) Knowledge of various approaches of managing exhibitions in museums Museums were created to organise galleries and information technology. and manage the antiquities collected by (8) Writing research reports and articles. members of royal and elite families of medieval Europe. 3. Material Sources of History Louvre Museum, France : The • Collecting artefacts, classifying them Louvre Museum in Paris was established according to their historical date and in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities type and preparing indexes. collected by members • Completing necessary mechanical and of the royal family chemical processes of cleaning for the were exhibited in the conservation and preservation of Louvre museum. It collected documents. included the much • Arranging exhibitions of selected acclaimed painting artefacts or their replicas. of ‘Monalisa’ by • Writing and publishing research articles Leonardo da Vinci, about collected artefacts. the world renowned • Classifying fossils of plants and animals artist. He worked under the patronage and preparing indexes. Monalisa • Exhibiting selected fossils or their of Francis I, the king replicas. of France in the 16th century. The collection in the Louvre museum increased Necessary Training : to a great extent because of the antiquities (1) Basic knowledge of archaeological brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte method and theory, history of ancient from his conquests. Presently, the museum civilisations. contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 (2) Knowledge of the regional sources of thousand artefacts. materials like stones, minerals, metals British Museum, England : The and clay used in the production of British Museum in London was established artefacts and their chemical properties. in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan (3) Knowledge of equipment and a natural scientist handed over about 71 chemicals necessary for the cleaning thousand objects in his collection to the of artefacts and other chemical king of England, George II. It included processes. several books, pictures, specimens of (4) Knowledge of various schools and preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later styles of arts and their development. the collection was expanded by addition (5) Knowledge and skills of making of various art objects and ancient artefacts replicas (models) of artefacts and collected by the British people from 60 British colonies. Presently the museum collection comprises about 80 lakh objects. You would like to know this : Famous Museums in India The following are some of the famous museums in India : Indian Museum, Kolkata; National Museum, Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.

Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several museums in various states of India. Usually the big museums have their own British Museum, England archives and libraries. Some museums are National Museum of natural History, affiliated to universities. Such museums United States of America : This museum also offer courses in Museology. of natural history managed by the Following are some of the well- Smithsonian Institution was established in known institutes and universities, which 1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore offer degree and diploma courses in (120 millions) specimens of fossils and museology : remains of plants and animals, minerals, 1. National Museum, Delhi rocks, human fossils and artefacts. 2. Maharaj Sayajirao University, Vadodara 3. Kolkata University, Kolkata 4. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 5. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 6. Jivaji University, Gwalior Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay : In 1904 C.E. some influential residents of Mumbai decided to establish a museum to commemorate the National Museum of Natural History visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the Museums in India : The first museum month of November of 1905 C.E. the in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established foundation was laid of the museum by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, building. It was decided that the name of in 1814 C.E. The second museum in the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales India, ‘Government Museum’ was Museum of Western India’. It was established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ‘National Museum’ was established in Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E. 61 Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in 16th-17th century, during the times of Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E. Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered Thanjavur and established his independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale and his successors kept expanding ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’. Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the most in this expansion. In 1918 the library was renamed as ‘The Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his honour. The building of the museum is built in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given There are several noteworthy libraries the status of Grade I Heritage Building in India, for instance, National Library, in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50 Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and thousand antiquities divided into three Library, Delhi; State Central Library, categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society History. and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc. From the technical point of view the 9.3 Libraries and Archives management of archives is akin to library Libraries are the storehouses of management. Preserving documents with knowledge and information. Library Science important content in their original condition, is very closely related to Management preparing indexes and creating accurate Science, Information Technology and the systems of retrieval of documents are the field of Education. Libraries perform important tasks in the management of various tasks like collecting books, arranging archives. Documents from the archives are them systematically, conservation and supposed to be very reliable. Because of preservation of those books, dissemination the heavy dependency on computerised of information sources, etc. Many of these systems information technology has tasks are completed with the help of become an inevitable part of the computerised systems. To make a book management of libraries and archives. available to a reader as per his requirement The first official archives of India, is the most important aspect of library the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was management. established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E. (7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor In 1998 C.E. the then President of in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century the archives for public. It is a department C.E.) and the library in Alexandria, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed Culture of the Indian Government. The to be the earliest libraries in the world. documents have been preserved here in a The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in chronological order from 1748. It includes 62 records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, designing a structure of an encyclopaedia. Sanskrit and Urdu languages. It also In order to incorporate the latest available includes records in Modi script. These information revised editions of records are classified in four categories : encyclopaedias or supplements to original Public records, Oriental Studies, editions need to be published. Manuscripts and Private Records. Encyclopaedias are arranged either in Governments of every State in India alphabetical order or according to the maintain independent archives. The order of topics. The type of order is Archives of Maharashtra State Government decided by keeping the convenience of has branches in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, readers in mind and the ease of Aurangabad and Nagpur. There are about accessibility to the information. An index 5 crore modi documents related to Maratha at the end of the encyclopaedia is very history in the Pune branch. These documents convenient in this regard. are referred to as ‘Peshwa Daftar’. The encyclopaedia can be created 9.4 Encyclopaedias either by a single editor or an editorial committee. The articles in the Encyclopaedia is a systematic encyclopaedia are written by subject compilation of information or knowledge experts. of various topics. The information or knowledge in encyclopaedia is arranged Types of Encyclopaedia : with a specified method. Organising Encyclopaedias can be approximately available knowledge and making it divided into four types. (1) Dictionaries accessible is the main objective of (2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia encyclopaedias. (Vishwakosh) (3) Encyclopaedic (Koshsadrush) literature (4) Indexes Benefits of Encyclopaedia : Encyclopaedias make vast volume of (1) Dictionaries : Dictionaries knowledge accessible to readers. It can arrange the words in a language in certain help in satisfying their curiosity. order (alphabetical order is more common). Encyclopaedias provide fundamental It gives meanings of words, synonyms and information on any topic, in order to etymology. There are various types of understand it properly. Thus, the reader dictionaries : comprehensive dictionaries, gets motivated to read extensively. dictionaries which include only certain Encyclopaedias make the existing type of words, dictionaries of terminology knowledge easily accessible to scholars (deals with terms peculiar to a branch of and researchers and also highlight the knowledge), etymological dictionaries, research areas, which have not yet received thesaurus, dictionaries of idioms and enough attention. Encyclopaedias are proverbs, etc. indicators of the state of cultural ripeness (2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia of a society. The intellectual and cultural (Vishwakosh) : There are two types of needs of a society determine what kind of Vishwakosh. (a) It includes all subjects encyclopaedic literature would be created. under the sun (for example, ‘Encyclopaedia Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, Britannica’, ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, standardised format of presentation and ‘Marathi Vishvakosh’, etc.) (b) It includes updated information are the criteria for comprehensive information on one chosen

63 subject. For example, ‘Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh’, ‘Vyayam Dnyankosh’, etc. Do you know ? (3) Encyclopaedic (Koshsadrush) The following are the early Literature : It is similar to an encyclopaedias : encyclopaedia which comprises scholarly (1) ‘Natural History’ was the first articles providing information on all encyclopaedia by Pliny the elder. (1st possible aspects of one or more century A.D.) predetermined subjects. For example, (2) ‘Encyclopaedia’, the encyclopaedia ‘Maharashtra Jeevan’, Vol. I and II; by Diderot, the French Philosopher of the ‘Shahar Pune’, Vol. I and II; ‘Yearbook’ 18th century C.E. (Manorama, Times of India), etc. (3) ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’ : This encyclopaedia was first published in 1767 (4) Indexes : An Index usually occurs C.E. This is supposed to be an important at the end of a book. Indexes are the milestone in the making of encyclopaedia. alphabetical lists of individuals, subjects, There is an ancient tradition of places, key words, reference books, etc. dictionaries like ‘Nighantu’, ‘Shabdakosh’, For example, the index of Marathi etc. The encyclopaedic works of Mahanubhav periodicals prepared by S.G.Date. Indexes sect, ‘Rajavyavaharkosh’ prepared during are helpful in finding required information the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are and it makes the information in a book important in the books of medieval period. easily accessible. Encyclopaedias on History-related Encyclopaedia and History : Subjects : There is a rich tradition of Encyclopaedia and history as academic creating encyclopaedias on history-related exercises, put stress on objectivity. subjects. ‘Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik Encyclopaedias published in various Kosh’ by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole countries and in various languages may (1876) is the earliest encyclopaedia of differ in their approach because of this kind. It includes information about different priorities. Their structure is various individuals and places in Ancient influenced by national policies, ethical India. According to the editor, ‘Those values and ideals. Encyclopaedias can individuals who lived in Bharatvarsha, be a medium of strengthening national earned a name for themselves and were identity. For example ‘Bharatiya part of us along with their women, their Samskruti Kosh’ edited by sons, their religions, their lands and Mahadevshastri Joshi. Making knowledge capitals, also the rivers and mountains in in all spheres of life accessible to their lands….whatever their history’ is everybody, can be one of the major given in this encyclopaedia. drives behind the creation of Twenty three volumes of encyclopaedias. An inspiration to gain ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, edited by and spread knowledge motivates either Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar are available. individuals or a group of people to create The major drive for Ketkar in creating it, encyclopaedias. Hence encyclopaedias was to facilitate wider access to are looked upon as outstanding knowledge, and to expand the intellectual achievements of a society. It is the sphere of Marathi speaking people. His manifestation of the collective intellect was far-reaching view of history, which and creativity of a society. is reflected in these volumes. 64 ‘Bharatvarshiya Charitrakosh’ is Mahanubhav sect. It gives us an inkling another important encyclopaedia. about Maharashtra in those days. It also Siddheshwarshastri Chitrav established a gives details about the time, place and committee, known as ‘Bharatiya background of the events described in Charitrakosh Mandal’ for publishing this ‘Leelacharitra’. Hence, it is a very good encyclopaedia. Three volumes were source for writing about the life of published, namely, ‘Bharatvarshiya Chakradhar Swami. Prachin Charitrakosh’ (1932), (2) ‘Prachin Bharatiya ‘Bharatvarshiya Madhyayugin Sthalakosh’ (1969) : Siddheshwarshstri Charitrakosh’ (1937) and ‘Bharatvarshiya Chitrav compiled this encyclopaedic book. Arvachin Charitrakosh’ (1946). The first It provides information about various volume includes information on the lives places mentioned in Vedic literature, of individuals mentioned in the Vedic Kautiliya Arthashastra, Panini’s Grammar, literature including Shruti, Smruti, Sutras, Valmiki Ramayana, Mahabharata, Vedangas, Upanishads also Puranas, Puranas, mediaeval Sanskrit literature and Jain and Buddhist literature. Similarly Shabdkosh, also, in Jain and Buddhist other two volumes contain biographies of literature, in Greek, Chinese, Persian individuals in the respective periods. literature. Vishwakosh : The first Chief Minister Do you know ? of Maharashtra, Honourable Shri. Yahswantrao Chavhan initiated the Some special encyclopaedias : compilation of Marathi ‘Vishwakosh’ (1) ‘Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant through Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Yancha Itihas’ (Lakshman Dattatray Samskruti Mandal, with a view to enhance Joshi) the sphere of Marathi language and (2) ‘Krantikarakancha Charitrakosh’ literature. The work was started under the (S. R. Date). It contains biographies guidance of Tarkteerth Lakshmanshastri and illustrations of about 250 Indian Joshi. It contains knowledge about all revolutionaries. possible subjects in the world. It also (3) ‘Svatantryasainik Charitrakosh’ (N. contains very important entries about R. Phatak). It contains the history. biographies of those who suffered Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh : Ten corporal punishment, imprisonment volumes of ‘Bharatiya Samsksruti Kosh’ and those who devoted their life for were edited and published by independence movement. Mahadevshastri Joshi. These volumes Sthalakosh : Geographic information contain information about Indian history, is essential for historical studies. geography, various ethnic and lingual Encyclopaedias giving information about groups, local history of those groups, their Historical places are available. festivals and other cultural aspects. (1) ‘Sthanapothi’ (14th century C.E.) Samdnya Kosh : There are is an encyclopaedic text, which is encyclopaedic texts explaining the composed by Muni Vyas of Mahanubhav terminology (for instance, colonialism, sect. It describes all those places visited globalisation, etc.) of history. Such texts by Chakradhar Swami, the founder of are very useful for the teachers of history. 65 School, college and university teachers encyclopaedias of various types. of history can find ample opportunities in After studying this text book, you the field of publication of encyclopaedias. must have noted that with specialisation Encyclopaedias of all types require experts in history one can get access to several in history. Every subject has a career opportunities in various fields. You developmental history. Scholars of history can choose your future career with the can contribute significantly to help of the information in this text-book.

Exercise

1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing 3. Write notes : the correct option. (1) Sthalakosh (2) Vishwakosh (1) Lovre Museum has in its collection (3) Samdnya Kosh (4) Saraswati Mahal the much acclaimed painting of Granthalay …….. by Leonardo da Vinci. 4. Give elaborate answers to the following. (a) Napoleon (b) Mona Lisa (1) Why is library management (c) Hans sloan (d) George II important? (2) ……… at Kolkata is the first museum (2) Which tasks are important in archives in India. management? (a) Government Museum 5. Complete the following Concept chart. (b) National Museum (c) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay (d) Indian Museum (B) Identify the wrong pair in the following, correct it and rewrite. Types of Encyclopaedia (1) Maharaja Sayajirao University - Delhi (2) Banaras Hindu University - Varanasi (3) Aligarh Muslim University - Aligarh (4) Jivaji University - Gwalior 2. Explain the following statements with reasons. Project (1) Archives and libraries publish research Obtain information about the important journals, informative pamphlets, libraries in Maharashtra. Visit the library leaflets, posters, etc. in your vicinity and learn about its functioning. (2) Only trained persons, who are duly qualified can take up the tasks involved in the work of conservation and preservation.

66 Political Science

CONTENTS

Working of the Indian Constitution

No. Chapter Page No.

1. Working of the Constitution...... 69

2. The Electoral Process...... 75

3. Political Parties...... 82

4. Social and Political Movements... 91

5. Challenges faced by Indian Democracy...... 97

67 Competency Statements

S.No. Unit Competencies 1. Working of the Understands that the Constitution has strenghtened Democracy Constitution in India. Has the ability to tell the contibution of the Indian Constitution towards social change. 2. The Electoral Understands the importance of the Election Commission. Process Realises that voting is a constitutional responsibility of the voter. Realises the importance of citizens/people in the electoral process. Understands electoral process with the help of video clips. Has the ability to locate or identify one’s own Lok Sabha constituency on the electoral map of India. 3. Political Parties Knows the responsibilities and functions of political parties. (National) Has the ability to analyse the emergence of new political parties. Has the ability to do a comparative analysis of ideological positions of national political parties in India. Creates a chart of election symbols of political parties. 4. Political Parties Has the ability to tell the principles and role of regional (Regional) political parties in Maharashtra. Has the ability to compile news clippings of political leaders and their public meetings or rallies. Has the ability to discuss the reasons for the strengthening of regional poticial parties. 5. Social and Political Understands the rationale of social and political movements. Movements Has the ability to identify differents means and methods used by social movements for creating awareness and mass- mobilisation. Has the ability to understand empowerment of women and other marginalised groups. Gets acquainted to the demands of farmers and workers. Collects and compiles newspaper articles related to students’ movements. 6. Challenges faced by Has the ability to tell the meaning of Unity in Diversity. Indian Democracy Develops the attitude of respect towards diversity in India. Has the ability to put forth an objective and fact-based analysis of various challenges. Has the ability to explain strategies to tackle internal challenges.

68 1. Working of the Constitution

The textbooks of Political Science till Accordingly, the Indian people have now have helped us to take an overview direct representation in the Parliament, of local government, the values and the State legislature and local government. philosophy of the Indian Constitution as Holding free and fair elections at regular also the governing structures created by intervals is an important indicator of the Constitution and India’s place in India’s successful democracy. The international relations. The Indian increasing participation of the people in Constitution has declared its objective to the political process and political establish a secular, democratic Republic. competition shows that Indian democracy Also, it has made extremely important has become successful to a great extent. provisions to ensure that the citizens get Right to Vote : The Indian justice and their freedom is protected. The Constitution had made the provision of Indian Constitution is seen as the means right to vote for adults. In the pre- through which a progressive developed independence period several provisions society based on social justice and equality existed which restricted the Right to Vote. will be established. All such provisions were cancelled after The constitution came into force on independence and the Indian constitution 26th January 1950 and since then the guaranteed adult suffrage by giving the Government has been working in right to vote equally, to both men and accordance with the principles of the women above the age of 21 years. The constitution. In this chapter, we will take voting age was later reduced from 21 to a brief overview of the wide-ranging 18 which gave opportunity of political nature of Indian democracy, important participation to the young generation in changes that have taken place in its India. Such provisions have made India political process and steps that have been the largest democracy in the world. India taken to establish social justice and has the largest number of voters compared equality. This review will primarily focus to any other democratic nation. This on three areas (1) Democracy (2) Social change is not only quantitative but also Justice (3) Judicial System. qualitative as new political parties are emerging with the active support of young Democracy voters. These parties represent various Political Maturity : Democracy does expectations of people and compete in the not merely imply a representative structure. political sphere. The essence of representative system is to Decentralisation of Democracy : integrate the principles of democracy in Decentralisation of power is central to actual practice. Once this is done, democratic government. Decentralisation democracy becomes an integral part of controls the misuse of power and also the political life of the society. creates opportunities for political

69 participation for the common people. The ensure transparency and accountability Directive Principles of State Policy include which are the hallmarks of good the provisions for democratic governance. Right to Information has decentralisation. One such important made the government more transparent provision is regarding empowering the and has reduced the element of secrecy local self-government make genuine in the working of government. democratic governance a reality. After After the year 2000, the whole independence, several attempts were made approach towards democratic reforms has towards democratic decentralisation. One changed. Democratic reforms are such important attempt is the 73rd and considered as ‘rights’ of citizens. 74th amendment to Indian Constitution; which gave a constitutional status to local Accordingly, citizens in India have got self-governing institutions and also Right to Information, education and food increased their powers. security. These rights have strengthened democracy in India.

Can you tell the reasons for the following changes ? Do you know ? Some seats are kept reserved for women to increase their participation Rights based approach : In the in political process. decades after independence, progress was made towards more and more Some seats are kept reserved for democratisation of India. However, weaker sections of the society so in this process citizens were that they can get a share in political considered as beneficiaries. In the power. last few decades development is The State Election Commission has considered as the right of the citizens. been established. In your opinion, how will this The 11th and 12th schedule was approach change the relations added to the constitution. between the government and citizens?

Right to Information (RTI 2005) : Discuss Citizen empowerment is the essential Do you think that citizens in condition of democracy. It is necessary to India should have the right to create opportunities for citizen’s employment? participation and interaction with the According to you, if everyone government. Increased communication gets the right to shelter, how will it between citizens and government helps in affect democracy in India ? strengthening democracy and in building a relationship of trust between them. Social Justice and Equality Citizens have a right to know about the functioning of the government. The Social justice and equality are the Government of India gave the Right to important objectives of our constitution. Information to the citizens of India to The Constitution has given the guidelines

70 to establish a new society based on these to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe two values. We are following the path and any act of atrocity committed against laid down by our Constitution to achieve them is liable for punishment. this goal. To establish social justice is to Do this. remove those social conditions which are responsible for injustice and insist on the Read the provisions of the equality of dignity for all individuals. The above law. Try to understand them principles of justice and equality aim at with the help of your teachers. ending discrimination in social status such What efforts should be made to as superior or inferior on the basis of prevent atrocities ? caste, religion, language and gender, place of birth, race, property and giving Provisions for minorities : The equality of opportunity for development to Indian constitution has made several every individual. provisions for the protection of minorities. The government has adopted several To establish justice and equality, policies for minorities to provide them the efforts are to be made at all levels of opportunities for education and society. But the government’s efforts and employment. The Indian constitution policies on this front are more important. prohibits discrimination on the basis of For Democracy to be inclusive, one must caste, religion, race, language and region. try to bring all sections of the society into This is a comprehensive provision for the mainstream. Democracy is in fact, a minorities which fundamentally protects process of accommodating different their right to equality, freedom, right sections in society. Democracy helps in against exploitation and cultural and reducing social conflicts. Let us take educational rights. review of the efforts made in India in this direction. Laws relating to women and provisions for representation : In the Policy of Reservation of seats : post-independence period, efforts were Policy of Reservation of seats is meant made for empowering women. Taking for those sections of society who have into consideration the problems of women, been deprived of the opportunities for several policies have been adopted at education and employment for a long national and international level to remove period of time. Accordingly, in educational illiteracy among women and to make institutions and in government services available opportunities for their some seats are kept reserved for scheduled development. caste and scheduled tribes. There is also a provision of reservation of seats for The right to have an equal share in other backward classes. the property of the father and husband, Dowry Prohibition Act, act against sexual The Scheduled Castes and Tribes harassment, Domestic Violence Prohibition (Prevention of Atrocities) Act : This is Act are some important provisions which an important Act for establishing social create a favourable environment for justice and equality. This act prevents protection of freedom of women and any injustice against the people belonging securing their development.

71 In our country, from the very beginning, A National Commission for women has women have inadequate representation in been established. Similar commissions also politics and political institutions. Many exist at the State level. countries in the world have made efforts to The Act for the protection of women increase representation of women. From against domestic violence is an important this perspective, changes are taking place step in the direction of democracy. This in India as well. The 73rd and 74th act underlined the need to protect the amendment reserved 33% of seats for dignity and self-esteem of women. This women in local self-governing institutions. act rejected traditional forms of domination This percentage has been raised to 50%in and authoritarianism and expanded the several states including Maharashtra. scope of Indian democracy to make it inclusive in true sense. Do this. The Representation of Women in Lok Sabha

No. of Read the chart and answer the No. Year Women Percentage following questions. MPs In which election year the number of 1. 1951-52 22 4.50% women MPs is minimum? 2. 1957 22 4.45% In which election year the number of women MPs is maximum. 3. 1962 31 6.28% Prepare a Pie Chart/Bar Chart with 4. 1967 29 5.58% the help of the information given in 5. 1971 28 5.41% the chart of the Women MPs in the 6. 1977 19 3.51% Loksabha Elections (1951-2014). 7. 1980 28 5.29% What do you think? 8. 1984 43 7.95% 9. 1989 29 5.48% The visibility to women is very low in public life. If Family structure, 10. 1991 39 7.30% social surrounding, economic sector, 11. 1996 40 7.37% political sphere become more open, 12. 1998 43 7.92% women will get a chance to participate 13. 1999 49 9.02% in the decision making process that 14. 2004 45 8.29% can provide a different direction to politics. For this purpose, women’s 15. 2009 59 10.87% participation should be increased in 16. 2014 66 12.15% the representative institutions.

Role of Judiciary The Judiciary in India has played an always taken into consideration the important role in strengthening democracy fundamental objectives of the constitution and helping to make towards achieving and also the intentions of the constitution the objectives of social justice and makers. We will try to understand the equality. While interpreting the provisions contribution of the judiciary in this regard of the constitution, the judiciary has with the help of following points.

72 (1) The basic framework of the constitution : The Constitution is dynamic. This is important to understand ! It is a living document. The Constitution Democracy requires good has to change according to changing governance or best governing conditions and the Parliament has a practices. Following are the features power to make those changes. The of good governance. What should be Judiciary has accepted this power of the done to bring good governance in Parliament to make changes in the democracy ? Constitution but at same time specified the limitations on this power. The Judiciary Accountable/responsible government has taken a stand that the Parliament Effective and efficient government while amending the constitution cannot Responsive government alter the basic structure of the constitution. Transparency in working of the government Please understand. Just and all-inclusive development The basic structure of the People’s participation in the constitution generally includes governing and decision-making following provisions. process Republican and democratic form of government Federal structure of the Constitution. Promotion of unity and integrity of Please understand. the nation Find out the judgements given Sovereignty of the nation by the Supreme Court on the Secularism and supremacy of the above subjects in recent years and constitution discuss them.

(2) Significant judicial decisions : In this chapter, we took a review of The protection provided to the citizens by the constitution and the working of the fundamental rights in the constitution has government on the basis of the constitution been made more meaningful through in the context of Indian democracy. There various decisions of judiciary. Some of are many challenges before India’s the important subjects on which the Court democracy. Government’s acts and policies has given judgements include rights of have not put an end to all the problems. children; protection of human rights; There are several new problems confronting protection of the honour and dignity of us. However what is important is that the women; individual freedom; and tribal people in India have developed a empowerment. These efforts have made democratic mind-set. the political process in India more mature. In the next chapter we will study the election process in India.

73 Exercise

1. Choose the correct option from the 3. Write short notes. given options and complete the sentences. (1) Provisions regarding minorities. (1) In Maharashtra ...... seats are (2) Policy of reservation of seats. reserved for women in local (3) Women representation in the Loksabha. self-governing institutions. 4. Explain the following concepts. (a) 25% (b) 30% (1) Right based approach (c) 40% (d) 50% (2) Right to information (2) Which of the following laws created a favourable environment for women 5. Answer the following questions. to secure freedom and (1) What are the effects of reducing the self-development ? voting age from 21 years to 18 years ? (a) Right to Information Act (2) What is meant by establishment of (b) Dowry Prohibition Act social justice ? (c) Food Security Act (3) Which decision of the Court has (d) None of the above resulted in protection of honour and dignity of women ? (3) The essence of democracy is ...... (a) universal adult franchise. Project (b) decentralisation of power. (1) Which information can be secured (c) policy of reservation of seats. with the help of right to information? (d) judicial decisions. Find out with the help of your teachers. 2. State whether following statements are (2) Make a list of concessions given by true or false. Give reasons for your the Government for the students of answer. minority community ? (1) Indian democracy is considered the (3) Visit the official website of National largest democracy in the world. election commission and collect more (2) Secrecy in the working of Government information about it. has increased due to the Right to (4) Take an interview of women Information. representations from local (3) The nature of Constitution is seen as self-governing institutions from your a living document. area.

74 2. The Electoral Process

Elections have played a major role in elections in our country. The entire process the working of India’s democracy. of elections from declaring the date of Elections and representation are two very elections to the declaration of results is important processes in democracy. We carried out under the direction and control know that people’s representatives are of Election Commission. The election selected through elections. Elections help process is an inseparable component of a to bring a change in power through comprehensive democratic process. peaceful means. Different political parties In this chapter we will understand the get an opportunity to rule. Policies of the structure, functions and role of the Election government and life of society also Commission. We will also discuss the changes. We expect that the representatives reforms required to be made in the we elect should be efficient, honest, and electoral process. trustworthy and that they should respect the opinion of people. The electoral Election Commission process should also be free, fair and reliable. To ensure that, the Constitution In India, the Election Commission is of India has made provision for an central to the process of elections. Art. independent Election Commission to 324 of the Indian Constitution has administer the election process in India. established this autonomous body which consists of one Chief Election The Election Commission of India Commissioner and two other and the State level State Election commissioners. Commissions conduct all important Do you know ? Do you know ? Sukumar Sen was the first chief What is representation? Modern election commissioner after independence. democracy is a representative In 1921, Sen was democracy. In a democracy it is not selected for Indian possible to involve the entire Civil Services under population in the decision-making the British rule. He process. This resulted in the starting was given the charge of the practice of electing some of the Election people on behalf of entire population Commissioner after as representatives who would run the Election the government. The representatives Commission was established in 1950. who form the government are Sukumar Sen Mr. Sen efficiently expected to be responsible to the handled the responsibility of the Election people and give preference to the Commission in extremely adverse welfare of the people. conditions. 75 The President appoints the election (2) Decide the timetable and the commissioners. The Chief Election programme of elections : The conduct Commissioner cannot be removed from his of elections is entirely the responsibility post easily or on account of any political of the Election Commission. The Election reasons. This is necessary so as to preserve Commission decides when to conduct the independence of election commission. elections and in how many stages to hold There is a separate provision made for the elections in every state. expenses of Election Commission. (3) Scrutiny of the applications of The Election Commission does not candidates : After the election dates are have a separate staff. Government officers, declared, every political party selects the teachers and other employees help the candidates to contest elections. Some Election Commission to execute the candidates contest the elections process of elections. independently without the support of any political party. Candidates of political parties as well as independent candidates Do you know ? have to fill the applications which include Special campaign to create the information about their own self. The awareness among voters is run for Election Commission scrutinises all the voter’s registration. The National Voter’s applications and allows the eligible Day is celebrated for the purpose. candidates to contest the elections. (4) Give recognition to political Functions of Election Commission parties : We have a multiparty system in our country. New parties continue to be (1) Preparing the voters list : Every Indian citizen who has completed 18 Can you tell ? years of age has a right to vote. To What criteria are laid down by the exercise the right to vote, citizen’s name Election Commission for giving must be in the voters list. It is the recognition to political parties ? responsibility of the Election Commission to prepare the list of eligible voters, update the existing voter’s list and include Why is it so ? the names of new voters. The Election Commission has the authority to issue Some constituencies are kept identity cards to the voters. reserved for Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribes.

Why is it required ? Every political party has an election symbol. When candidates have only the At the time of voting and counting condition of age as eligibility, why of votes, the official representatives should they give other information of political parties remain present. to election commission ? Recognised parties have equal Why are the candidates required to opportunity to present their side give the information of their property before media such as television and to Election Commission ? radio.

76 formed. Split in the parties results in the has the responsibility of resolving any formation of new parties. All political disputes that may arise regarding elections. parties are required to be recognised by Accordingly, to declare any candidate as the Election Commission. Election disqualified or conduct re-election in a Commission also has a right to derecognise particular constituency is the responsibility any political party. The Election of the Election Commission. Commission also allots election symbols to the political parties. Please understand (5) To resolve any disputes relating Voting is our duty as well as a to elections : The Election Commission responsibility.

Who is superior ? Government has to the Government observe the code of or the Election conduct declared by the Commission? Election commission.

Which two conditions among Remember this. following is the violation of code of conduct? * The candidate distributes items of household use. Sham Sharan * Promise made to resolve the water problem if elected. Negi from Himachal Pradesh To go from door to door to meet * was the first voter voters and request them to vote. of India. He * To appeal on the basis of caste and exercised his right religion to get support. to vote on 25th Which of these rules would you October 1951 in Loksabha Elections. include in the code of conduct for voters?

77 Process of elections rules. Due to the strict observance of the code of conduct in the last few elections, Establishment of constituencies the common voters have become confident. Challenges in conducting free and Finalising voter’s list fair elections : If we take into account the size of our country and the number Nomination of candidates and of voters, conducting elections becomes a scrutiny of their nomination forms truly challenging task. The Election Commission has to work in accordance Election campaign with the law while dealing with these challenges. Some of the challenges are Actual voting mentioned below : Misuse of money takes place to a Counting of votes great extent during elections. The Election Commission has to take Results of elections several measures to stop such a misuse of money. Resolution of disputes regarding Many political parties give election elections tickets to the candidates with criminal background. This results not only in Restructuring of the Constituency : criminalisation of politics but the The total number of members in Loksabha Election Commission also faces is 543. How are these members elected? problems in ensuring that elections are Every member represents one constituency. conducted in free environment. It means there are 543 constituencies of Another major challenge is violence Loksabha. Creating constituencies is the during elections. The extent of violence responsibility of the Delimitation has increased significantly during Commission of Election Commission. The Delimitation Commission does not Do you know ? succumb to any pressure while restructuring the constituencies. At the time of first elections, What is a code of conduct ? preparing the voter’s list was a challenging task. As many people To ensure free and fair elections in were illiterate, the special procedure India, the Election Commission has of voting was used during elections. adopted several measures. The Code of 20 lacs steel boxes were made for Conduct is one of the measures adopted voting purpose. Election symbols by the Election Commission. In the last were stuck on the boxes. The voters few decades, the Election Commission were given the blank ballot papers has used its powers to control malpractices during elections. The Code of Conduct which they were supposed to drop in explains the rules that are to be followed the box having the election symbol of by the Government, political parties and the party they wanted to vote for. voters before elections and during elections. This system ensured that even the Even the Government cannot violate these illiterate people could vote. 78 elections. All political parties should To increase participation of women in help The Election Commission to politics, the political parties should control this violence. give 50% candidature to women To retain a continuing influence on candidates and try to ensure that they politics, leaders give election tickets to get elected. their own relatives. This practice Political parties should not give creates a family monopoly in politics. candidature to candidates having criminal background. They should Think. strictly follow the decision given by How political parties suffer due courts in this respect. to family monopoly in the party ? The Government should take care of What do you understand by the election expenses. To ensure that system of ‘one vote one value’ ? parties will not make misuse of money and mismanagement of money during Electoral reforms : Elections is a elections can be stopped. continuous process. The future of Representation of the Peoples Act democracy depends on elections. Electoral should be amended so that candidates process becomes reliable if election having criminal background would not process gets improved. Some reforms are be able to participate in elections. suggested below. What will be its effects according to you ?

Journey from ballot boxes to EVM machines

The first election in independent India was held in 1951-52. This was the beginning of shaping of democracy through electoral politics. In the initial elections ballot boxes were used for the purpose of voting. The use of EVM machines started from the – (NOTA). It has become easy for disabled decade of 1990s. Many things people (Divyanga) to vote. It reduced the could be achieved because of cutting of trees for paper and thereby helped voting machine. If the voters in the protection of environment. It has also do not want to vote for any been possible to have an early declaration of candidate, they could choose an election results. option of ‘None of the above’

79 Please understand. Do you know ? General elections : Loksabha Election Commission established elections held after every five years are called general elections. an expert committee on 8th October 2010. It was decided to add a new Midterm elections : If the elected facility – Voter Verified Paper Audit government loses its majority before Trail in EVM machines. All political completing its term in the Parliament parties supported this. Because of or if the parties of the coalition this facility the voters can verify government withdraw their support whether the vote cast is registered resulting in the loss of majority support properly. The purpose of this for the government and if no alternative important step is to stop malpractices government is possible, then elections in elections. are held before the completion of the term. They are called midterm elections. By-elections : If an elected In this chapter we studied the electoral representative in Loksabha, process from various angles. In the next Vidhansabha or the local self- chapter we will study the political parties government resigns or due to his/her in India. death his seat becomes vacant, the elections are held for that vacant seat. This is called a by-election.

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option from the given (3) Constituencies are created by ...... options and complete the sentences. committee of the Election Commission. (1) The Election Commissioner is appointed (a) Selection (b) Delimitation by the ...... (c) Voting (d) Timetable (a) President (b) Prime Minister 2. State whether the following statements (c) Speaker of Loksabha are true or false. Give reasons for your (d) Vice President answer. (2) ...... was appointed as the first (1) The Elections Commission lays down Chief Election Commissioner of the code of conduct during elections. independent India. (2) Under special circumstances the (a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad Election Commission holds re-elections (b) T.N. Sheshan in a particular constituency for a second (c) Sukumar Sen time. (d) Neela Satyanarayan 80 (3) The state government decides as to 5. Answer in brief. when and in how many stages the (1) Explain the functions of the Election elections would be held in a particular Commission. State. (2) Write some additional information 3. Write short notes. about post of the Election Commissioner. (1) Reorganising the constituencies (3) Explain the meaning of Code of (2) Journey from the ballot box to EVM Conduct. machine Project 4. Complete the following picture. Organise a mock poll in the school to Role of the Election Role of the understand the process of voting. Commission voters

The process of elections

Role of political parties and their candidates

81 3. Political Parties

In the last chapter we studied the characteristics of political parties : working of constitution and election To be in power : Achieving power procedure. Political parties are a link that through elections is the main objective of connects common people, democracy, political parties. Thus different political representation and elections. Whatever we parties compete with each other to get read or hear about politics is related to power. There is nothing wrong in this political parties. Political parties exist in competition, but the competition should all democratic systems. In fact political be fair. parties compete with each other only in To pursue an ideology : Every a democracy. In this chapter we will political party has some policies and world study the political party system in India. views. Parties have a particular stand In your school and the surroundings about social issues. These together make you must have seen some groups, party ideology. The people who consider institutions, organisations working to any specific party ideology as acceptable achieve some objective. Some support that political party. Social support organisations take initiative in resolving received by a political party is called the social problems. You may have read ‘mass base’ of political party. In modern about the various movements and their days ideologies of all political parties work. Just as there are active groups, appear to be similar hence it has become institutions and movements, similarly difficult to differentiate between the parties there are political parties who contest on the basis of ideologies. elections. Political parties are also a kind To have a Party Agenda : Political of social organisations, but there is a parties prepare their party’s agenda on difference between political parties and the basis of party ideology. They other institutions and organisations in implement the agenda after they get society. The difference is in the goals and political power. Even if they do not get style of working of political parties and political power, political parties try to get other organisations. On this background, support of people on the basis of this we can say that when people form agenda. organisations with the objective of To Establish a Government : achieving political power and participate Political parties establish the government in the electoral process, such organisations and govern the nation. The political party are called political parties. Political parties which gets majority in elections forms the thus can be described as a group of government. The parties which do not get people who aim to contest elections, win majority act as opposition parties. elections and get power and establish the government of their party. To act as a link between the Government and the people : Political Following are some important parties work as a link between the 82 Government and the people. Political (3) After the 1989 Loksabha Elections, parties communicate the demands and the system of one party emerging as complaints of the people to the government. dominant party came to an end. Since The government tries to get support of the then different parties began to come people for its policies and programmes together to form coalition governments. through political parties. Both the Bharatiya Janata Party and Congress Party made an experiment of What do you understand by the establishing coalition governments. The following news in newspapers? belief that coalition government brings Explain in brief instability was proved wrong by the Opposition parties held a meeting in political party system in our country. In Mumbai to resist the Ruling party. fact, the coalition government system as Will take up the issue of farmers ? stabilised in India. Ruling party organised ‘Samvad Yatra’ in rural areas. Do you know ?

Imagine you are an opposition If power remains with one party leader and you have observed political party for a long period that the ruling party has not done and if no other political parties good work in the field of health. are influential - the party system What will you do as a leader of is called as one party system opposition ? In politics, when two political parties are influential and if political parties enjoy power Think and write. alternatively, the party system Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave is called two party system and Jayprakash Narayan put forth the idea of partyless democracy. When many political parties compete for political power and What has to be done to bring more or less they are equally such democracy in modern times? influential, the party system is called multi-party system. Changing nature of political party system in India : (1) The Congress was a strong political party in the post-independence Do this. period. Congress had a majority at Centre and in most of the States. Indian politics Find out the member parties of was controlled by the Congress Party. the following leading coalitions. This era was described as Era of ‘Single (1) National Democratic Alliance dominant party system’. (NDA) (2) The non-Congress parties came (2) United Progressive Alliance together and challenged ‘Single dominant (UPA) party system’ in 1977. 83 National Parties Also understand (Reference : Election Commission of India, The national parties and the Notification No.56/201/PPS-111, dated 13 regional parties. December 2016) To get recognition as a national (1) Indian National Congress : The party, the Election Commission has Indian National Congress was established prescribed the following conditions: in 1885. At the time of its establishment, Congress was an all comprehensive (a) A political party should secure movement working for national minimum 6% of the valid votes independence. Groups with different in four or more States in the ideologies had come together in this earlier Loksabha or State nationalist movement. Assembly elections and minimum After independence 4 members should be elected in the Congress emerged the Loksabha from any state or as the most dominant states in the earlier elections. political party. The Or party, from the (b) The candidates of a party should beginning, follows be elected from minimum 2% the policy of constituencies out of total secularism, all round development, equal Loksabha constituencies and rights and welfare for minorities and from minimum 3 states. disadvantageous sections of the society. Accordingly, Congress has organised To get recognition as a regional various programmes to achieve those party, the Election Commission has objectives. The party believes in prescribed the following conditions : democratic socialism, social equality and (a) A political party should secure international peace. minimum 6% of the valid votes (2) Communist Party of India : This in the earlier Loksabha or State party based on the Assembly elections and minimum communist ideology 2 members should be elected in was established in the Vidhan Sabha (State 1925. It is an old party Assembly). in India. This party Or works for the welfare (b) A political party should secure of labourers and workers. The party minimum 3% of seats out of opposes capitalism. The party leadership total seats of Vidhansabha – developed differences in the 1960s over the (State Assembly) or minimum 3 issue of whether Communist Party of India seats. should accept the leadership of Communist China or the Soviet Union. This led to the split in Communist Party of India and a Let us know about some important separate party – Communist Party of India political parties in India. (Marxist) was formed in 1964.

84 (3) Bharatiya Janata Party : established. The party Bharatiya Janata Party is an important believes in the values party at the national level. Bharatiya Jan of democracy, equality Sangh was established in and secularism. The 1951. This party was party was in power in merged with Janata Party Maharashtra from that was established in 1999 to 2014 in 1977. The Janata Party coalition with the could not survive. There Congress Party. Nationalist Congress was a split in the party Party for a long period was also a part and Bharatiya Jan Sangh - the component of coalition government led by Congress party of Janata Party established a new at Centre from 2004 to 2014. party in 1980 - Bharatiya Janata Party. (7) Trinamool Congress : All India The party stands for the protection of Trinamool Congress Indian culture and traditions. The party Party was established gives importance to economic reforms. in 1998. Election (4) Communist Party of India Commission gave the (Marxist) : This party party recognition as proclaims socialism, national party in secularism and 2016. The party democracy. The party supports democracy, opposes imperialism. secularism and protection of interests of Party’s policy is to weaker sections of the society. protect the interests of workers, farmers and Number of seats secured by National parties landless labourers. in Loksabha elections of 2009 and 2014. Number of Seats (5) Bahujan Samaj Party : Bahujan National Parties Samaj Party professes the Socialist 2009 2014 ideology. In 1984 the Indian National 206 44 party was established Congress with the objective of Communist Party of protecting the interest 04 01 of the ‘majority’. India Scheduled caste, Bharatiya Janata 116 282 scheduled tribes, Party religious minorities Communist Party 16 09 and other backward classes together of India (Marxist) constitute a majority. The party aims to Bahujan Samaj give power in the hands of the ‘majority’. 21 - Party (6) Nationalist Congress Party : In 1999, there was a split in the Congress Nationalist Congress 09 06 Party and Nationalist Congress Party was Party

85 Which portfolio-Home Shiromani Akali Dal Power shift in Tamil Nadu or Social Welfare ? gets clear majority Political marketing leading to terror Coalition of PDP Anti Defection Law and BJP conducive to Democracy Formation of a new Party in Maharashtra Haryana Janahit Looking for opportune time Congress achieves to give up power ? to objectives

You must be reading different news and development of their own region. in newspapers. Through these news items They start feeling proud of their language, we get information about various parties literature, traditions, history of social existing in different states of India. reforms, educational and cultural Do these parties function only at State movements and this gives rise to the level ? development of linguistic identity. Regional Some state leaders are influential at identity develops from the consciousness national level, while some have about the development of region and the influence only at state level. Why is it feeling that people belonging to the region so ? should have claim over resources and employment opportunities. With the help of such questions we will try to get information about various When linguistic, regional, cultural and regional parties in India. We will study other identities get connected, regional some of the regional parties from different consciousness emerges as a stronger parts of India. feeling. Sometimes it gives rise to independent political parties or pressure In India we find people speaking groups or movements. All such different languages and having different developments aim at the protection of the traditions and culture. They belong to interests of region. different parts of India. We see different regions have their own language. You Regional Parties have already studied different geographical Regional parties are those groups in regions in Maharashtra. In Maharashtra the region who have a proud feeling there exists geographical and cultural about the different identity of their region diversity. Maharashtra is different from and who compete to get political power Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. with the objective of regional development. The feeling of affinity developed The influence of regional parties is limited about our language and region gradually to a particular region. Though they play turns into the identity consciousness and a significant role at the regional level, finally gives rise to regionalism. People they influence national politics as well. start thinking primarily about the interest Regional parties give preference to the

86 resolution of regional problems. For the more autonomy. This was the second development of the region they demand stage in the development of regional more autonomy and authority. Though parties. This stage began after 1990. they cooperate with federal government, (3) The regional parties demanded they try to protect their autonomy. that for the development of the region, Regional parties make several people from region should get power at demands such as regional problems should State and national level. For example, be resolved at regional level; political Shiv Sena, Telugu Desam, etc. power should be in the hands of the (4) The development of regional people from region and residents of the parties in North East shows a different region should get preference in trend. They gave up their demand of administration and jobs. separatism and have started demanding Changing nature of regional parties autonomy. The regional parties from in India : Regional parties came into North East are now entering in mainstream existence in India in the post independent of national politics. period. However, over the years their In short we can say that role of nature and role has changed significantly. regional parties in India has passed (1) Initially regional identities gave through various phases - from separatism rise to the separatist movements. The to autonomy and now towards entry into demands for independent Khalistan, mainstream national politics. Coalition Dravidistan were made with the objective politics is one of the consequence of their of parting from the Indian federation and increasing influence in national politics. exist as an independent State. Regional In India we have many regional parties from Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and parties. It is not possible to know about Jammu and Kashmir have made such all such parties in this chapter. We will demands. study some parties as representative of (2) The demands of regional parties India’s East, West, North and South gradually changed. Instead of an regions. independent state, they started demanding Some Major Regional Parties as shown below

(1) Main political party in Maharashtra – established in 1966.

Objective – protection of the rights of Marathi people, promotion of Marathi Shiv Sena Language, resistance to people from other regions.

In 1995 it entered into a coalition with BJP and came to power in Maharashtra. It shares power with the BJP in Maharashtra since 2014.

87 (2) Established in 1920- a prominent regional party in Punjab

Shiromani Objective of cultivating religious Akali and regional identity Dal

Assumes power in Punjab for many years.

(3)

Main regional party in Jammu Kashmir - established in and 1932. Kashmir National Protect the interests of Kashmiri Conference people and protection of autonomous status.

(4) Assam agreement was signed in Assam Gan Parishad 1985.

Resolve the problems of displaced people. Protect the unique cultural, linguistic and social identity of Assam, economic development of Assam.

Assumes power in Assam for many years.

88 (5)

Dravida Munnetra Justice Party - a non Brahmin movement in 1920 Kazhagam was transformed into Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam – a political party. In 1944, Justice party came to be known as Dravida Kazhagam. In 1944, a group separated from this party and established another party-Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Another group separated from this party in 1972 and established All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Protection of Tamil Identity, member of Coalition Government at the Centre for some years. The party has support of voters from all sections of society. It was in power for a long period and implemented many policies.

In India we have many regional shows the performance of regional parties parties in every state that have influenced in Maharashtra in the elections of 2009 the state politics. The following chart and 2014. Regional Parties in Maharashtra (Representation in Vidhan Sabha) Seats won Seats won Election Election Name of Party Election Election Name of Party Year Year Year Year 2009 2014 2009 2014 Shiv Sena 44 63 Bahujan Vikas Aghadi 02 03 Maharashtra 13 01 Rashtriya Samaj 01 01 Navnirman Sena Paksha Peasants and Workers 04 03 All India Majlis-E- * 02 Party Ittehadulla Musalmeen Republican Party of 01 01 Janasurajya Shakti 02 - India-Bahujan Loksangram 01 - Mahasangh Swabhimani Party 01 - Republican Party of - - (* This party did not exist in 2009.) India Samajwadi Party 04 01

Can you tell ? Every State in India has regional parties. It is not possible to take In this chapter we took a review of review of all those parties. Find out national and regional political parties in information about other regional India. In the next chapter we will try to parties with the help of a map of understand the importance of social India. movements in our life.

89 Exercise

1. Choose the correct option from the 2. State whether following statements are given options and complete the sentences. true or false. Give reasons for your (1) When people come together and answer. participate in electoral process, to (1) Political parties act as a link between acquire political power, such government and people. organisations are called ...... (2) Political parties are social (a) Government organisations. (b) Society (3) Coalition politics leads to instability. (c) Political parties (4) Shiromani Akali Dal is a national (d) Social organisations party. (2) National Conference is a party in 3. Explain the following concepts...... State. (1) Regionalism (a) Odisha (b) Assam (2) National Parties (c) Bihar (d) Jammu and Kashmir 5. Answer the following questions in brief. (3) Justice Party - a non-Brahmin (1) What are the major characteristics of movement was transformed into political parties? ...... Political Party. (2) What changes have taken place in the (a) Assam Gan Parishad nature of political parties in India? (b) Shivsena (c) Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam Project (d) Jammu and Kashmir National (1) In a map of Maharashtra, point out Conference the Loksabha constituency that includes the names of your parents. (2) In a map of India, point out the places where national political parties have their influence.

90 4. Social and Political Movements

Read out the news in a local newspaper. labourers, businessmen, women, youth, and senior citizens. Movement against child marriage Why movements ? has been successful to a great extent and the extent of child marriages have All the people in the society cannot reduced by 50%. The workers in this participate in political parties and movement worked very consciously. contribute to social welfare. Some people Workers from the movement focus on a particular issue and persue it. against dowry also helped them. Now They organise people and try to pressurise there is a need to start a drive against the government to resolve that issue. They malnutrition, because poverty and constantly follow up on the issue, build malnutrition are two important public opinion about it and thereby put a problems to be taken on priority basis. pressure on political parties and the government. This type of organised In the above newspaper item different activity is called a movement. Organised movements are included. Can you activity is the essence of any movement. explain their meaning ? Such movements are very important This news deals with different subjects. in a democracy. Different social problems Are movements related to only one come under discussion through these issue ? movements. The government then has to pay attention to such problems. Leaders If different movements cooperate with and activists of the movement provide each other will they be more effective ? necessary information about those issues In the last chapter we got information to the government. This information is about the national and regional parties. very useful for the government while Political parties compete for political making policies. power. They win elections and try to Some movements aim at opposing a resolve the problems of the common men. particular decision or policy of the Political parties generally adopt a government. The right to protest is comprehensive perspective. They cannot considered an important right in concentrate on just one particular issue. democracy. However this right needs to From public cleanliness to space research, be used patiently and responsibly. they have to take into consideration all matters from national perspective and Can you tell ? take decisions. Political parties are expected to have a programme for the Which movements in India are problems of all sections of the society. actively working for rehabilitation of Political parties adopt policies taking into the displaced and to secure their consideration the interests of all - farmers, livelihood ?

91 What is a movement ? Without an organisation, it becomes difficult to follow up the issues. For eg. A Movement is a collective action. Farmer’s organisation works for farmer’s People’s active participation is expected movement. in the movement. Any movement requires public A Movement can be formed when support. People should feel connected to people come together in the interest of a the issue that is undertaken by the particular issue, for eg. Pollution can be movement. Movements have a programme a single issue for which a movement can of action which help them to shape public be created. opinion. A movement has a particular social objective or a focussed problem. For eg. Discuss. Movement against corruption aims at Generally the movements are ending corruption. devoted to one particular issue but Movements have a leadership. have an ideology behind them. For Leadership keeps the movement active. example movements against child Objectives of the movement, programme marriage, dowry believe in values of of action, strategy of agitation are decided democracy, women empowerment by its leaders. A strong leadership makes and social equality. Sometimes some movement effective. movements gradually get transformed into political parties. Movements have organisations.

Read the following dialogue and write a paragraph on it.

Movements were We can get an supressed during the But the problems in experience of British period. But in developing countries are of democratic system It’s true. Otherwise movement here itself. different nature. Different existence of movements we would not have Can we start a social, economic and cultural movement to make the is an indicator of said – ‘save girls’ healthy democratic If the human rights conditions may give rise to school surrounding movement becomes different movements. safe for girls? system. influential worldwide, there is no need for other movements.

92 Important movements in India Can you find out ? Tribal movement : In the Which movement in India led to the pre-independence period, the British filing of Public Interest Litigation government deprived tribal people of their (PIL) and the Judiciary had to give right to livelihood on a decision regarding PIL ? forest resources. Name the movements started by There was a Tribal Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Phule, uprising in Kolam Sant Gadge Maharaj, and from Chota Nagpur, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar. Gond from Orissa, Koli, Bhilla and Discuss. Ramoshi from Maharashtra, Santhal On which issues does the ‘Son of Birsa Munda the soil’ movements in India insists? and Munda from Bihar. The tribal struggle has continued since those years. Tribals in India face Do this. several problems. One major problem is that they are denied right over forests. Collect the news in the newspapers The main demand of the tribal movement about the movements such as is to accept their right over forests. They Andhashraddha Nirmulan Movement, should be allowed to collect products of movement to stop the pollution of forests and also should have a right to rivers, movement against female cultivate on forest land. foeticide, Not in My Name, etc. Farmers movement in India : Farmers movement in India is an important movement. During the British period, Do you know ? farmers started getting organised due to Civic problems need not originate anti-agriculture policies of the British only in the social sphere. They can colonial government. You must be aware emerge from any section of the of farmers movements in Bardoli, society. In India, especially in Champaranya and movements against Maharashtra, many social reform revenue collection. The farmers movements movements were started and society were inspired by the thoughts of Mahatma started getting modernised. Phule, Justice Ranade and Mahatma Our struggle for independence was Gandhi. also a social movement. Due to some reforms in agriculture (tenancy laws, laws relating to tilting of The issues like protecting rights of the land etc) the farmers movement the citizens, right to vote, minimum slowed down. After the Green Revolution, wages, and economic security are the farmers movement became more the focus of political and economic active and effective. Though Green movements. Swadeshi movement Revolution aimed at increasing agricultural is an important economic movement. production and achieving self-sufficiency 93 in food grains, it did not benefit the poor effectively. In 1960s and 1970s labour farmers. The farmers were now divided movement organised several agitations. into rich farmers and poor farmers. But from 1980s labour movement started Dissatisfaction among the poor farmers getting disintegrated. Globalisation has led to the beginning of farmer’s movement. affected the labour movement to a great Appropriate price for agricultural extent. products, agriculture to be treated as an In India, workers are facing different industry, implementation of the problems. Unstable employment conditions, recommendations of the Swaminathan contract labour, financial insecurity, Commission, debt relief, debt cancellation, absence of legal protection for workers, national policy for agriculture are some unlimited working hours, insecurity at the of the demands of the farmers movement. workplace, health hazards are some of Shetkari Sanghatana, Bharatiya Kisan the problems. Union, All India Kisan Sabha are some Women’s movement : In the pre- of the important farmers organisations in independence period, progressive men in India. India initiated the women’s movement. The Do this. women’s movement aimed at eliminating injustice against women Name the policies started by the government for the welfare of farmers and ending their and landless labourers. exploitation, help them to lead a respectful life and participate actively Labour Movement : Labour Savitribai Phule movement in India emerged in the in social life. background of industrialisation. Textile Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Raja industry, railway companies were Rammohan Roy, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, established in India in the latter half of Savitribai Phule, Maharshee Dhondo the nineteenth century. In 1899 railway Keshav Karve, Pandita Ramabai, Ramabai workers went on strike for their demands. Ranade took initiative However, the first organisation for in ending the practice resolving the issues of workers was of Sati and child established in 1920. This organisation is marriages. Reforms known as All India Trade Union Congress. such as widow In the post-independence period labour remarriage, women movement started working more education and right to vote to women were Ramabai Ranade In the beginning of the 19th possible due to the century industries like textile mills, work of these reformists. After Railway Company were started in independence, the Constitution gave equal India. Labour movement in India rights to women in all fields. In spite of has the background of this this women were not treated equally in industrialisation. several fields. During this period women’s

94 movement aimed at freedom of women. The movement demanded that the women should be treated as human beings. In the latter period, women participated to a great extent in the movements against corruption, caste discrimination and religious extremism which made them aware of injustice against their own selves. Women started taking initiative in Organising against injustice. In India Environment Security women’s movement is not homogeneous in nature. However women’s movements challenge of equal education for women at various levels are taking up the issues and giving women a status and prestige like women’s health, social security, as human beings. financial independence, and empowerment. Environment movements : We are Today women’s movement face the aware that environmental degradation is a serious problem at national and Dr Rajendra Singh also known as international level. At the international ‘Waterman of India’ has brought level several movements are working to Water revolution in Rajasthan. He stop the deterioration of the environment. became famous because of building We see a significant international thousands of cooperation in this field. ‘Johad’ in In India many movements are working Rajasthan. He on differenet aspects of enviornment. The revived rivers environment movements are taking up in the desert of issues like protection of bio-diversity, Rajasthan. He protecting different formed an sources of water, organisation – protection of forests, ‘Tarun Bharat green belt, pollution Dr Rajendra Singh Sangh’ which of rivers, use of worked for chemicals and their building eleven thousand Johad in ill effects etc. hundreds of villages. All over India Consumer movement : Consumer he started a campaign for water movement emerged in India after the conservation, revival of rivers, forest Consumer Protection Act came into conservation, and wild life existence in 1986. This movement has a conservation. His social movement broad objective. The movement believes is active for last 31 years. He won that each member of the society is a the Stockholm Water Prize, an award consumer. Due to the changing nature of known as the ‘Nobel Prize for social and economic system consumers water’. face different problems. Adulteration, increased cost of items, frauds in weight

95 and measures are some of the problems. different from the earlier movements. The consumer movement works to protect These movements are issue-based. It consumers from such type of frauds. means they try to organise issue based The movements increase the mass movements. participation of people in public life. The In the next chapter we will study post 1980 movements are called neo- challenges before democracy. social movements as their nature is

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option from the given (2) Explain the nature of farmers movement options and complete the sentences. in India. (1) ...... is the main demand of farmers (3) For which reforms were the women’s movement. movement in the pre-independence (a) Right to cultivate on the forest land period fighting ? (b) To get the right price for agricultural 4. Explain the following statements by product giving reasons. (c) Protection of consumers (1) Movements are important in a (d) Building of dams democracy. (2) To increase agricultural production and (2) Movements do not need a strong become self-sufficient with regard to leadership. food grains ...... was initiated. (3) Consumer movement came into (a) Water revolution existence. (b) Green revolution Project (c) Industrial revolution (d) White revolution (1) Collect the news in the newspapers about various activities of social 2. Write notes on : movements. (1) Tribal movement (2) Write a report on movements in your (2) Labour movement area which are working to resolve 3. Answer the following questions in brief. general problems. (1) Explain the activities/role/functions of (3) Prepare a format of a complaint you environmental movement. will submit under consumer protection act if you are cheated in purchase of vegetables or grains.

96 5. Challenges faced by Indian Democracy

As we have said earlier, democracy inclusion of all social components, is a continuous living process. Mere autonomy to social institutions, adoption of democracy does not bring empowerment of citizens, protection of democracy into practice. Alert and human values need to be adopted for real conscious efforts are required to sustain cultivation of democracy. democracy. It is necessary to understand threats to democracy in time and deal Can you tell ? with them in a democratic manner. In this chapter we will primarily focus on In democracy, to get power, political challenges before democracy in India. But parties contest elections. But do political before that let us have a look at challenges parties organise internal elections ? It is before democracy at the global level. necessary that political parties should Today every nation in the world hold elections at the organisational claims to be democratic. But in reality level. Are such elections held ? very few nations in the world have democracy that protects the rights and Questions in my mind China adopted economic reforms freedom of people and gives priority to and also became a member of the the welfare of people. Many democracies World Trade Organisation. But China are facing the challenge of military take continues to have a one party system. over. Spread of democratic values at the Is China a democratic nation ? global level and adoption of true democracy by all nations is a major Another challenge before democratic challenge at global level. nations is to ensure that democracy becomes deep rooted. Freedom, equality, Which democratic institutions need fraternity and justice, peace, development to be established for transformation and humanitarianism are the values that from non-democratic system to a should be practiced at all levels of the democratic system ? society. The mass support for this purpose can be gathered only through democratic Democratic values are found to be means. very weak even in those nations where democracy appears to be deep-rooted. In Challenges before Indian Democracy nations like India, democracy appears in To make democracy more meaningful the form of voting, elections, governmental the government of India decentralised structure, judiciary etc. However this is power and adopted the policy of only a political form of democracy. To reservation for women and weaker sections become a way of life democracy must be of the society. But we should think practiced in each and every aspect of whether such measures really gave power social life. Several measures such as in the hands of citizens? 97 Communalism and terrorism : process is another serious problem for Religious conflict and the resultant democratic systems. Sometimes political terrorism is one of the major challenges parties give candidature to people having before Indian democracy. Social stability a criminal background, facing criminal gets hampered due to increasing religious allegations and allegations of corruption. hostility. People’s participation in This increases the role of money and democratic process reduces to a great muscle power in politics. This may also extent due to terrorism. lead to violence during elections. Left extremists - Naxalism : Naxalism Social challenges : Apart from the is a major problem in India. Naxalism challenges mentioned above, Indian began as a movement to remove injustice democracy faces other social challenges. against aggressive landless farmers and The problems like unemployment, unequal tribal people. But today Naxalism has distribution of resources, increasing gap become a violent struggle. In the Naxalite between rich and poor, caste based issues, movement the importance of the problems need to be resolved. of farmers and tribal people has reduced. What steps should be taken to make Instead, violent measures to oppose the Indian Democracy successful? government policies, attacking the police (1) Majority opinion has a lot of forces and such other tactics are used by importance in Democracy. In a democracy, the Naxalite groups. Political party getting majority of votes Corruption : In India the extent of comes to power. Parliament takes all corruption is said to be very high in the decisions by majority. Democracy aims at public sector. Government’s working the welfare of majority of people. When capacity is reduced due to corruption at the importance is given to majority it is the political and administrative levels. possible that injustice may be done to People develop distrust and dissatisfaction those who are marginal and who are in about the entire governmental system due minority. Though democracy is a to delay in governmental work, poor public government by majority, minorities should services and facilities and different also be included in the process of decision- financial blunders. Corruption in the making. It is the duty of government to electoral process, bogus voting, bribing the take into consideration the interests of voters, abducting the voters and such other minorities. In short, in democratic things reduces people’s confidence in the government everyone’s opinion should be democratic process. considered important. Similarly majority government should not be the government What do you think ? of majority community. All religious, Family monopoly in politics is a major linguistic, ethnic and caste groups should problem before democracy in India. get equal opportunity to participate in the Monopoly of just one family in politics decision-making process. reduces democratic space. Common people (2) Judiciary in India is seen to be cannot participate in the public sector. making conscious efforts to make political process transparent. To prevent Criminalisation of politics : Increased criminalisation of politics, judiciary has participation of criminals in political adopted measures like strict punishment 98 to criminals and prohibiting criminals (4) To make Indian democracy truly from participating in political process. successful, it is essential to increase (3) To make democracy successful in participation of people at all levels. If India, it is not just sufficient to make such participation increases especially at efforts at the level of government, the level of the government it will help administration and judiciary. Everyone at in changing public policies. Public polices social and individual level should make are made through interaction with the conscious efforts towards it. Sarva Shiksha people. Interaction with those who are not Abhiyan, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Gram in power is also important for the success Samruddhi Yojana, Self-help Groups, of democracy. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural The values of equality, liberty, social Employment Guarantee Scheme and such justice, secularism should be respected other projects are undertaken at the level and implemented even in our personal of Government and Administration. To life. For the success of democracy, increase political participation of women, everyone should keep in mind that we are 50% seats are kept reserved in local self- responsible citizens of the nation. governing institutions.

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option from the given (3) People may lose confidence in the options and complete the sentences. democratic process due to corruption (1) In a democracy ...... participate in during elections. elections and get political power. 3. Write notes on (a) political parties (b) courts (1) Left-extremism (2) Corruption (c) social organisations (d) none of the above 4. Answer the following questions in brief. (2) The major challenge faced by all (3) Which factors are required for the democratic nations in the world is success of democracy in India ? ...... (2) What are the effects of criminalisation (a) Religious conflicts of politics ? (b) Naxal activities (3) What efforts are undertaken to bring (c) Deepening the roots of democracy transparency in political process ? (d) Importance to muscle power Project 2. State whether following statements are (1) What measures will you suggest to true or false. Give reasons for your control corruption? Make a list of it. answer. (2) Organise a group discussion in your (1) Alertness is required to sustain class on the problem of terrorism in democracy. India. (2) Importance of the problems of farmers (3) Present a street play on ‘how to get and tribals has increased in the left rid of addiction ?’. extremist movement. 99 Studying Political Science...

Every citizen in India, whether he lives in village, district or in city has to face numerous social and political problems every day. Whom to approach to get domicile certificate, caste certificate, Aadhar Card ? Whom should we meet ? Regarding water problems, public cleanliness ? From where can we get documents about our house, etc. ? We can get to know about all such things from the study of Civics and Political Science. This study helps us to become a good citizen and to be aware of our rights and duties as a citizen of this country. This subject also helps us to get information of India and also the outside world. The subject of Political Science will also help you when you plan for your future after finishing your school education. The subject of Indian government and politics is included in the syllabus of the examination for Union Public Service Commission, Maharashtra Public Service Commission and recruitment in banking services. Political science is the basis of any field you choose as a profession. Similarly we cannot study international politics, public administration, peace and conflict without studying political science. Many employment opportunities are available in the above fields. Opportunities are available not only in the field of teaching and research but opportunities are also available in the fields of information technology, policy analysis and advisory bodies of political leaders. Globalisation has created many opportunities for the practical use of political science. Political parties, pressure groups, non-governmental organisations, voluntary organisations need researchers and mediators who have the knowledge of government and politics. In today’s world people having knowledge of the political process and complexities of bureaucracy and special knowledge skills are essential.

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