DOCSLIB.ORG

Transitional Justice and the Dutch Resistance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transitional Justice and the Dutch Resistance Transitional Justice and the Dutch Resistance What does the functioning of the National Honour Court of the Resistance tell us about the practice of resistance during the occupation and its legitimization through the resistance myth afterwards? Janneke Jorna Master thesis University of Amsterdam Program: Holocaust and Genocide Studies Student number: 11077050 Supervisors: Bas von Benda-Beckmann; Johannes Houwink ten Cate ECTS: 18 Hand-in date: 1 juli 2018 Table of contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1 – Resistance and Special Justice 20 Chapter 2 – Betrayal 39 Chapter 3 – Assassination 56 Chapter 4 – Robbery 70 Conclusion 84 Bibliography 90 Photograph frontpage: The armed civilians employed by the Internal Armed Forces (possibly the family Havedings). OVGC, copyright unknown. 2 Official history, with its oversights and the vocabulary used to recount it, varies according to regimes and eras. It reflects a community’s present state of mind with respect to its past more than what really happened.1 The resistance struggling for democracy and against Nazi occupation during the Second World War is a very important part of the founding myths of the modern European states. Derived from this founding myth is the so-called resistance mythology, based on ‘redemptive violence’: violence that is ‘perceived to be necessary’.2 The image of the resistance embodied the myth of modern European states rebirth by violence.3 Two integral elements of this myth are the maintenance of national unity during the occupation period and the recovery afterwards. In each country, different forms of unified resistance appeared, similar to how the German occupation had taken different forms. Is it even possible to speak of the resistance? The Dutch historian Chris van der Heijden proposed using quotation marks, as 'the resistance' has never existed as such.4 In reality, Dutch resistance was a collection of different organizations, networks, people and activities, which did not have aligned goals or guidelines. Resistance is an extremely complicated phenomenon, which manifests itself differently in various countries, even regions, and changes over time. For instance, resistance activities in Eastern and Western Europe are almost incomparable. This partly resulted from the different conditions, as the geographical circumstances influences the feasibility of guerrilla activities. Resistance in Eastern Europe and the severe German counter measures derailed daily life on a massive scale. The early historiographical work on the Second World War and resistance in the Netherlands, Onderdrukking en Verzet. Nederland in oorlogstijd, contained the unofficial retrospective view of the Dutch establishment on the occupation period. Willem Drees wrote the preface and multiple high-ranking resisters wrote chapters based upon their own experience and knowledge. The former resister Jan Meulenbelt, who was involved with 1 Jacques Sémelin, Unarmed against Hitler. Civilian resistance in Europe, 1939-1943 (London 1993) 24. 2 Ibidem. 3 Ibidem. 4 Chris van der Heijden, Dat nooit meer. De nasleep van de Tweede Wereldoorlog in Nederland (Amsterdam 2011) 115. 3 rescuing Jewish children5, mentioned: 'the Netherlands are no Balkans, and the Dutch people are no Balkan people, who from a young age are familiar with the reality or the eventuality of underground resistance against occupiers.6 The American historian István Deák emphasized that in the Benelux ‘the terrain was of little use to the resisters, although the Dutch could hide in flooded areas, and Belgium as well as Luxembourg has some forests and hills.’7 Also, within Western Europe itself resistance varied extremely. For instance, the partly neighboring countries of Belgium, France and the Netherlands had completely different occupational government forms. While Belgium had a military administration, a civilian administrator governed the Netherlands, and France was divided into two zones with different administrations and forms of collaboration. The various German occupational policies greatly influenced the timing, form, and extent of resistance inside the occupied societies.8 When the relations between the occupied and the occupier started deteriorating slowly, resistance in Western Europe increased. Its nature also changed over time. The French historian and sociologist Jacques Sémelin even made a distinction between ‘pre-Stalingrad and post-Stalingrad resistance.’9 As the military situation on the battlefield changed in favor of the Allied forces, hope of ending the occupation grew in the occupied societies. Deák also used the example of Stalingrad; the German forces were perceived to be on the losing side from that moment on.10 Thus, how do we define the general term of resistance? Van der Heijden raised an important question: when can we qualify someone to be a resister, 'only if the person in question has written a pamphlet or used weapons? Or also if the person in question has passed on a pamphlet, has helped someone in hiding, or has kept a secret?'11 British historian Bob Moore stated that 'the very definition of resistance is part of each country's national historiography on the subject'.12 According to Sémelin, ‘the goal of the resistance 5 Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Het geheime dagboek van Arnold Douwes, Jodenredder (Amsterdam 2018) 42. Jan Meulenbelt was one of the leaders of the Utrechts Kindercomite. 6 Johannes Jacob van Bolhuis (red.), Onderdrukking en verzet. Nederland in oorlogstijd (Arnhem 1949-1954), part 4, 61. 7 István Deák, Europe on Trial. The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution during World War II (Boulder 2015) 124. 8 Sémelin, Unarmed against Hitler, 9-10. 9 Idem, 33. 10 István Deák, Jan T. Gross, Tony Judt, The Politics of Retribution in Europe. World War II and its aftermath (Princeton 2000) 176. 11 van der Heijden, Dat nooit meer, 111. 12 Bob Moore, (ed), Resistance in Western Europe (Oxford 2000) 2. 4 was either to reconstruct the collective identity of an attacked society that was more or less involved in a collaboration process or to preserve a collective identity by trying to keep its population from being willing to collaborate with the occupier.’13 As a result, the goals were mostly political, and ‘based on the defence or revival of national and patriotic values.’14 Because the direct military approach mostly failed, resistance focused on a more indirect approach in countering the occupier and its local henchmen. Sémelin divided this strategy into two categories, distinguishing between armed and civilian resistance; the first employed guerrilla activities and the second ‘tries to involve the whole civil society.’15 Following, Sémelin further distinguished three circles of social mobilization. The first circle encompassed all the militants from the various movements and their activities. The second circle contained all those providing an ‘occasional helping hand or the providential aid spontaneously offered to a resister about to be arrested.’16 The third circle was ‘much more far-reaching’ and included passive complicity. All these circles were important: ‘in a certain way, opinion protects resistance, while resistance acts in the name of the opinion that supports it.’17 Therefore, resistance could not subsist without the support of at least some parts of society. On the other hand, acts of resistance were not undisputed. Firstly, debate within resistance organizations during the occupation was ever-present, displaying a lack of unity. There was no unambiguous view on what resistance should entail and which acts of resistance were legitimized. The discussion on the legitimacy of assassination was especially fierce within resistance organizations. There was no uniform moral code for the Dutch resistance and therefore room for discrepancy. This ambiguousness had created problems regarding the legitimization of resistance. How were acts of resistance to be legitimized when there was disagreement within resistance organizations on the rules? Secondly, Dutch society as a whole was not unanimously in favor of ‘the resistance’. While Sémelin emphasized that parts of society had to be supportive of resistance organizations in order for resistance to exist, this did not mean that the entire Dutch society was fond of ‘the resistance’ during the course of the occupation. Critique on the Dutch 13 Sémelin, Unarmed against Hitler, 106. 14 Ibidem. 15 Ibidem. 16 Ibidem. 17 Ibidem. 5 resistance was present from the beginning of the occupation and continued into the post- war era. This criticism forced resistance organizations to look for ways to legitimize their acts of resistance, both during and after the occupation. This need for legitimization contributed to the emergence of the resistance myth, which already began to take shape during the occupation and continued forming afterwards. Dutch historian Johannes Houwink ten Cate stated that the definition problem originated from the broadness of the concept of total war during the Second World War. He emphasized resistance was defined as any act that opposed the enemy, while ‘at that time, collaboration was regarded as any act that was supportive of the enemy’.18 Both the concept of supporting and opposing the enemy were difficult to define, which created opportunities for using and abusing these concepts within the practice of political justice. In the post-war Netherlands, the history of collaboration was pushed to the background; the history of resistance formed a worthy substitution. This repression of collaboration formed the basis for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • September / October
    AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR YAD VASHEM Vol. 46-No. 1 ISSN 0892-1571 September/October 2019-Tishri/Cheshvan 5780 “TWO ARE BETTER THAN ONE… AND A THREEFOLD CORD CANNOT QUICKLY BE BROKEN” n Sunday, November 17, 2019, the are leaders of numerous organizations, including membrance for their grandparents, and to rein- American Society for Yad Vashem AIPAC, WIZO, UJA, and American Friends of force their commitment to Yad Vashem so that will be honoring three generations of Rambam Hospital. the world will never forget. Oone family at our Annual Tribute Din- Jonathan and Sam Friedman have been ll three generations, including ner in New York City. The Gora-Sterling-Fried- deeply influenced by Mona, David and their ex- David’s three children — Ian and his man family reflects the theme of this year’s traordinary grandparents, Jack and Paula. Grow- wife Laura, Jeremy and his wife Tribute Dinner, which comes from Kohelet. “Two ing up, they both heard Jack tell his story of AMorgan, and Melissa — live in the are better than one… and a threefold cord can- survival and resilience at the Yom HaShoah pro- greater New York City area. They gather often, not quickly be broken” (4:9-12). All three gener- ations are proud supporters of Yad Vashem and are deeply committed to the mission of Holo- caust remembrance and education. Paula and Jack Gora will receive the ASYV Remembrance Award, Mona and David Sterling will receive the ASYV Achievement Award, and Samantha and Jonathan Friedman and Paz and Sam Friedman will receive the ASYV Young Leadership Award.
    [Show full text]
  • From Stella Street to Amsterdam by Creating a Digital Scrapbook/Writer’S Notebook
    FROM STELLA STREET TO AMSTERDAM By Elizabeth Honey RECOMMENDED FOR: Ages 10–14 THEMES: Friendship, belonging, war/conflict, prejudice/racism, intercultural understanding, gender/sexuality stereotypes and prejudice NOTES WRITTEN BY: Tye Cattanach ISBN (AUS): 9781865084541 These notes may be reproduced free of charge for use and study within schools but they may not be reproduced (either in whole or in part) and offered for commercial sale. CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................. 2 Story summary .................................................................. 2 Key themes ........................................................................ 2 CURRICULUM ALIGNMENT ..................................... 3 Developing general capabilities - HASS.............................. 3 Suggested activities ........................................................... 3 Developing general capabilities - ENGLISH ...................... 6 Before reading Suggested assessment ...................................................... 6 While reading Character Voki .................................................................. 7 Reading Journal ................................................................. 7 After reading Suggested activities ......................................................... 12 Author background and motivation .................................. 13 About the author............................................................ 13 In the words of the author .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • C04 St. MODB, Zienswijze Ontwerp Omgevingsvisie Hillegom
    stichting Milieu Overleg Duin- en Bollenstreek (MODB) : Vereniging voor Natuur- en Vogelbescherming Noordwijk, Vogel- en Natuurclub Katwijk, Vereniging Dorpsbehoud Noordwijkerhout, Vereniging Betrokken Teylingers, Vogelwerkgroep Teylingen, Natuur- en Vogelwerkgroep Bollenstreek Lisse, Nederlandse Jeugdbond voor Natuurstudie afdeling Bollenstreek. Aan: DE GEMEENTERAAD VAN HILLEGOM POSTBUS 32 2180 AA HILLEGOM Noordwijk, 17 maart 2021. Betreft: Zienswijze inzake ontwerp Omgevingsvisie Hillegom Actualisatie 2020. Zaaknummer Z-19-074391 Geachte leden van de gemeenteraad. Op 11 februari 2021 heeft het college het ontwerp Omgevingsvisie Hillegom Actualisatie 2020 ter inzage gelegd. Als Milieu Overleg Duin- en Bollenstreek zijn wij sterk betrokken bij het landschap en natuur in de gehele bollenstreek. Vanwege onze betrokkenheid bij de streek zijn wij zeer geschrokken van de voorgestelde wijzigingen in bovengenoemde actualisatie, die haaks staan op de eerder aangenomen voornemens in de 'Omgevingsvisie Hillegom 2030', door u vastgesteld op 22 februari 2018. Met de nieuwe voorstellen wilt u van start gaan met de urbanisatie en industrialisatie van de Hollandse weides omdat u het volgende wilt toelaten: a. De mogelijkheid om GOM woningen in de Hollandse weides te bouwen b. Kleinschalige initiatieven toe te laten om de recreatieve waarden te verhogen c. Het toestaan van zonneakkers in de Oosteinderpolder Deze voornemens zijn voor ons onbegrijpelijk omdat de plannen in tegenspraak zijn met uitgangspunten in de omgevingsvisie zoals 'versterken van natuurwaarden', 'uitbreiden areaal open weides en 'tegengaan verrommeling'. Bovendien zijn wij van mening dat er voldoende alternatieven voorhanden zijn. Het is naar onze mening noodzakelijk dat de natuur, in vooral de oostelijke bollenstreek versterkt wordt. Dat is goed voor het toerisme en recreatie en komt ten goede aan het woonklimaat van de inwoners van Hillegom.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsurface Spatial Planning for Geothermal Heat Production in Greenport Westland Oostland, the Netherlands
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Subsurface Spatial Planning for Geothermal Heat Production in Greenport Westland- Oostland, the Netherlands Wouter A. van Leeuwen, Nick Buik, Mariene Gutierrez-Neri, Ad Lokhorst and Guus Willemsen IF Technology, Postbus 605, 6800 AP Arnhem, the Netherlands [email protected] Keywords: spatial planning, masterplan, modeling, Geothermal energy is a relatively unknown type of energy geothermal energy, greenhouses source in the Netherlands. The rising of oil and gas prices combined with the success of the Bleiswijk project made ABSTRACT geothermal energy an interesting option for the traditionally innovative greenhouse sector in the Netherlands. In 2007 a geothermal project was realized for a tomato Greenhouses have typically a high heat demand. However, grower in Bleiswijk, The Netherlands. This project was the current high gas prices make possible a payback time of realized in a cretaceous sandstone reservoir at a depth of 10 to 15 years for a geothermal project. Such encouraging approximately 1,700 m. Since then, numerous other prospects prompted several other greenhouse owners to greenhouse owners became interested in this energy source. apply for an exploration permit for geothermal heat. The However, the subsurface area required for the heating of a majority of the applications came from an area where the greenhouse is much larger than the areal extent of the concentration of greenhouses is the most dense, initiating a greenhouse itself. Also, in 2008, oil and gas prices reached ‘gold rush’ for these exploration rights for geothermal heat. extremely high levels. This combination of circumstances This area is situated in the west of the Netherlands (see initiated a ‘gold rush’ for the subsurface in order to claim Figure 1) and is known as the Greenport Westland- the rights for the exploration of the geothermal heat Oostland.
    [Show full text]
  • Rondom De Nacht Van Schmelzer Parlementaire Geschiedenis Van Nederland Na 1945
    Rondom de Nacht van Schmelzer Parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland na 1945 Deel 1, Het kabinet-Schermerhorn-Drees 24 juni 1945 – 3 juli 1946 door F.J.F.M. Duynstee en J. Bosmans Deel 2, De periode van het kabinet-Beel 3 juli 1946 – 7 augustus 1948 door M.D. Bogaarts Deel 3, Het kabinet-Drees-Van Schaik 7 augustus 1948 – 15 maart 1951 onder redactie van P.F. Maas en J.M.M.J. Clerx Deel 4, Het kabinet-Drees II 1951 – 1952 onder redactie van J.J.M. Ramakers Deel 5, Het kabinet-Drees III 1952 – 1956 onder redactie van Carla van Baalen en Jan Ramakers Deel 6, Het kabinet-Drees IV en het kabinet-Beel II 1956 – 1959 onder redactie van Jan Willem Brouwer en Peter van der Heiden Deel 7,Hetkabinet-DeQuay 1959 – 1963 onder redactie van Jan Willem Brouwer en Jan Ramakers Deel 8, De kabinetten-Marijnen, -Cals en -Zijlstra 1963 – 1967 onder redactie van Peter van der Heiden en Alexander van Kessel Stichting Parlementaire Geschiedenis, Den Haag Stichting Katholieke Universiteit, Nijmegen Parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland na 1945, Deel 8 Rondom de Nacht van Schmelzer De kabinetten-Marijnen, -Cals en -Zijlstra 1963-1967 PETER VAN DER HEIDEN EN ALEXANDER VAN KESSEL (RED.) Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis Auteurs: Anne Bos Charlotte Brand Jan Willem Brouwer Peter van Griensven PetervanderHeiden Alexander van Kessel Marij Leenders Johan van Merriënboer Jan Ramakers Hilde Reiding Met medewerking van: Mirjam Adriaanse Miel Jacobs Teun Verberne Jonn van Zuthem Boom – Amsterdam Afbeelding omslag: Cals verlaat de Tweede Kamer na de val van zijn kabinet in de nacht van 13 op 14 oktober 1966.[anp] Omslagontwerp: Mesika Design, Hilversum Zetwerk: Velotekst (B.L.
    [Show full text]
  • This Cannot Happen Here Studies of the Niod Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    This Cannot Happen Here studies of the niod institute for war, holocaust and genocide studies This niod series covers peer reviewed studies on war, holocaust and genocide in twentieth century societies, covering a broad range of historical approaches including social, economic, political, diplomatic, intellectual and cultural, and focusing on war, mass violence, anti- Semitism, fascism, colonialism, racism, transitional regimes and the legacy and memory of war and crises. board of editors: Madelon de Keizer Conny Kristel Peter Romijn i Ralf Futselaar — Lard, Lice and Longevity. The standard of living in occupied Denmark and the Netherlands 1940-1945 isbn 978 90 5260 253 0 2 Martijn Eickhoff (translated by Peter Mason) — In the Name of Science? P.J.W. Debye and his career in Nazi Germany isbn 978 90 5260 327 8 3 Johan den Hertog & Samuël Kruizinga (eds.) — Caught in the Middle. Neutrals, neutrality, and the First World War isbn 978 90 5260 370 4 4 Jolande Withuis, Annet Mooij (eds.) — The Politics of War Trauma. The aftermath of World War ii in eleven European countries isbn 978 90 5260 371 1 5 Peter Romijn, Giles Scott-Smith, Joes Segal (eds.) — Divided Dreamworlds? The Cultural Cold War in East and West isbn 978 90 8964 436 7 6 Ben Braber — This Cannot Happen Here. Integration and Jewish Resistance in the Netherlands, 1940-1945 isbn 978 90 8964 483 8 This Cannot Happen Here Integration and Jewish Resistance in the Netherlands, 1940-1945 Ben Braber Amsterdam University Press 2013 This book is published in print and online through the online oapen library (www.oapen.org) oapen (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) is a collaborative initiative to develop and implement a sustainable Open Access publication model for academic books in the Humanities and Social Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Get to ESTEC
    How to get to ESTEC By Car ESTEC is located at the southern tip of Noordwijk. Coming from Den Haag (The Hague), take the A44 motorway in the direction Amsterdam/Wassenaar and exit at 'Leiden' (exit 8). Follow the N206 in the direction Katwijk and Haarlem. Take the exit 'Katwijk Noord'. From there follow the signs 'ESA ESTEC' (small white traffic signs). From Amsterdam, take the A4 in the direction Den Haag-Rotterdam, then at the junction follow the A44. Take the exit Noordwijk-Voorhout, continue to Noordwijk and from there, follow the signs 'ESA ESTEC'. By Public Transportation From Leiden Central station, take bus 30 to Katwijk. It stops in front of the entrance gate of ESTEC (the journey takes about 25 minutes). Please note that this bus departures four times an hour during the day, and twice an hour after 19.00 hours. For more information or other busses please consult the journey planner at http://journeyplanner.9292.nl/. By Plane From Schiphol airport, either take a taxi to ESTEC (30 minutes), or a train to Leiden (15 minutes) and then bus number 30 (25 minutes). With a rental car, follow the instructions above from Amsterdam. ESTEC Shuttle Services ESTEC – Schiphol Airport A one-way voucher € 13.50. The driver of the shuttle bus gives the traveller a voucher which serves as a receipt. Vouchers may be purchased on the bus, however, in order to minimise the waiting time, it is desirable to purchase them before at the ESTEC reception located in the A building. At this moment payment with credit card is not possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Loe De Jong 1914-2005
    boudewijn smits Loe de Jong 1914-2005 Historicus met een missie bijlagen 8 tot en met 11 Boom Amsterdam inhoud bijlage 8 NOTEN Inleiding 5 Hoofdstuk 1 7 Hoofdstuk 2 19 Hoofdstuk 3 35 Hoofdstuk 4 53 Hoofdstuk 5 70 Hoofdstuk 6 82 Hoofdstuk 7 100 Hoofdstuk 8 111 Hoofdstuk 9 119 Hoofdstuk 10 131 Hoofdstuk 11 141 Hoofdstuk 12 154 Hoofdstuk 13 166 Hoofdstuk 14 178 Hoofdstuk 15 190 Hoofdstuk 16 200 Hoofdstuk 17 215 Hoofdstuk 18 223 Hoofdstuk 19 234 Hoofdstuk 20 243 Hoofdstuk 21 256 Hoofdstuk 22 266 Hoofdstuk 23 272 Hoofdstuk 24 288 Hoofdstuk 25 301 Hoofdstuk 26 315 Hoofdstuk 27 327 Hoofstuk 28 339 Hoofstuk 29 350 Hoofdstuk 30 360 Slotbeschouwing 371 bijlage 9 english summery 373 bijlage 10 geÏnterVIEWDE Personen 383 bijlage 11 geraadPleegde arChieVen 391 bijlage 8 NOTEN inleiding 1 Ernst H. Kossmann, ‘Continuïteit en discontinuïteit in de naoorlogse geschiedenis van Nederland’, Ons Erfdeel 28, nr. 5 (1985): 659-668, aldaar 660. 2 Een ander monumentaal werk is A study of History (Oxford 1934-1961) van de Britse historicus Arnold Toynbee dat in to- taal 12 delen omvat en meer dan 7000 bladzijden telt. 3 De Jongs oeuvre telt bij benadering 46.500 bladzijden. Zijn journalistiek werk: 24.742 blz. Specificatie: De Groene Am- sterdammer (februari 1937-mei 1940), circa 8000 blz.; Radio Oranje (juli 1940-augustus 1945), inclusief de geallieerde strooibladen De Wervelwind en De Vliegende Hollander en vanaf de bevrijding, Herrijzend Nederland, circa 10.000 blz.; zijn verzetstitel Holland fights the Nazis (1940): 138 blz. en de vierdelige reeks Je maintiendrai (1940-1944) exclusief bijlagen: 1447 blz.; 21 jaar buitenlandrubriek Vrij Nederland (van 1949 tot 1969): 5000 blz.
    [Show full text]
  • VIII Whitewashing and Levelling
    VIII Whitewashing and levelling ‘With all due respect I can say that I have democratized knowledge of the war’ claimed Ad van Liempt in an interview in NRC-Handelsblad in 2015.1 Van Liempt started his ‘democratization’ with his television series De Oorlog (The War) broadcast in 2009 in nine instalments. The next year Van Liempt published his book De oorlog, based on this series, in which he re- counted the same history in nine chapters.2 In an interview he explained his mode of operation.3 With Hans Blom, professor at the University of Am- sterdam and retired director of the NIOD, he supervised four researchers who for each of the nine instalments of the series collected a ‘bulky file’ with material. ‘While writing the book I leafed again through those files. I could write four times as much text compared with the television series, and this was a good opportunity to make better use of the material.’ Blom’s role as an advisor was great and it was even suggested that he should have presented the television series, instead of the hired professional newsreader.4 Hans Blom was seen as the most important Dutch historian of the Second World War and the successor of the famous Loe de Jong. Between 1969 and 1994 Loe de Jong had published the standard history of the war years, Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in twelve volumes and 18.000 pages. His television series De Bezetting (The Occupation), broadcast between 1960 and1965, had greatly influenced the general public’s view of these years.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/44001 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2018-07-07 and may be subject to change. Jaarboek Parlementaire Geschiedenis 2007 De moeizame worsteling met de Jaarboek Parlementaire Geschiedenis 2007 De moeizame worsteling met de nationale identiteit Jaarboek Parlementaire Geschiedenis De moeizame worsteling met de nationale identiteit Redactie: C.C. van Baaien A.S. Bos W. Breedveld M.H.C.H. Leenders J.J.M. Ramakers W.P. Secker Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis, Nijmegen Boom - Amsterdam Foto omslag: a n p - Robert Vos Omslag en binnenwerk: Wim Zaat, Moerkapelle Druk en afwerking: Drukkerij Wilco, Amersfoort © 2007 Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis, Nijmegen Behoudens de in of krachtens de Auteurswet van 1912 gestelde uitzonderingen mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch door fotokopieën, opnamen of enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the written permission of the publisher. isb n 978 90 8506 506 7 NUR 680 wvw.uitgeverijboom.nl Inhoud Ten geleide 7 Artikelen Dick Pels, De Hollandse tuin: of hoe de Nederlandse Leeuw worstelt met zijn iden­ 13 titeit Remieg Aerts, Op gepaste afstand. De plaats van het parlement in de natievorming 25 van de negentiende eeuw Charlotte Brand en Nicoline van der Sijs, Geen taal, geen natie.
    [Show full text]
  • Stichting 1940-1945, Loe De Jong and the Post-War Myth of Resistance in the Netherlands
    DISSENTING VOICES? STICHTING 1940-1945, LOE DE JONG AND THE POST-WAR MYTH OF RESISTANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS by Laurien Vastenhout, MA MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY (RESEARCH) 2015 UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM Supervisor: Prof. dr. J. Th. M. Houwink ten Cate Second Reader: Dr. K. Berkhoff Dissenting Voices? Stichting 1940-1945, Loe de Jong and the Post-War Myth of Resistance in the Netherlands Laurien Vastenhout, MA – Contents – Introduction – Competing Narratives: the Memory of the Second World War 7 The Different Phases in the Approaches to the War 9 Successful Government-led Myth versus Dissenting Voices 26 Chapter 1 – Stichting 1940-1945: ‘Resistance’ as an Elusive 40 Definition 1.1 The Organisational Structure and Tasks of the Stichting 44 1.2 ‘Resistance’: Inclusion and Exclusion 52 1.3 The Communists 64 Chapter 2 – Loe de Jong: Shifting Approaches to Resistance 70 2.1 A Benchmark of Dutch Collective Memory 72 2.2 Resistance in Het Koninkrijk 80 2.3 Historian versus Moral Educator 96 Conclusion 106 Archives 111 Bibliography 112 Appendix 117 Acknowledgements 118 – Introduction – Competing Narratives: the Memory of the Second World War ‘Thanks to their sacrifice, a new nation will be resurrected that differs from the past, it will take a different stance vis-à-vis her allies than before. Our national resistance will be remembered as the most characteristic attitude of our people in this period of our history. It will make our history grow brighter. This, in particular, is what the Dutch people should be aware of today’.1 The days marking the end of the German occupation of the Netherlands in May 1945 were euphoric; people danced on the streets and celebrated the Nazi defeat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holocaust a North Carolina Teacher’S Resource
    CH. 5: RESISTANCE IN THE HOLOCAUST A NORTH CAROLINA TEACHER’S RESOURCE FEATURING THE NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS WHO BECAME NORTH CAROLINA RESIDENTS This guide is available for free download, in its entirety and by individual narratives and chapters, at the Council website: www.ncpublicschools.org/holocaust-council/guide/. © 2019 . North Carolina Council on the Holocaust North Carolina Department of Public Instruction V RESISTANCE _____OVERVIEW_____ “[The Resistance] wasn’t a great big organization where people all knew each other. It was one person knew another knew another knew another. The less you knew the better, because if you got caught you could give away maybe one person. Maybe!—if you were not tough as nails.” __Barbara Ledermann Rodbell “You would be surprised how easy it was when you thought of it. You were able to figure out how to do these things. You do not always have to be taught. Maybe they [Resistance] knew that I had this ability, and that I could, intuitively, find ways.” __Gizella Gross Abramson “I was rarely frightened. I was young and felt sort of invulnerable, not thinking beyond what I had to do. There was a job to be done and I did it. None of us felt we were doing anything extraordinary or particularly brave. So many of my peers were doing the same kind of work. We did it because it was the thing to do.” __Simone Weil Lipman hen the horrors of the Holocaust USHMM/Belarusian State Museum of the Great Patriotic War were revealed, many people won- W dered how it was possible for the Nazis to kill so many people without meet- ing overwhelming resistance.
    [Show full text]