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Research Options and Imperatives in Computerized Conferencing Computerized Conferencing & Communications Center

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Research Options and Imperatives in Computerized Conferencing Computerized Conferencing & Communications Center New Jersey Institute of Technology Digital Commons @ NJIT Computerized Conferencing and Communications Special Collections Center Reports 1-1-1978 Research options and imperatives in computerized conferencing Computerized Conferencing & Communications Center Murray Turoff New Jersey Institute of Technology, [email protected] Philip Enslow Starr Roxanne Hiltz Upsala College, [email protected] John Mckendree See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/ccccreports Part of the Digital Communications and Networking Commons Recommended Citation Computerized Conferencing & Communications Center; Turoff, Murray; Enslow, Philip; Hiltz, Starr Roxanne; Mckendree, John; and Panko, Raymond, "Research options and imperatives in computerized conferencing" (1978). Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center Reports. 9. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/ccccreports/9 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at Digital Commons @ NJIT. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center Reports by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ NJIT. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Computerized Conferencing & Communications Center, Murray Turoff, Philip Enslow, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, John Mckendree, and Raymond Panko This report is available at Digital Commons @ NJIT: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/ccccreports/9 RESEARCH OPTIONS AND IMPERATIVES: IN COMPUTERIZED CONFERENCING Authors: Murray Turoff, Philip Enslow, Starr Roxanne Hiltz John Mckendree, Raymond Panko, David Snyder and Richard Wilcox FINAL REPORT January 1, 1978 This is the report resulting from a computerized conferencing workshop 'held on the subject of potential research opportunities and requirements in the area of utilizing a computer to aid human communications. It was sponsored by the Division of Mathematical and Computer Sciences of the National Science Foundation (grant ≠ MCS76-80514). The views expressed in this report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect NSF views or policy. The workshop utlized the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Murray Turoff Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center New Jersey Institute of Technology 323 High St. Newark, N.J. 07102 201-645-5352 Page INTRODUCTION 1 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 2 DEFINITION OF COMPUTERIZED CONFERENCING 3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 7 SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS 9 EXPLANATION OF REPORT STRUCTURE............ 12 RESEARCH AREAS: 1.0 ENVIRONMENT 15 2.0 INTERMEDIATE PROCESSES 41 3.0 GROUP & INDIVIDUAL IMPACTS... • • 49- 4.0 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS... 54 5.0 REGULATIONS, POLICY & LAWS....... . .... 70 6.0 TECHNOLOGY DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION ..... .. 79 APPENDIX: 1)BIBLIOGRAPHY . 94 2) ABSTRACTS OF COMMENTS 142 Introduction This a report of a workshop conducted for the Division of Mathematical and Computer Sciences of the National Science Foundation intended to examine potential research areas in the use of computers for facilitating human group communications. The workshop was held on such a computer facility, located at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and called EIES, (Electronic Information Exchange System). Over a period of approximately six months some fifty persons from the United States and Canada participated in three discussions of this research area. The individual discussions focused on the following three subtopics: Design and Implementation Applications Policy and Regulation As a result of these on—line discussions held via remote terminals, seven -individuals (the authors of this report) used the same system to write the final report. This coordination group was comprised of two coordinators or moderators for each conference and the principal investigator for the project as a whole. The coordinator group also had three face-to-face meetings (none of which had perfect attendance because of conflicts of schedules). Exactly who is responsible for writing each section of the report is shown in the Report. rn many. cases this was done by reworking the contribution of a participant to fit the general format. Though 'some editing of contributions has been done, the differences in style and length of comments which characterize various authors remains. It is probably a characteristic of a report remotely co-authored by seven individuals. The body of this report offers a rich menu of research options as it is a synthesis of the ideas and views of many contributors (See below). Some of the color surrounding this synthesis is contained in Appendix B where we have abstracted some of the original commentary of the three discussions. From this, one can get more of a feeling for the many differing views that exist. These differences serve to dramatize the newness of the area and the resulting uncertainty about the most promising research methodologies to use. There is little disagreement that there exists a large body of unanswered questions. Before presenting the main body of the report, we first offer a definition of our topic area followed by a short historical perspective on research efforts to date. There is also a comprehensive bibliography on published work. A number of summary observations are offered on what appear to be very significant researchable areas that have not received the attention they would seem to deserve. In addition, because of the diversity of considerations to be made in any new form of human communications, we have evolved a structure for presentation of the materials, which is explained preceeding the actual material. (1) LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS The following is a list of those who contributed to this report by their participation and comments in the on-line conferences: David Ahl Peter Anderson Harold Bamford Michael Baltrush Robert Bezilla Robin Crickman James H. Carlisle Larry Day Philip Enslow Linton Freeman Harrell Graham Tom Hall Andy Hardy Starr Roxanne Hiltz Robert Johansen Haig Kafafian Elaine Kerr Carolyn Landis Harold Linstone John D. McKendree Steve North Raymond Panko David Penniman Richard Reed/ Julian Scher David P. Snyder Einar Stefferud Murray Turoff Ronald Uhlig Jacques Vallee Fred W. Weingarten Barry Wellman Ronald L. Wigington Richard Wilcox Hilary Williamson Karl Zinn In addition, the draft of the report was sent for comment to approx- imately twenty additional people who were unable to participate in the conferences, but who have a professional interest in this area of research. (2) Definition: We are concerned here with the integral use of computers to structure and facilitate communications processes among groups of people. In the literature this topic has been addressed to various degrees under a host of alternative names. Those more commonly found are: Teleprocessing (TP) Message Systems (MS) Electronic Mail (EM) Teleconferencing (TC) Office Automation (OA) Telecommunications (TC) Computer Conferencing (CC) Computer Communications (CC) Computerized Conferencing (CC) Computer Based Conferencing (CBC) Computer Mediated Interaction (CMI) Electronic Information Exchange (EIS) Computer Assisted Teleconferencing (CAT) Computer Mediated Teleconferencing (CMT) It appears that these alternative names derive largely from the perspective or direction from which the individual or group is approaching the problem. The four perspectives reflected in this list are: 1) Communications 2) Computers and Information Systems 3) Applications 4) Human Behavior Because of this our approach to a definition will be of an illustrative nature. We will define the properties of what we are discussing based upon the following assertions: By involving the human as an integral part of the data processing and communication functions performed by a computer, the Communication System aspects can be made indistinguishable from the Information System aspects: and the whole can be more than the sum of its parts. By tailoring such new "communication—information" systems to facilitate specific applications, it is possible to integrate the design and use of the system with its applications and objectives. By involving the individual and the group as both the creators and retrievers of information, the psychological and sociological factors become inseparable from the design and use of the system. As a result what we have is a unique area of endeavor for the development and application of computer systems that falls in the intersection of a number of different basic and applied research and development areas. We must be very careful that the names we use do not unnecessarily limit the scope and potential of this field in the minds of those who have not followed its development. (3) In this report we shall use the term "computerized conferencing" for the sake of convenience without any formal implication that the writers and contributors to this document agree on the choice of a name for this phenomenon. We are discussing systems which have exhibited in various incarnations the following properties: 1) They enable individuals to send messages to other individuals or groups via computer terminals. 2) They provide for various data processing functions to be performed on those messages such as text editing, re-routing, obtaining confirmations of reception, obtaining approvals of content, delaying the message until an appropriate date, etc.. 3) They allow the establishment of group discussion or "conference" spaces where permanent transcripts
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