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Roleoflibraryine16clin.Pdf UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 1981 JAN 15 JF Mr MAR 8 Wp \ W HOV 08 OCTlU Ut odRmiEP 2 B93 L16 1_0-1096 Proceedings of the 1979 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing Papers presented at the 1979 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, April 22-25, 1979 The Role of the Library in an Electronic Society F. WILFRID LANCASTER Editor University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980. The role of the library in an electronic society. (Proceedings of the 1979 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing) Title on spine: Library applications of data processing, 1979. "Papers presented at the 1979 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Proces- sing, April 22-25, 1979." Includes index. 1. Libraries Automation Congresses. 2. Library Science Data proces- sing Congresses. I. Lancaster, Frederick Wilfrid, 1933- II. Title: Library applications of data processing, 1979. IV. Series: Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing. Proceedings; 1979. Z678.A1C5 1979 O21'.0028'54s [O25'.02'02854] ISBN 0-87845-053-X 79-19449 Copyright 1980 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois CONTENTS Introduction 1 F. WILFRID LANCASTER Happiness is a Warm Librarian 3 DEREK DE SOLLA PRICE The Virtual Journal: Reaching the Reader 16 RICHARD C. ROISTACHER The Impact of Technology on the Production and Distribution of the News Part I: Computerized Newsrooms 23 MARY S. MANDER Part II: Delivering the News of the Future 36 CAROLYN MARVIN Technical Services in an Automated Library 48 MICHAEL GORMAN Toward a Dynamic Library 60 GERARD SALTON Future Directions for Machine-Readable Data Bases and Their Use 82 MARTHA E. WILLIAMS The Status of "Paperless" Systems in the Intelligence Community 94 ROBERT S. HOOPER SUSANNE HENDERSON A Pilot Implementation of Electronic Mail at Combustion Engineering 106 LEONARD G. LEVY Electronic Information Exchange and Its Impact on Libraries 117 MURRAY TUROFF STARR ROXANNE HILTZ CONTENTS Continued Computer Technology: A Forecast for the Future 135 WILLIAM J. KUBITZ The Role of the Library in an Electronic Society 162 F. WILFRID LANCASTER LAURA S. DRASGOW ELLEN B. MARKS Contributors 192 Acronyms 196 Index , 198 Introduction The sixteenth annual Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing was held at the Illini Union, University of Illinois, April 22-25, 1979. This conference differed somewhat from its predecessors. Instead of focusing on library automation per se, we chose to look at various manifestations of electronic communication in the world around us (including electronic publication, computer conferencing and electronic mail), to consider pre- sent and probable future capabilities of electronic processing and, most importantly, to study the implications of these developments for libraries and librarians. The altered character of this particular conference caused it to differ from its predecessors in another way: most of the papers in 1979 were presented by leaders in fields outside of librarianship itself. There is a third way in which the 1979 meeting differed from those that went before it. It was planned to dovetail with, and to form an integral part of, an ongoing research project relating to the impact of a "paperless society" on the research library of the future. This project, funded by the National Science Foundation, Division of Information Science and Tech- nology, was conducted by the Library Research Center of the Graduate School of Library Science in the period September 1978 to February 1980. The scenario incorporated within the final paper of these proceedings was distributed to the conference participants in order to gain their reactions and inputs. Although other conferences have dealt with the future of the library, this may be the first to focus on the library within the context of technolog- ical developments in publishing and related facets of human communica- tion. I hope that the papers presented stimulate further thought, within the profession and beyond, on the implications for libraries of the evolution 2 F . WILFRID LANCASTER from a largely paper-based society to a society whose communication channels will be largely electronics- based. I would like to thank Laura Drasgow, Ellen Marks, and Richard Blue for serving on the planning committee for the 1979 clinic. F. WILFRID LANCASTER Editor DEREK DE SOLLA PRICE Avalon Professor of the History of Science Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Happiness is a Warm Librarian The title of my talk is drawn from a pleasantly silly button which I wore to the first Library of Congress Conference on Library Automation about fifteen years ago. It was worn partly as the reaction of a humanist who loves both books and computers against the peculiar sort of computer macho that seemed to be evolving. There should, of course, be a rider on this perversion of "Happiness is a Warm Puppy." I'm not insinuating that librarians are like puppies, and I'm using warm, of course, not in the sense of temperature or even of emotion, but merely of being human, and not steel and silicon. I must say at the outset that I am no male chauvinist pig, but perhaps the full title of this paper ought to be "Happiness is a Warm Librarian He'll Understand." There is an interesting chauvinist prob- lem here in the trade: the societal typecasting of librarianship as one of the compassionate and nurturing occupations, rather like nursing and cleri- cal, and therefore female. It is interesting that the compassionate is always set in contradistinction to the dispassionate which characterizes scholarly, innovative leadership. This is, of course, simply societal typecasting, and I want to emphasize the likelihood of enormous change in the course of adapting to the new technologies. These technologies will give rise to quite a new and essentially human need from librarians and information scientists, particularly for the gift of the peculiarly human pattern of thinking. In this little discourse I would like to set forth views which are those of a person who is only a hobbyist of information science... try ing to balance the internal and external patterns of development of science and technology. My real trade is understanding the progress of the evolution of science and technology, and I would like to apply some fairly well known princi- 4 DEREK DE SOLLA PRICE pies to the particular and very strategic technology which is the subject of this conference. The social history of libraries is governed by very long periods of remarkably stable, almost fossilized existence separated by very short periods of remarkably rapid metamorphosis. It has been this way since the beginning. Consider some aspects of this evolution. From the invention of writing, probably about 3000 B.C., until the invention of printing (ca. A.D. 1500), libraries were very tiny. The great library of Ashurbanipal of Babylonia, which is now partially excavated, and the much better known Museum of Alexandria were very small collections. The great library of Alexandria (which, by the way, was probably never burned by the Arabs, but just wore out and got thrown away) could have been contained in about two ordinary, small faculty offices, according to the reasonable estimate of E.A. Parsons, who looked into the matter and threw out the mythology. That is a very tiny collection. During the Renaissance and the Reformation, when libraries and knowledge flourished, the archive of learning grew from a tiny collection to fill a large room. It was not until the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that the library essentially became a building in itself, and then in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries the library became a whole complex of buildings and related industries and national institutions. Probably now it is in the course of becoming a totally international network that is not completely housed anywhere. Another way of looking at this might be in terms of the scale. Libraries and knowledge are the "growingest" things that we have. Certainly since the seventeenth century there has been a doubling in exponential (compound interest) growth about every ten years. There were fixed intervals when the technology of knowledge changed grossly. The book very suddenly came into maturity in A.D. 1500. Remember that one generation, the lifetime of one individual, spanned the beginning of printing to the very sudden transformation of the book into a major force. Following was the equally sudden emergence in about 1660 of the operation that was to become the scholarly journal. This happened so quickly that it was simultaneously effected by the English and the French. After that came the rise, also sudden, of the secondary literature, around 1820, just after Napoleon; and lastly, the fairly rapid emergence of compu- ters, which I have seen not just in my lifetime, but in my shorter stay in this country. Those stages are each separated by about 100- 150 years. During the time that separates each stage from the next, knowledge measured by any reasonable yardstick grew by something like a factor of 1000-3000, and we are on the way through yet another, and obviously by no means the last, of these transformations. Roughly speaking, every time knowledge increases a thousand times, something has to change in the knowledge system, and this is the imple- HAPPINESS IS A WARM LIBRARIAN 5 mentation of an innovative, ambient technology.
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