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THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS and TOPOGRAPHY of the PONTOS 1.Overall Map of Turkey, Locating the Pontos

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THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS and TOPOGRAPHY of the PONTOS 1.Overall Map of Turkey, Locating the Pontos DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES xx THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PONTOS 1.Overall Map of Turkey, locating the Pontos rn NIA THE ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES APAir1AA0Y OF THE EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND I N c. 1432 BLACKSEA 'IEPON AKP. MAIIAYPH (? Bavbov) `PI Z AI ON 110 AAA' KOPAYAH TPAIIEZOYL ("'soy.) Bavbov Tp.A'A OVVTOS KPHAITA nAATANA ZAPtAN XOTZA HPAK ASIA TPIflOAIE GPYNJA IOYPMAINA (? Bavbov) r11MnM .7 0 11ETPfMA ,z:: MArEP KOIKAIN IOV %Agav&0' CPrraAJP\-QS \BiV6oIivpµrJpWPov 'y 7 r\aG 604 A \ omN%OPT KAIIAAION jMMN N ynxaaEOQLr y \\ 9 Ispir f tt a Eµ a) \\ TZANIXA A` IOPnrAINA 0 50 100 Km. ATPA 9 IIAIIIEPTHE XEPIANA 2. THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PONTOS ANTHONY\BRYER and DAVID WINFIELD With Maps and Plans by RICHARD ANDERSON and Drawings by JUNE WINFIELD Volume One Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 1985 DUMBARTON OAKS TRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D.C. All correspondence and orders should be addressed to Dumbarton Oaks Publications Office 1703 32nd Street, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20007 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bryer, Anthony. The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos. (Dumbarton Oaks studies; 20) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Trebizond Empire-Antiquities, Byzantine.2. Pontus -Antiquities, Byzantine.3. Trebizond Empire-Description and travel.4. Pontus-Description and travel. 5. Names, Geographical-Trebizond Empire.6. Names, Geographical-Turkey-Pontus.7. Names, Geographical- Byzantine.I. Winfield, David.II. Title.III. Series. DF609.13781985 939'.33 84-1661 ISBN 0-88402-122-X For ELIZABETH BRYER and JUNE WINFIELD Preface The purpose of this Study is twofold. First, it is an essay in placing the material remains of the medieval peoples of a distinct region of Anatolia, the Pontos, in their historical and geographical setting. Second, it is a record-all too often of what can no longer be recorded. In the two decades since Anthony Bryer (A. A. M. B.) and David Winfield (D. C. W.) first met in the east porch of the Hagia Sophia, Trebizond, on 19 August 1959, the Pontos has suffered a greater physical transformation than in its entire previous history. Its green mountains and limitless summer pastures are still unforgettable, but a new road system has been blasted through them and sites once secure in their remoteness, which the authors spent happy days walking or riding to, can now be reached for a dolmu fare. Particularly devastating has been the destruction of monuments in the burgeoning coastal towns, not only of Byzantine churches and fortifications, but of Ottoman mosques and buildings too, for the bulldozers are indiscriminate. For example, of ninety-six or more churches in Trebizond (Trabzon) itself, up to sixty-eight were still standing in 1915. Today only ten medieval churches survive more or less intact-but then the Tabakhane Camisi, one of Trabzon's oldest mosques, was also swept away in 1979. The destruction has not been limited to material remains. In an epigraphically barren land, living place-names become doubly precious. Yet the former toponymy of the Pontos, which preserved its most ancient record, has been wiped off the map by bureaucratic decree, against which Jeanne and Louis Robert have protested with eloquence: "Cette eradication, cette manic de changement abolit un passe national, tout comme un bull-dozer qui detruit une necropole ou un edifice."' The Pontic Turks have been deprived of their own past in a way even more radical than the departure of the Pontic Greeks in 1923.2 Yukarikoy is no substitute for a toponym like Chortokopion (Hortokop), which had been a village name for millennia. So we have attempted-in vain, of course, but we made the attemptto identify on the ground all known ancient and medieval place-names, before the final generation of Pontic Turks and Greeks that remembered them has gone. We believe that these decades are the last in which our work in the Pontos could have been possible. Not before time, regional surveys of the Byzantine world are becoming more common, a revival of interest in Byzantine historical geography which was recognized at the Thirteenth International Congress of Byzantine Studies at Oxford in 1966 (which eventually gave birth to a Commission presided over by Mme Helene Ahrweiler), twenty-seven years after the death of Sir William Ramsay, the founder of our discipline.3 But the practitioners of the discipline remain as happily individual as the regions they have made their own. Despite ground rules proposed by the Tabula Imperii Byzantini, of Vienna, under Professor Herbert Hunger, or by the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara, authors' approaches will no doubt continue to be dictated by the special requirements of their areas, and what their eyes choose to see.4 We have in mind such notable studies as Bean's and Mitford's Rough Cilicia, Harrison's Lycia, Russell's Anemurium, Haspels' Phrygia, Janin's Grands Centres (which include Trebizond), Asdracha's Rhodopes, Hild's and Koder's Hellas and Thessaly, Foss's Anatolian cities, and Muller-Wiener's 1. Jeanne and L. Robert, "La persistance de la toponymie antique pass by, behold, and see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow." dans I'Anatolie," in La toponymie antique, Actes du Colloque de His words assume that their monuments would survive the Pontic Strasbourg, 12-14 juin 1975, Travaux du Centre de Recherche sur le Greeks who left Trebizond in 1923. In fact the reverse has happened. Proche-Orient etla Grece Antiques, Universite des Sciences 3. Bulletin d'information et de coordination of the Association Inter- Humaines de Strasbourg, 4 (Leyden, n.d.), 62. nationble des Etudes Byzantines, 8 (1975-76), Annexe: Geographie 2. Chrysanthos Philippides, last Metropolitan of Trebizond, con- historique. cluded his great history of the Church of Trebizond, in AP, 4-5 4. F. Kelnhofer, Die topographische Bezugsgrundlage der Tabula (1933), 782, with an echo of the threnody of Jeremiah: "Our in- Imperii Byzantini (Vienna, 1976); D. H. French, "A study of Roman heritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens. The streets of roads in Anatolia. Principles and methods," AnatSt, 24 (1974), Trebizond mourn, because none come to the solemn feasts: all her 143-49. gates are desolate; her priests sigh and she is in bitterness... Ye that viii PREFACE splendid survey of the capital itself.' We are no more uniform in approach with any of these scholars than they are with each other. What seems more important to us is that we have an exceptionally well-defined region, with a character that cannot be mistaken by anyone who has set foot in the Pontos. The pocket Empire of Trebizond (1204-1461) was only the political surfacing of a singular Pontic regionalism which had a distinct social, economic, and geographical identity that long preceded the Grand Komnenoi, emperors of Trebizond, and survived them until this century. So this Study is also a contribution of material sources and commentary to a wider examination of the "total history" of the Pontos as a region, which A. A. M. B. and others have undertaken.6 Nevertheless, it is the widest boundaries of the Empire of Trebizond and its encircling emirates and atabegates that we have taken as our geographical limits (rather than ancient Pontos), from Cape Karambis (Kerembe Burunu) in the west to Bathys (Batumi) in the east, and ranging south of the Pontic Alps to touch upon Neokaisareia (Niksar), Paipertes (Bayburt) and Ispir. This is an area of over 80,000 square kilometers, which adjoins the Cappadocian investigations of the Tabula Imperii Byzantini: with an occasional change of gauge we are gratified to find that our road system links up with that of our Viennese colleagues.7 In such a vast land, it may well be thought that we can only have seen a fraction of what we might have done. There are indeed many valleys we have not walked and precipitous castles we have not climbed-each author in the hope that the other would do so. But in fact we acquired a nose for what areas might be most fruitful and do not think that we have overlooked anything of the first importance-along the well-trodden coast at least. But because the Lykos (Kelkit) and Akampsis ((;oruh) valleys lay strictly outside the Empire of Trebizond, our descriptions of them are skimpier. We had intended to add Amaseia (Amasya) and its region, but when A. A. M. B. returned to the great castle to check D. C. W.'s preliminary sketch plan, we had to agree that we had been defeated, and so have ommitted the section. There are times when an inaccurate plan is not better than none at all. Within the horizontal bounds of the Empire of Trebizond and its immediate neighbors, we have plumbed deeper vertical limits of time. We record all Byzantine and Trapezuntine monuments known to us. Save in the title of this Study, we take the "Byzantine" period to end in 1204 and the "Trapezuntine" in 1461. Furthermore, where, as so often, classical or even earlier features and foundations are inescapable, we include them. If, for example, we encounter an otherwise unrecorded Latin inscription, it is here. The length and detail of a descriptionis not necessarily a guide to the importance of a monument; if it has been adequately published elsewhere, we do not duplicate the work. Nor were we able to allot time to examining each site according to its significance. We also recorded the material remains of the Pontic Greeks and Armenians of after 1461, which we have published elsewhere.8 D. C. W. began collecting material during his seven-monthly seasons in Trabzon as field director of the Russell Trust's work on the paintings of the Hagia Sophia, from 1957-62.
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