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IBACH 7 o.UOlC 1Dml opJIt ar eonwiTJcs DCO00-0000-G15% • ¢A,,,IDI lopmnt aaeletaM*- loA L. TOITL#I A"MLJI*LI A frmork for U.S. &asistmce In southern Africal country resource paper: Angola & AUTMOffiS iller ,Joseiph AO CUMIUe DT~U0TI . Of PAGES I 0. A!C MU USER 1977 125p. AMC AO33Q,"73,M84 I. REPl420ce 000AuS 1ATIOR "Mm AND A0OIM S. SUPIPLI0"TAV OOTU (ft? ME OIS esf ft PvWkw% A9*400" S. A"TRACT Sponsored by the Office of Eastern and Southern African affairs, under contract with A.I.D., this paper Includes social, geographic, economic, and r^)litical information to provide background on the issues and opportunities for economic assistanc ! to the countries of Southern Africa through and following the periods of trasition in Zimhabwe and Namibia. This report is a profile of Angola and presents discussioni of: general background including physical features, demography, culture, education and religion, and politics; economic overview including gross national product, baIlance of payments, government budget, government economic plan, and development problems and opportunities; foreign doner assistance; and sectoral analyses including agriculture, minerals and mining, transportation, energy, power and communications, health, education, population, industry, and special problems. The report includes many illustrative tables and figures. Angola's soils are regarded as poor with iow fertility and moisture holding capacity; approximetely 3% of the territory is cropped with muze and coffee being the only significant crops commercially. The country could be self sufficient in basic starches and protein when problems of trnsportation and technical assistanco, are overcome. Long range potential Ues foremost in fishing and in expanding coffee production. Petroleum, iron, diamonds and other minerals make Angola a potentially wealthy nation by AfricAn standards. The special problems to be overcome are rebuilding the war shattered economy, Improving urban housing, and expending municipal utilities. OI CONTROL Ouu"M5 It. PRICE of OOCUMCWl IM-#F-OIN to. DES IPTORS IL PSOJOCT MWW IR Arqola Social iJplications ,. €o! r= 1 WM ric analysis , -hrn Africs AlO/afrW -1142 GTS Toreign aid LS Of oCNMPT Iector arlyts I A*5064. 1 4"o 0 A Z:r/D a)r; r -- 114; 6r. 30 , Reference Center PN-AAF-O0 RogRao 1656 1 nio p r was pepared to prouke bockground intor. moseon on the isues and opporfur.dies/or economic ausiance to the countries c Southern Afio thru and Jkloglng the penods oJ tmnstlon In Zimbabwe and Namoba It includes Social. Geoqraplhic. Economic. and Poltcal in!omohn Fobnbay 1977 Transition In Southerm Africa­ --­ 1con Ahka Te Force O--d 5mwn -W ANGOLA A FRA EWORK FOR U.S. ASSISTANCE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA COUNTRY RESOURCE PAPER AN GO LA TIE OFFICE OF EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA AFFAIRS BUREAU FOR AFRICA AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT February 1977 Prepared under Contract AID/afr-C-1142, Work Order 34 By: Joseph Miller. Ph.D. Anerican Technical Assistance Corporation RCLean, Virginia k.x.D. Cente Referenoepoom 1656 1S "-t TAIL& 07 CONTENTS j.OENERAL BACKGROUND A. Physical features 1- 1 1. Demography 1- 3 C. Culture 1-14 D. Education and Religion ;-19 E. Politics t-26 I. ECONOMIC OVERVIEW A. Gross National Product II- 1 1. Employment 11- 4 2. Price Data II- 6 S. Balance of Payments It- 6 C. Government Budget 11-10 D. Government Economic Plan 11-10 E. Development Problems and Opportunities 11-13 1I1. FOREIGN DONOR ASSISTANCE Ill- 1 IV. SECTOLAL ANALYSES AGRICULTURE IV- 1 A. Livestock Raising IV-12 B. Timber IV-16 C. Fishing IV-16 Summary IV-17 MINERALS AND MINING IV-18 A. Petroleum IV-20 S. Iron TV-23 C. Diamonds IV-24 D. Other Minerals 1V-27 TRANSPORTATION IV-27 A. Railroads IV-28 B. Harbors IV-34 C. Aviation IV-36 D. Roads IV-37 ENERGY, POWER AND COMMUNICATIONS IV-38 A. Communications IV-43 HEALTH IV-43 ,*[6UCATION IV-45 POPULATION IV-45 INDUSTRY 1#-46 SPECIAL PROILENS IV-53 A. Va Reconstruction 1V-53 I. Rousing IV-53 C. Municipal Utilities IV-53 BIBLIOGRAPIY LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES FIGURE I- I Rainfall Distribution in Angola I- TABLE' 1- 1 Population Estimates in Angola I-.6 TABLE I- 2 Population Densities by District 1- 7 F'IGURE I- 2 Angola Concentration of Population According to the 1970 Ceusus 1- 6 FIGURE I- 3 Population Density of Angola (1960s) Z- 9 TABLE 1- 3 White PopuLation in Angola I-ll TABLE I- 4 Urban Populationo in Angola I1-12 TABLE I- 5 Age and Sex Structure of the Angolan Population 1-15 FIGURE I- 4 Angola's Peoples 1-17 TABLE I- 6 Education in Angola 1-22 TABLE 1- 7 Education in Angola 1-23 TABLE I- 8 Estimated Breakdovn of European and African Enrollments in Angolen Schools 1-24 FIGURE 1- 5 Administrative Subdivisions of Angola 1-31 TABLE II- 1 Estimates of Angola GNP 1958-7a I1,'2 TABLE II- 2 GNP/Capita - Angola, 1958-74 1I- 3 TABLE II- 3 Angola Balance of Payments, 1964-1974 II- 7 TABLE II- 4 Angolan Exports/Imports, 1971-74 II- 9 TABLE II- 5 Angola Direction of Trade, 1968-74 i-I11 TABLE II- 6 Angola Central Government Finances, 1971-75 11-12 TABLE III- 1 Angola Developmenc Plan Expenditures, 1966-72 111-"3 TABLE IV- 1 Contribution of Major Agricultural Commodities to Angolan Exports, . 1971-74 IV,.2 TABLE* IV- 2 Number of Plots Worked by "Traditional" Cultivators - Angola (1971-72) IV- 4 TABLE IV- 3 Percentages of "Traditional" Cultivators Producing Different Cropi - Angola (1971-72) IV- 4 TABLE ;V- 4 Agricultural Production in Angola Crops by Area Harvested (thousand hectares) IV- 5 TABLE IV- S Agricultural Production in Angola Crops by Weight IV- 6 TABLE IV- 6 MIAA Statistics on Angola's "Traditional Sector" - 1971-72 IV- 7 1ABLE IV- 7, MIAA Statistics on Angola's "Commercial Sector" - 1971-72 IV- 8 TABLE IV- S Angola Coffee Production, 1973-74 IV-11 Palo TAILE IV- 9 Angola Production of Cotton and Sisal IV-12 TABLE IV-10 StockbreedLn8 and Animal Products. 1960-73 XV-14 TABLE IV-ll Livestock Populations IV-1* TABLE IV-12 Angola Exports of Fish Products by Value IV-17 TABLE IV-13 Angola Exports of Minerals by Value IV-19 FIGURE IV- 1 Potential Gas and Oil Fields IV-21 TABLE IV-14 Angola Petroleum Production IV-22 TABLE IV-15 Angola Iron Ore Exports IV-24 TABLE IV-16 Angola Diamond Production IV-25 TABLE IV-17 Contribution of Transportation to Angola's Balance of Payments IV-28 TABLE IV-18 Angola Rail Transportation IV-29 TABLE IV-19 Zambia and Zaire Use of the Benguela Railway 1V-29 TABLE IV-20 Zambian and Zairean Traffic through Lobito IV-31 TABLE IV-21 Sea-Borne Shipping at Angolan Ports 1V-35 TABLE IV-22 Angola Port 1,rnover IV-36 TABLE IV-23 Angola Air Friight IV-37 TABLE IV-24 Angola Electric Power IV-39 FIGURE IV- 2 Proposed Water Development in the Cunene River Catchment Area IV-41 ?IGURE IV- 3 Kunene River Development Project IV-41(a) TABLE IV-25 Medical Facilities in Angola IV-44 TABLE IV-26 Building In Main Urban Centers IV-47 TABLE 1V-27 Gross Vajue of Production in the Manufacturing Sector, 1960-73 IV-48 TABLE IV-28 Manufacturing Industries, 1960-73 XV-49 TABLE IV-29 Manufacturing Industries, 1960-73 IV-50 TABLE IV-30 6:nulaccurinS Industries, 1960-73 1V-51 GENERAL BACKGROUND " Physlcal Features " Demography " Culture " Education * Politics I. GKIEIAL ACKGIOUND A. PhysLcal Features The land area of Angola, a country about the size of Egypt or the Republic of South Africa, comprises 481.351 square miles (approx­ imately 1.3 million square kiloueters)- The terrain varies from heavily-vooded hills and patches of montane forest in the north to flat, dry brushland and barren desert in the south. No sLgnif­ icant geographical divisions mark Angola's boundaries with neigh­ boring Zaire to the north, Zambia in the southeast, and Namibia to the south. Only the portion of Angola's eastern border with Zaire along the large Kaspi River and the small arid section of the Mau-hian frontier formed by the lover Kuneoe River follow marked physical features. The present boundaries, entirely pro­ ducts of complex European diplomacy in the 1880s and 1890s, there­ fore correspond only roughly to the geography of the country. Angola includes the non-contiguous enclave of Cabinda north of the Zaire River, which is geographically part of adjacent regions of Gabo,, Cong'-Brazzaville, and Zaire. A south-north escarpment runnin4/oarallel to the Atlantic coast­ line of Angola some hundred miles inland forms the country's major topograpb.cal feature, shaping its demograpby, economy, and ethnic patterns. This mount.tinous crest attains its greatest heights in the vest-central portion of Angola just east of the coastal cities oi Lobito and Benguela, where peaks attain altitudes of more than 2.500 meters above sea level. The mountains rise out of a coastal lowland and form the western edge of a rolling high plateau (the planalto as the Portuguese termed it) varying between 1,000 and 1,500 meters in elevation that covers most of the rest of the country. Two spurs run east and southwest from this crest. One, a nearly imperceptible rise extending along the line of the Senguela railroad, forms the watershed between affluents of tne Kasai and Congo/Zaire River system in northeastern Angola and the Kvando* and Kubango (or Okavango) Rivers in the southeast. The southwesterly spur reaches towering heights above the coastal plain near its southern extremity, the Rumpeta plateau near the city of Lubango (formerly St da Bandeire).
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