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United States Department of Agriculture Use of Green Moisture Service Forest Content and Basic Products Laboratory Research Specific Gravity to Note FPL-RN-0263 Group Tropical for Kiln Drying

Syarif Hidayat William T. Simpson Abstract Tropical often contain a large number of underutilized scattered so diffusely that it is impractical to harvest and dry each species individually. However, because of their varied drying characteristics, it is inefficient to indiscriminately mix species in the same dry kiln. Therefore, a grouping method that would identify species with similar drying characteristics would be beneficial. A previous study developed grouping criteria that used basic specific gravity and green moisture content as estimators of drying time. Results of this study showed that species whose estimated drying times fall within a reasonable range can be grouped together for kiln drying. The previous study applied the grouping to 650 tropical species. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the grouping to additional tropical species, bringing the total to more than 1,300.

October 1994

Hidayat, Syarif; Simpson, William T. 1994. Use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity to group tropical woods for kiln drying. Res. Note FPL-RN-0263. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 39 p.

A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705-2398. Laboratory publications are sent to more than 1,000 libraries in the United States and elsewhere.

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Syarif Hidayat, Drying Section Leader Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor, William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin

Introduction Temperate forests usually contain a relatively small number of species, and there is no difficulty in harvesting enough of any species in a reasonable amount of time to kiln dry each species individually. Tropical forests, however, often contain so many potentially useful species, scattered diffusely in the forest, that it is not practical to harvest and dry each species individually. Because of diverse drying characteristics, a variety of species cannot be indiscriminately mixed in the same kiln. A reasonable compromise is to group species with similar drying characteristics in the same kiln. The goal is to kiln dry so that all species in the group will emerge from the same kiln at the same time within set limits of moisture content and minimum drying defects. Previous reports (Simpson and Baah 1989, Simpson and Sagoe 1991) described a mathematical model to group species by similar estimated drying times. They applied this estimation to 650 tropical species and ranked them by relative drying times. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the ranking to a larger number of tropical species.

Background The species grouping method utilizes green moisture content and basic specific gravity (based on ovendry weight and green volume) as the primary inputs for estimating drying time. For the remainder of this paper, specific gravity is understood to be basic specific gravity. Board thickness can also be incorporated into this grouping method. Drying temperature and relative humidity are necessary inputs. The grouping method is based on the following mathematical model (Simpson and Baah 1989):

(1) If specific gravity and initial moisture content are known, it is possible to use Equation (1) to estimate how specific gravity and initial moisture content affect relative drying times in any kiln schedule.

While searching the literature for green moisture content and specific gravity data it became apparent that often only specific gravity was listed, with no data on the characteristic green moisture content of the species. In these cases, green moisture content was estimated from specific gravity using the following empirical equation (Ali and others 1968, Simpson and Sagoe 1991):

(2)

A generalized and potentially more powerful form of Equation (2) can be developed by adding two more regression coefficients, as follows:

(3)

where a, b, c, and d are regression coefficients.

Data Collection Data on specific gravity and green moisture content (when available) were collected from a and Analysis number of sources and are listed in Tables 1 to 3 for , , and Latin America. All data, together with the data collected in the previous study (Simpson and Sagoe 1991) were divided into three geographical regions: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. When green moisture content was not available it was estimated using Equations (2) and (3). The regression coefficients A and B of Equation (2) and a to d of Equation (3) were determined for the three geographical regions and tested for a significant difference between regions. If the results indicated no significant difference between the coefficients of the three regions, then only one set of coefficients representing all three regions was necessary. The general statistical formula used to test the difference between two coefficients was

(4)

where

Ci and Cj are the two regression coefficients SEi and SEj standard errors of the regression coefficients Ci and Cj

Drying time for 29-mm-thick was estimated using the kiln schedule in Table 4. To generalize the grouping, drying time of each species was transformed to a drying time index (DTI). The DTI is the ratio of the actual drying time of a species to the drying time of a species with 0.50 specific gravity and 97.5 percent green moisture content (Simpson and Segoe 1991), which is 15.4 days using the kiln schedule of Table 4. These base values of specific gravity and green moisture content were selected because they represent average conditions (Simpson and Sagoe 1991).

2 Results and The combined number of data entries, including those of Simpson and Sagoe (1991), is Discussion 1,918, and they are given in Tables 1 to 3 for Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The number of separate species is less than this because data for some species were found in more than one reference, and in about 200 cases, only the was identified. In total, we estimate about 1,300 to 1,400 species are represented. From the total number of entries, 182 were from Africa, 871 from Asia, and 865 from Latin America.

Equation (3) reduced the residual sums of squares by more than 20 percent compared with Equation (2) primarily by improving the fit at high levels of green moisture content.

Of the 182 African entries, 89 had both specific gravity and green moisture content data; 613 of the 871 Asian entries, and 609 of the 865 Latin American had both. The regression coefficients a to d of Equation (3) were determined separately for the three geographical regions and are given in Table 5. The relationships between green moisture content and specific gravity are shown in Figures 1 to 3 for Equations (2) and (3). When available, the actual green moisture content values are listed in Tables 1 to 3; otherwise, the estimated values (Eq. 3) are given. When actual values were available, estimated values are also given.

Results of the tests for differences between the regression coefficients are presented in Table 6. The coefficient a does not differ significantly (95 percent level of statistical significance) between the three regions. However, the coefficients b to d for the Asian species are significantly different from both the African and Latin American species. The differences between these coefficients for the African and Latin American species are not significant; therefore, the African and Latin American data could be combined to give regression coefficients that serve both regions. These coefficients are also shown in Table 5.

The DTI is also given for each entry in Tables 1 to 3 when the estimated green moisture content is greater than 20 percent. Relatively few entries were at the extremes of specific gravity, i.e., less than about 0.2 and greater than 1.0. Therefore, the regression was domi- nated by entries within that range, and the result was several unrealistic values for estimated green moisture content at high specific gravity levels. For example, for specific gravity greater than 1.1, there were several estimated green moisture content values less than 5 percent. Therefore, we considered estimated green moisture content less than 20 percent to be unreliable.

The range of DTI for all entries is between 0.2 and 1.8, although most are between 0.4 and 1.4 (Fig. 4). We can divide this range to develop species groupings. For example, the range can be divided into intervals of 0.1 DTI (equal to about 1.5 days drying time interval) to create 12 species groups whose members could be kiln dried together. These species groups are given in Table 7 and noted for each entry in Tables 1 to 3.

Conclusions The species grouping system described here and in the previously related reports can be considered a first step in creating an objective and easily applied grouping system for kiln drying tropical species. It is perhaps oversimplified and has weak points of failure to address susceptibility to drying defects and the lack of proof that it can offer effective groupings. The failure to address drying defects can be dealt with by using conservative kiln schedules that most species will withstand. This will probably result in drying times that are longer than necessary for some species. However, considering the alternatives of indiscriminate mixing or the impractical task of drying each species separately, it may not be a serious shortcoming. The lack of proof of effectiveness is currently being researched through a field test.

3 Figure I-Relationship between basic specific Figure 3–Relationship between basic specific gravity (Gb ) and green moisture content (M g ) for gravity (Gb ) and green moisture content (Mg) for African species. Latin American species.

Figure 2–Relationship between basic specific Figure 4–Frequency distribution of drying time index (DTI) for tropical species. Each frequency bar gravity (Gb ) and green moisture content (Mg ) for Asian species. represents a DTI interval of 0.02. For example, 154 of the entries in Tables 1 to 3 had a DTI within the range 1.08 to 1.10. References 6 Table 1. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) of African species.

Estimate Actual Drying Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg (%) Mg (%) DTI Group Afzelia africana Afzelia Afzelia quanzensis Pod Afzelia quanzensis Afzelia Albizia adianthifolia Flat crown/impepe Albizia ferruginea/angolensis latandza Albizia versicolor Nongo Albizia adianthifolia Mepepe Albizia ferruginea Sifou-sifou Albizia lebbek Lebbek Allanblackia floribunda Alstonia boonei Alstonia Alstonia boonei Sindru Alstonia congensis Alstonia Amphimas pterocarpoides Amphimas spp. Lati Aningeria robusta Asanfena leiocarpus Kane Anopyxis klaineana White Antiaris africana Kirundu Antrocaryon micraster Akoua Autranella congolensis Mukulungu Baikiaea minor Nkobakoba/nkoma Baikiaea plurijuga Rhodesian Berlinia auriculata Berlinia Berlinia confusa Berlinia Berlinia grandiflora Red oaks Blighia welwitschii Brachylaena discolor Bosvaalbos Brachylaena hutchinsii Muhuhu Brachystegia spiciformis Brachystegia Bridelia micrantha Burkea africana Macarati Canarium schweinfurthii African elemi Canarium schweinfurthil Canarium Cassipourea gerrardii Bastard onionwood Cassipourea malosana Pillarwood Ceiba pentandra Onyina Ceiba pentandra Fuma Camdeboo stinkwood Celtis Celtis spp. African celtis Celtis spp. Diania/ohia Chlorophora excelsa Chlorophora excelsa lroko Chrysophyllum africanum Longui Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Longui Cleistopholis patens Ngo-ne-nkyene Coelocaryon preussii Combretodendron africanum Essia Combretodendron macrocarpum Soap tree Copaifera salikounda Cordia caffra Oudehout Cordia millenil Cordia Coula edulis Walnut Croton sylvaticus Croton Cylicodiscus gabunensis Okan Cylicodiscus gabunensis Okan Cynometra alexandri Muhimbi Cynometra ananta Apome Dacryodes klaineana Adjouaba Daniellia thurifera Gum

7 Table 1 continued Estimate Actual Drying Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg (%) Mg (%) DTI Group Detarium senegalense Deta Didelotia spp. Gombe Diospyros mespiliformis African Diospyros sanza-minika Ebony Distemonanthus benthamianus Movingui Ekebergia capensis Cape ash angolense Gedu nohor Entandrophragma angolense Tiama Entandrophragma candolei Kosipo Entandrophragma caudatum Entandrophragma cylindricum Entandrophragma cylindricum Sapele Entandrophragma utile Utile Entandrophragma utile Utile Entandrophragma utile Utile Erythrophleum ivorense Sass wood Erythrophleum ivorense Tali Erythrophleum spp. Missanda Erythrophleum spp. Tali Funtumia elastica Funtum Gilbertiodendron ivorense African Gilbertiodendron spp. Limbali Gmelina arborea Gmelina Gonioma kamassi Kamassi/knysna boxwood Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Tola Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Agba Guarea cedrata Guarea Guarea thompsonii Guarea Guarea thompsonii Sweet cedar coleosperma Rhodesian copalwood Heritiera utilis * Niangon Heritiera utilis * Whismore lrvingia gabonensis lsoberlinia angolensis anthotheca African mahogany Khaya anthotheca African mahogany Khaya grandifoliola African mahogany Khaya ivorensis African mahogany Khaya ivorensis African mahogany Khaya nyasica African mahogany Khaya senegalensis Savana mahogany Klainedoxa gabonensis Eveuss Lophira alata Ekki Lophira alata Iron wood Lophira alata Ekki Tiger wood Lovoa trichilloides Walnut, African Maesopsis eminii Musizi Mammea africana Oboto Manilkara lacera African pearwood Manilkara multinervis Bulletwood Mansonia altissima Mansonia Panga-panga Mimusops heckelii Makore Mimusops heckelii Makore Monopetalanthus spp. Andoung Morus alba Moerbei Morus mesozyga Difou Musanga cecropioides Odwuma Musanga cecropioides Corkwood Nauclea diderichii Opepe

8 Table 1 continued Estimate Actual Drying Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg (%) Mg (%) DTI Group Nauclea spp. Nesogordonia papaverifera Newtonia buchanani Muchehche bullata Black stinkwood Ocotea usambarensis Camphorwood Olea africana Olienhout Olea capensis Black ironwood Olea hochstetteri East African olive Ongokea gore Angueuk Oxystigma oxyphyllum Tchitola Parinari curatellifolia Mobola Parinari spp. Pentaclethra macrophylla Mubalar butyracea Tallow tree Pericopsis angolensis Mubanga Afrormosia Piptadeniastrum africanum Dabema Piptadeniastrum africanum Dabema Piptadeniastrum africanum Dahoma Piptaderiastrum africanum Dahoma angolensis Muninga Pterocarpus angolensis Muninga Pterygota bequaertii Pterygota Pterygota macrocarpa Pterygota lllomba Rhizophora racemosa Red Ricinodendron rautanenii Mugongo Saccoglottis gabonensis Cherry Sclerocarya spp. Mugongo Scottellia coriacea Odoko Scytopetalum tieghemia Sourwood Staudtia stipitata Niove murex Lowveld Sterculia oblonga Yellow sterculia Sterculia rhinopetala Brown sterculia Sterculia rhinopetala Wawabina Strephonema pseudocola Strombosia glaucescens Afina Symphonia globulifora Ossol Terminalia amazonia Nargusta Emire Terminalia ivorensis ldigbo Terminalia servicea Nkonola Terminalia superba Limba Testulea gabonensis lzombe Tetraberlinia tubmania Ekop Tetrapleura tetraptera Tieghemella heckelii Makore scleroxylon Samba Obeche Triplochiton scleroxylon WaWa Triplochiton scleroxylon Obeche Uapaca guineensis Rikio Uapaca heudelotii Red cedar Uapaca paludosa Red cedar Vitex micrantha Zanthoxylum capensis* Lemon thorn Zanthoxylum davyi* Knobwood Zanthoxylum macrophylla* Mafu

* Older scientific name Newer scientific name Tarrieta spp. Heritiera spp. Fagara spp. Zanthoxylum spp. Table 2. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) for Asian species.

Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Abies pindrow Partal Acacia arabica Kikar Acacia catechu Cutch Acacia chundra Red cutch Acacia confusa Ayangili Acacia ferruginea Safed khair Acacia leucophloea Hewar Acacia leucophloea Pilang Acacia spp. Acacia Acer spp. Adina cardifoia Haldu Adina fagifolia Lasi Adina microcephala Matumi Adina minutiflora Berumbung Aegele marmelos Bel alba Damar minyak Agathis alba Agathis Agathis baccaril Agathis Agathis borneensis Agathis Agathis hamii Agathis Agathis labillardieri Agathis Agathis loranthifolia Agathis Agathis philippinensis Almaciga Agathis phillipinensis Agathis Agathis spp. Kauri Aglaia diffusa Malasaging Aglaia edulis Aglaia iloilo Ilo-ilo Aglaia llanosiana Bayanti Ailanthus grandis Gokul Alangium longiflorum Malatapai Alangium meyeri Putian Albizia acle * Akle Albizia falcata Jeunjing Albizia falcata Moluccan sau Albizia lebbek Koroi Albizia lebbek Langil Albizia lebbek Kokko Albizia procera Akleng-parang Albizia moluccana Batai Albizia odoratissima Black Siris Albizia procera White siris Albizia procera Weru Albizia saman * Trembesi Albizia saman * Raintree Aleurites moluccana Kemiri Aleurites moluccana Lumbang Aleurites trisperma Bagilumbang Alnus nepalensis Indian Alphitonia philippinensis Tulo Alphonsea arborea Bolon Alseodaphne umbaliflora Medang Alseodaphne insignis Medang Alseodaphne longipes Babulo Alstonia angustiloba Pulai Alstonia angustiloba Pulai Alstonia macrophylla Batino Alstonia pneumatophora Pulai Alstonia scholaris Shaitan wood Alstonia scholaris Pulai Alstonia scholaris Dita Altingia excelsa Jutili Altingia excelsa Rasamala

10 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Amoora aherniana Kato Amoora macrocarpa Katong-lakihan Amoora rohituka Amoora Amoora rugbiginosa Bekak Amoora wallichii Amoora Anisoptera aurea Dagang Anisoptera brunnea Afu Anisoptera costata Mersawa Anisoptera glabra Kaunghmu Anisoptera grossivenia Mersawa Anisoptera laevis Mersawa Anisoptera marginata Mersawa Anisoptera marginata Mersawa Anisoptera thurifera Palosapis Anogeissus acuminata Phasi Anogeissus latifolia Bakli Anogeissus pendula Kardhai Anogeissus sericea Anthocephalus cadamba Kelempayan Anthocephalus cadamba Kadam Anthocephalus cadamba Kadam Anthocephalus cadamba Jabon Anthocephalus chinensis Kaaloan bangkal Anthocephalus chinensis Laran Antidesma pleuricum Bignai-kalabau Aphanamixis cumingiana Salakin Aphanamixis perrottetiana Kangko Artocarpus blancoi Antipolo Artocarpus chaplasha Chapalish Artocarpus chaplasha Chaplash Artocarpus elasticus Terap Artocarpus hirsuta Aini Attocarpus integrifolia Kathal Artocarpus lanceifolius Keledang Artocarpus ovata Anubing Artocarpus rigidus Keledang Artocarpus scortechinii Terap Bassia butyracea Hill mahua Bassia latifolia Mahua Berrya ammonilla Trincomalee wood Bischofia javanica Bishop wood Bischofia javanica Gadog Bischofia javanica Tuad Bischofia javanica Bhadi Bischofia javanica Bishopwood Blumeodendron tokbrai Gaham badak Bombax ceiba * Simul Bombax ceiba * Semul Bombax insigne Semul Bombax malabarica * Malabulak Bombycidendron vidalianum Vidal lanutan Boswellia serrata Salai Bridelia retusa Kasi Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bakau Buchanania latifolia Char Bucklandia populnea Pipli Calophyllum blancoi Bitanghol Calophyllum curtisii Bintangor Calophyllum inophyllum Bintangur Calophyllum inophyllum Bitaog Calophyllum inophyllum Bintangor Calophyllum pulcherrimum Bintangur Calophyllum retusum Bintangor Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Calophyllum soulatri Bintangur Calophyllum spp. Poon Calophyllum tomentosum Poon Calophyllum wightianum Poon Campnosperma auriculata Terentang Campnosperma auriculata Terentang Campnosperma macrophylla Terentang Campnosperma macrophylla Terentang Cananga odorata Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata Kenanga Canarium asperum Pagsahingin Canarium asperum Kenari Canarium bengalense Canarium calophyllum Pagsahingin-bulog Canarium euphyllum Dhup Canarium hirsutum Dulit Canarium luzonicum Piling-liitan Canarium rufum Kedondong Canarium strictum Dhup Canarium vrieseanum Gisau Canthium monstrosum Tadiang-anuang Cantleya corniculata Bedaru Carallia lucida Maniawga mollucensis Pussur Careya arborea Kumbi Cassia fistula Cana-fistula Cassia fistula Amaltas Cassia javanica Antsoan Cassia siamea Johar Cassia spectabilis Antsoan-dilau Castanopsis hystrix Indian chesnut Castanopsis argentea Saninten Casuarina equisetifolia Agoho Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina Casuarina junghuhniana Cemara Casuarina sumatrana Cemara serrata Toon Cedrela Toon deodara Deodar Ceiba malabarica * Kapuk hutan Ceiba pentandra Kapok Celtis luzonica Magabuyo Chisocheton cumingianus Balukamag Chisocheton pentandrus Katong-matsin Chlorophora excelsa lroko Chloroxylon swietenia Satinwood Chloroxylon swietenia Satinwood Chukrasia tabularis Chickrassy Chukrasia tabularis Chickrassy wood Cinnamomum iners Cinnamomum inunctum Cinnamon Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Medang Citrus grandis Lukban Cleidion spiciflorum Santiki Cleistocalyx operculatus Malaruhat Colona serratifolia Anilau Combretocarpus rotundatus Perepat darat Combretodendron quadrialatum Toog Cordia subcordata Salimuli Cotylelobium burckii Giam Cotylelobium malayanum Giam Cotylelobium melanoxylon Giam 12 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Cratoxylon arborescens Gerunggang Cratoxylon arborescens Gerunggang Cryptocarya liebertiana Wild quince Cryptomeria japonica Suji Ctenolophon parvifolius Mertas Cubilia cubili Kubili Cullenia ceylanica Kataboda Cullenia excelsa Karani Cupressus torulosa Cypress devidiar Cyathocalyx maingayi Pisang-pisang Cynometra polyandra Ping Cynometra ramiflora Balikbikan Dacrydium baccarii Melur Dacrydium junghuhnii Melur Dacryodes rastrata Kenari Dacryodes rugose Kenari Dactylocladus stenostachys Mentibu Dalbergia cultrata Yindaik Dalbergia latifolia Sonokeling Dalbergia latifolia Indian Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Dehaasia caesis Medang Dehaasia cuneata Medang Dehaasia nigrescens Medang tandok Dehaasia triandra Margapali Dialium patens Keranji Dialium platysepalum Keranji Dialium platysepalum Keranji Dialium wallichii Keranji Dichopsis elliptica Pali Dichopsis polyantha Tali Dillenia eximia Simpur jangkang Dillenia grandifolia Simpoh Chalta Dillenia luzoniensis Malakatmon Dillenia megalantha Katmon-bayani Dillenia Katmon Diospyros celebica Eboni Diospyros ebenum Eboni Diospyros femea Eboni Diospyros inclusa Anang-gulod Diospyros iolin Eboni Eboni Diospyros mindanaensis Ata-ata Diospyros nitida Katilma Diospyros philippensis Kamagong Diospyros pilosanthera Eboni Diospyros poncei Ponce kamagong Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Anang Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Ebony Diospyros rumphii Eboni Diplodiscus paniculatus Balobo Dipterocarpus acutangulus Keruing Dipterocarpus alutus Gurjan Dipterocarpus basilanicus Basilan apitong Dipterocarpus baudii Keruing Dipterocarpus borneensis Keruing Dipterocarpus bourdilloni Dipterocarpus cauciferus Keruing Dipterocarpus caudatus -tailed panau Dipterocarpus caudiferus Keruing Dipterocarpus confertus Keruing 13 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Dipterocarpus cornutus Keruing Dipterocarpus cornutus Keruing Dipterocarpus costulatus Keruing Dipterocarpus costulatus Keruing Dipterocarpus crinitus Keruing Dipterocarpus gracilis Panau Dipterocarpus gracilis Keruing Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Gurjan Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Apitong Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Keruing Dipterocarpus griffithii Gurjan Dipterocarpus indicus Gurjan Dipterocarpus kerrii Gurjan Dipterocarpus kerrii Malapanau Dipterocarpus kunstleri Keruing Dipterocarpus lowii Keruing Dipterocarpus lowii Keruing Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Hollong Dipterocarpus pilosus Garjan Dipterocarpus retusus Keruing Dipterocarpus speciosus Broad-winged apitong Dipterocarpus spp. Gurjam Dipterocarpus spp. Keruing Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Eng Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gurjan Dipterocarpus verrucosus Keruing Dipterocarpus warburgii Hagakhak Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Hora dao Dao Dracontomelon dao Dahu Dracontomelon edule Lamio Dracontomelon mangiferum Dahu Dryobalanops aromatica Kapur Dryobalanops aromatica Kapur Dryobalanops baccarii Kapur Dryobalanops beccarii Kapur Dryobalanops fusca Kapur Dryobalanops keithii Kapur Dryobalanops lanceolata Kapur Dryobalanops lanceolata Kapur Dryobalanops oblongifolia Petanang Dryobalanops oblongifolia Kapur Dryobalanops rappa Kapur Drypetes bordenii Balikbikan Duabanga moluccana Benuang laki Duabanga sonneratioides Lampati Duabanga sonneratioides Bandarhola Durio carinatus Durio oxleyanus Durian Durio oxleyanus Durian Durian Durio zibethinus Durian Jelutong Dyera costulata Jelutung Dyera lowii Jelutung Dysoxylum altissimum Kuling-babui Dysoxylum decandrum Igyo Dysoxylum densiflorum Cempaga Dysoxylum euphlebium Miau Dysoxylum malabaricum White cedar Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Rudraksh Elateriospermum tapos Perah Elmelliria mollis Cempaka

14 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Elmelliria ovalis Cempaka Endiandra laxiflora Usuang-saha Endospermum peltatum Gubas Endospermum mallacense Sendok-sendok Engelhardtia spicata Moglaipoma Epicharis cimingiana Tara-tara Erythrina fusca Anii Erythrina subumbrans Rarang Erythrophleum densiflorus Kamatog alba Ampupu Eucalyptus deglupta Leda Eucalyptus eugenioides Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus Eugenia gardneri Jaman Eugenia griffithii Kelat Eugenia jambolana Jaman Eugenia spp. Jaman Eusideroxylon zwageri Belian Eusideroxylon zwageri Ulin Evodia aromatica Salimuli Fagraca fragans Tembesu Fagraca sogroria Tembesu Ficus benjamina Salisi Ficus botryocarpa Basikong Ficus minahassae Hagimit Ficus varietata Tangisang-bayauak Ash Fraxinus micrantha Ash Ganua motleyana Nyatoh Ganua motleyana Nyatoh Gardenia gummifera Gardenia Gardenia latifolia Gardenia Gardenia turgida Gardenia Garuga pinnata Garuga Gluta renghas Rengas Gluta tranvancorica Gluta Gmelina arborea Gamari Gmelina arborea Gamari Gmelina arborea Yemane Gmelina arborea Gmelina Gnetum gnemon Meninjau Gonocaryum calleryanum Taingang-babui bancanus Ramin Gonystylus bancanus Ramin Gonystylus macrophyllus Lanutan-bagyo Grevillea robusta Grevillea Grewia multiflora Danglin Grewia tiliaefolia Dhaman Grewia vestita Daman Hardwickia binata Anjan Hardwickia pinnata Piney Harpullia arborea Uas Heritiera javanica Palapi Heritiera javanica * Mengkulang Heritiera minor Sundri Heritiera simplicifolia * Mengkulang Heritiera simplicifolia Palapi Heritiera simplicifolia Mengkulang Heritiera spp. Sundri Heritiera sylvatica * Dungon Heterophragma adenophyllum Karenwood Heterophragma roxburghii Palang Hevea brasiliensis

15 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Hevea brasiliensis Para rubber Hevea braziliensis Rubberwood Hibiscus tiliaceus Malubago Holarrhena antidysenterica Kuda Holoptelea integrifolia Kanju Homalanthus populneus Balanti Homalium foetidum Gia Homalium longifolium Selimbar Homalium tomentosum Burma lancewood Hopea acuminata Manggachapui Hopea desyrhachis Merawan Hopea dolosa Balau Hopea dryobalanoides Merawan Hopea ferruginea Merawan Hopea foxworthyi Dalinydingan Hopea glabra Hopea Hopea gregaria Balau Hopea heimii * Cengal Hopea helferi Giam Hopea mengarawan Merawan Hopea nervosa Merawan Hopea nutans Giam Hopea odorata Andaman thingan Hopea parviflora Hopea Hopea plagata Yakal-saplungan Hopea sangal Cengal Hopea sangal Gagil Hopea sulcata Merawan Hopea utilis * Karung kongoo Hymenodictyon excelsum Kuthan llex plelobrachiata Mensira gunung lntsia bijuga Merbau lntsia bijuga lpil lntsia palembanica Merbau lntsia palembanica Merbau lrvingia malayana Bongin lrvingia malayana Pauh kijang fallax Walnut Juglans spp. Walnut Kayea floribunda Karal Kayea garciae Bakulau Kleinhovia hospita Tan-ag Kokoona littoralis Mata ulat Koompassia excelsa Tualang Koompassia excelsa Tualang Koompassia excelsa Manggis Koompassia malaccensis Kempas Koompassia malaccensis Kempas Koordersiodendron pinnatum Amugis Koordersiodendron pinnatum Ranggu Koordersiodendron pinnatum Bugis Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Jarul Lagerstroemia hypoleuca Jarul Lagerstroemia lanceolata Benteak Lagerstroemia microcarpa Benteak Lagerstroemia parviflora Lendi Lagerstroemia piriformis Batitinan Lagerstroemia speciosa Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa Bungur Lagerstroemia tomentosa Leza Lannea coromandelica Jhingen Lannea grandis Jhingan Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil

16 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Litchi philippinensis Alupag-amo Lithocarpus soleriana Manaring Lithocarpus sundaicus Pasang Litsea firma Medang Litsea firma Medang Litsea garciae Bangulo Litsea mangifera Medang Litsea megacarpa Medang telor Litsea odorifera Medang Litsea perrottetii Marang Livistona rotundifolia Anahau Lophopetalum fimbriatum Raktan Lophopetalum javanicum * Perupuk Lophopetalum wightianum Banati Macaranga bicolor Hamindang Machilus micrantha Machilus Machilus odoratissima Machilus Madhuca obevatifolia Pianga Madhuca oblongifolia Malabetis Madhuca utilis Bitis Maesopsis eminii Maesopsis Magnifera indict Mango Mallotus multiglandulosus Alim Mallotus philippinensis Banato Mallotus philippinensis Raini Mangifera altissima Pahutan Mangifera foetida Macang Mangifera foetida Membacang Mangifera indica Macang Mangifera indica Mango Mangifera merrillii Pahong-liitan Mangifera spp. Macang Manglietia insignis Phulsopa Manilkara kauki Sawo kecik Mastixia philippinensis Apanit Melaleuca leucadendron Gelam Melanorrhoea torquata Rengas Melanorrhoea usitala Thitsi Melanorrhoea wallichii Rengas Melia azedarach Persian lilac Melia dubia Bagalunga Melia indica Neem Melicope triphylla Matang-arau Meliosma macrophylla Balilang-uak Melochia umbellata Labayo Memecylon pubescens Nipis kulit Meria excelsa Suren bawang Mesua ferrea Mesua Mesua ferrea Penaga Mesua spp. Sirunangu Metrosideros petiolata Lera Metrosideros vera Lara Michelia catchcartii Champ Michelia champaca Champa Michelia champaca Champ Michelia excelsa Champ Micheiia montana Champ Michelia montana Cempaka Michelia oblonga Champ Michelia platyphylla Hangilo Michelia velutina Cempaka Microcos stylocarpa Kamuling Micromelum compressum Tulibas-tilos

17 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Miliusa velutina Domsal Millettia pendula Thinwin Mimusops elengi Bulletwood Mimusops elengi Tanjung Mimusops littoralis Bulletwood Mitragyna diversifolia Binga Mitragyna parvifolia Klaim Mitragyna speciosa Kedemba Morus alba Mulberry Morus serrata Mulberry Mutsaendopsis beccariana Patin Myristica attenuata Ruktmara Myristica gigantea Penarahan Myristica iners Mendarahan Myristica maingayi Penarahan Myristica spp. Malaboda Neesia altissima Bengang Neonauclea bernardoi Ludek Neotrewia cumingii Apanang Ochanostachys amentacea Petaling Ochanostachys amentacea Petaling grandiflora Balsa Ochroma pyramidale Balsa Octomeles sumatrana Benuang Octomeles sumatrana Binuang Octomeles sumatrana Binuang Ormosia sumatrana Kupang Oroxylon indicum Pingka-pingkahan Ougeinia dalbergioides Sandan Palaquium ferox Nyatoh Palaquium gutta Taban merah Palaquium gutta Nyatoh Palaquium hexandrum Nyatoh Palaquium hipidum Nyatoh Palaquium javense Nyatoh Palaquium lanceolatum Palak-palak Palaquium leiocarpum Nyatoh Palaquium luzoniense Nato Palaquium luzoniense Nyatoh Palaquium maingayi Nyatoh Palaquium microphyllum Nyatoh Palaquium oblusifolium Nyatoh Palaquium philippense Malak-malak Palaquium quereifolium Nyatoh Palaquium rostratum Nyatoh Palaquium walsifolium Nyatoh Palaquium burckii Nyatoh Pangium edule Pangi Parartocarpus triandra Terap Parashorea lucida Meranti, red Parashorea malaanonan Seraya, white Parashorea plicata Bagtikan Parashorea stellata Tavoy wood Parashorea tomentella Seraya, white Parastemon urophyllus Parastemon urophyllus Nyalas Paratrophis glabra Amudil Parinari corymbosa Kolaka Parinari corymbosa Liusin Parinari rubiginosum Merbatu Parishia insignis Red dhup Parkia roxburghii Kupang Parkia speciosa Petai

18 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Payena acuminata Nyatoh Payena leeni Nyatoh Payena lucida Nyatoh Peltophorum pterocarpum Siar Pentace burmanica Thitka Pentace griffithii Thitsho Pentace triptera Pinang Pentace triptera Melunak Pentacme contorta Lauan, white Pentacme mindanensis Mindanao lauan Pentacme suavis lngyin Pentaspadon velutinus Pelong Pericopsis mooniana Kuku Peronema canescens Sungkai Phaeanthus ebracteolatus Kalimatas goalparensis Bonsum Phoebe hainesiana Bonsum Phoebe opaca Medang Phylocladus hypophyllus Melur Picea morinda Pinus caribaea Pinus excelsa Blue pine Pinus insignis Pinus insularis Pine Pinus longifolia Chir Pinus merkusii Pine Pinus merkusii Tusam Pisonia umbellifera Anoling Pistacia integerrima Kakar singhi Pithecellobium confertum Kungkur Pittosporum pentandrum Mamalis Planchonia andamanica Red bombway Planchonia spectabilis Lamog Planchonia valida Putat Podocarpus blumei Melur Podocarpus imbricatus Melur Podocarpus imbricatus lgem Podocarpus motleyi Melur Podocarpus neriifolius Thitmin Podccarpus neriifolius Melur Podocarpus philippinensis Malakauayan Podocarpus wallichianus Thitmin Poeciloneuron indicum Ballagi Polyalthia cerasoides Polyalthia flava Lanutan-dilau Polyalthia fragrans Nedunar Polyalthia hypoleuca Tepis Polyatthia simiarun Polyscias nodosa Malapapaya Pometia pinnata Matoa Pometia pinnata Malugai Pometia pinnata Kasai Pometia tomentosa Matoa Pongamia glabra Saykaranji ciliata Plachh Pouteria villamilii Villamil nato spicigera Kandi Pseudosindora palustris Swamp sepetir Pterocarpus acerifolium Hattipaila Pterocarpus dalbergioides Andaman padauk Pterocarpus indicus Narra Pterocarpus indicus Sena Pterocarpus indicus Sonokembang

19 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Burma padauk Pterocarpus marsupium Bijasal Pterocarpus santalinus Red Pterocymbium tinctorium Taluto Pterospermum celebicum Bayur Pterospermum diversifolium Bayur Pterospermum javanicum Bayur Pygeum vulgare Lago Quercus incana Oak Quercus lamellosa Oak Quercus lamponga Mempening Quercus lineata Oak Quercus lineata Pasang Radermachera pinnata Banai-banai Rhizophora apiculata Bakau Rhizophora conjugata Bakau Saccopetalum tomentosum Hoom Sageraea laurina Sageraea listeri Chooi Salix spp. Indian Salix tetrasperma Indian willow Sallix wallichiana Bada-willow Sandoricum koetjape Santol Sandoricum vidalii Malasantol Santalum album Cendana Santiria graffithii Kenari Santiria laevigata Kerantai Santiria laevigata Kenari Santiria oblongifolia Kenari Santiria rubiginosa Kenari Santiria tomentosa Kenari Sapium baccatum Ludai Sapium luzonicum Balakat-gubat Saraca thaipingensis Gapis affine Kembang semangkok Matpayang Schima crenata Puspa Schima noronhae Puspa Schima noronhae Gegatal Schima oblata Puspa Schima wallichii Puspa Schima wallichii Chilauni Schleichera oleosa Kesambi Schleichera trijuga Kusum Schoutenis ovata Walikukun Scorodocarpus borneensis Kulim Scorodocarpus borneensis Kulim Sesbania grandiflora Katurai accuminatisima Meranti kuning Shorea acuminata Meranti merah Shorea acuminata Meranti, red Shorea acuminatissma Yellow seraya Shorea agsaboensis Tiaong Shorea almon Almon Shorea assamica Makai Shorea astylosa Yakal Shorea atrinervosa Balau Shorea barcteolata Meranti putih Shorea belangeran Belangeran Shorea bracteolata Meranti, white Shorea ciliata Yakal-mabolo Shorea cutisii Meranti, dark red Shorea dasyphylla Light red meranti

20 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Shorea elliptica Balau Shorea faguetiana Yellow seraya Shorea faguetiana Meranti, yellow Shorea faguetiana Meranti kuning Shorea falcifera Balau Shorea gibbosa Meranti kuning Shorea gibbosa Yellow seraya Shorea gisok Yakal-gisok Shorea glauca Damar laut Shorea glauca Balau Shorea guiso Balau Shorea guiso Guijo Shorea guiso Gisok Shorea guiso Red selangan batu Shorea gysbertsiana Engkabang Shorea hemsleyana Meranti, red Shorea hopeifolia Yellow seraya Shorea hopeifolia Meranti kuning Shorea hypochra Meranti, white Shorea javanica Meranti putih Shorea kalunti Kalunti Shorea kunstleri Damar laut Shorea laevifolia Bangkirai Shorea laevis Balau kumus Shorea laevis Balau Shorea lamellata Manggasinorong-lakihan Shorea lamellata Meranti putih Shorea lepidota Meranti merah Shorea leprosula Meranti merah Shorea leprosula Meranti, red Shorea leptoclados Light red seraya Shorea macrophylla Light red seraya Shorea macroptera Meranti, red Shorea macroptera Meranti merah Shorea malibato Yakal-malibato Shorea maxwelliana Damar laut Shorea maxwelliana Balau Shorea multiflora Meranti kuning Shorea negrosensis Red lauan Shorea ochracea Meranti putih Shorea ochrophloia Balau Shorea ovalis Meranti merah Shorea ovata Meranti merah Shorea pachyphylla Meranti merah Shorea palembanica Meranti merah Shorea parvifolia Meranti merah Shorea parvifolia Light red seraya Shorea parvifolia Meranti, red Shorea pauciflora Dark red seraya Shorea pauciflora Meranti, dark red Shorea pauciflora Meranti merah Shorea philippinensis Manggasinoro Shorea pinanga Meranti merah Shorea plagata Malaguijo Shorea platycarpa Meranti merah Shorea platyclados Meranti merah Shorea platyclados Meranti, dark red Shorea polita Malaanonang Shorea polysperma Tangile Shorea quadrinervis Meranti merah Shorea resinanigra Meranti, yellow Shorea retinodes Meranti putih Sal

21 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Shorea rugosa Meranti, dark red Shorea sandakanensis Meranti merah Shorea selanica Meranti merah Shorea seminis Balau Shorea sinitiana Meranti merah Shorea smithiana Light red seraya Shorea squamata Mayapis Meranti merah Shorea sumatrana Balau Shorea superba Selangan batu Shorea talura Meranti, white Shorea teysmanniana Meranti merah Shorea uliginos Meranti merah Shorea virescens Meranti putih Shorea waltonil Light red seraya Sideroxylon longepetiolatum Lambapatti Sindora coriacea Sepetir Sindora geledupa Sindur Sindora leiocarpa Sindur Sindora wallichii Sindur Sloetia elongata Tempinis Sloetia elongata Tempinis Sonneratia alba Parapat laut Sonneratia apelata Keowra Soymida febrifuga Spathodea campanulata African Tulip Stemonurus luzoniensis Mabunot Sterculia alata Sawbya wood Sterculia campanulata Papita Sterculia ceramica Malakalumpang Sterculia foetida Pimping Sterculia spp. Udal Stereospermum chelonoides Padri wood Stereospermum xylocarpum Vedankonnai Stereospermum suaveolens Padri wood Strombosia javanica Dedali Strombosia philippinensis Tamayuan Kemenyan Big-leafed Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Mahoni Swietenia macrophylla Mahoni Mahoni Swintonia floribunda Civit Swintonia floribunda Civit Swintonia foxworthyi Lomarau Swintonia schwenkii Merpauh Swintonia spicifera Merpauh Sycopsis dunni Parukapok Syzygium luzonense Duktulan Syzygium nitidum Makaasim Syzygium simile Panglongboien grandis Teak Tectona grandis Teak Tectona grandis Teak Tectona grandis Teak Tectona grandis Jati Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum Sasalit Terminalia arjuna Arjun Terminalia belorica Ketapang Terminalia berelica Bahera Terminalia bialata White chuglam Terminalia chebula Myrabolan Terminalia citrina

22 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Terminalia citrina Binggas Terminalia copelandii Lanipau Terminalia edulis Ketapang Terminalia foetidissima Talisai-gubat Terminalia manii Black chuglam Terminalia microcarpa Kalumpit Terminalia myriocarpa Hollock Terminalia nitens Sakat Terminalia paniculata Kindal Terminalia procera White bombay Terminalia pyrifolia Lein Terminalia tomentosa Sain Tetramerista glabra Punak Tetramerista glabra Punah Thespesia populnea Banola Thespesia populnea Bhendi Toona calantas Kalantas Toona ciliata Toon Suren Trema orientalis Anabiong Tristania decorticata Malabayabas Tristania maingayi Pelawan Tristania micrantha Tiga brunoniana Turpinia ovalifolia Anongo Ulmus wallichiana Vateria indica Vellapiney Vatica cuspidata Resak Vatica mangachapoi Narig Vatica oblongifolia Resak Vatica pachyphylla Thick-leafed narig Vatica rassak Resak Vatica stapfiana Resak Vernonia arborea Merambung Vitex altissima Milla Vitex cofaesus Gofasa Vitex parviflora Molave Vitex turczaninowii Lingo-lingo Wallaceodendron celebicum Banuyo Weinmannia luzoniensis ltangan Xanthophyllum excelsum Menjalin Xanthophyllum excelsum Bok-bok Xanthophyllum verrucosum Minyak berok Xylia dolabriformia lrul Xylia xylocarpa lrul Xylocarpus granatum Nyirih Xylopia malayana Jangkang Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rhetsa Zanthoxylum rhetsa Kaitana Ziziphus talanai Balakat

* Older scientific names Newer scientific names Balanocarpus spp. Hopea spp. Bombax malabaricum Bombax ceiba Gossampinus spp. Ceiba spp. Salmalia spp. Bombax spp. Samanea spp. Albizia spp. Serialbizia spp. Albizia spp. Solenospermum spp. Lophopetalum spp. Tarrieta spp. Heritiera spp.

23 Table 3. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) for Latin American species.

Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Abies religiosa Oyamel Acacia pennatula Carbon Achras zapota Nispero Albizia caribaea Carabali Albizia guachapele * Frijolillo Albizia saman * Genizero Albizia spp. Pashaco Alchornea spp. Barba de viejo Alexa imperatricis Leche de cochino Amburana cearensis lshpingo Amburana cearensis/acreanea Cerejeira Anacardium excelsum Mijao Anacardium excelsum Espave Anacardium excelsum Espave Anacardium excelsum Espave Anacardium spp. Caracoli inermis Angelin Andira inermis Moca Andira retusa Sarrapio montanero Andira retusa Canelito negro Andira spp. Andira Andira spp. Barbosquillo Andira spp. Almendro Aniba amazonica Moena amarilla Aniba canelilla Preciosa Aniba riparia (Ocotea spp) Brazilian louro Apeiba aspera Cortezo Apeiba aspera Maquisapa kaccha Apeiba membranacea Maquisapa naccha Apeiba tibourbou Cabeza de mono Apuleia molaris Muira-juba Artocarpus altilis Panapen Aspidosperma album Hielillo negro Aspidosperma cruentum Mylady Aspidosperma desmanthum Aspidosperma duckei Aspidosperma macrocarpon Pumaquiro Aspidosperma marogravianum Canjilon amarillo Aspidosperma megalocarpon Pelmax Aspidosperma megalocarpon Hielillo blanco Aspidosperma megalocarpon Aspidosperma spp. Araracanga Aspidosperma spp. Canalete amarillo Aspidosperma spp. Melon Astronium gracile Muiracatiara/guarita Astronium graveolens Gateado Astronium graveolens Gateado Astronium graveolens Goncalo alvas Astronium graveolens Goncalo alves Astronium lacointei Astronium lecointei Pata de zamuro Astronium lecointei Muiracatiara Astronium spp. Quita calzon Astronium ulel Muiracatiara Bagassa guianensis Bagasse Bagassa guianensis Tatajuba Bagassa guianensis/tiliaefolia Tatajuba Banara guianensis Cayenito Beilschmiedia pendula Guajon Beilschmiedia spp. Aquacatillo Belotia panamensis Capulin Bertholletia excelsa Bertholletia excelsa 24 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Bombacopsis quinata Saqui-saqui Bombacopsis quinata Saquisaqui Bombacopsis quinata Cedro espino Bombacopsis quinata Pochote Bombacopsis sessilis Bongo macho Bombacopsis spp. Bombax paraense Punga Bowdichia nitida Sucupira Bowdichia nitida Sucupira preta Brosimum alicastrum Charo Brosimum alicastrum Janita Brosimum alicastrum Ramon Brosimum rubescens Satine Brosimum spp. Sande Brosimum spp. Copipe Brosimum spp. Charo amarillo Brosimum spp. Charo Brosimum spp. Manchinga Brosimum uleanum Manchinga Brosimum utile Panguana Buchenavia capitata Yellow sanders Buchenavia capitata Granadillo Bucida buceras Ucar Bucida buceras Pukte Bumelia spp. Nisperillo simaruba Chaca Bursera simaruba lndio desnudo Bursera simaruba Almacigo Bursera simaruba Gumbo-limbo Byrsonima aerugo Manteco de agua Byrsonima coriacea Serrette Byrsonima coriacea Maricao Byrsonima spp. Chaparro montanero Calophyllum brasiliense Bari Calophyllum brasiliense Santa Maria Calophyllum brasiliense Santa Maria Calophyllum brasiliense Santa-maria Calophyllum brasiliense Santa Maria Calophyllum brasiliense Lagarto caspi Calophyllum brasiliense Maria Calophyllum brasiliense Maria Calophyllum brasiliense Santa maria Calophyllum candidissium Camaron Calycogonium squamulosum Jusillo Calycophyllum spruceanum Pau mulato Campnosperma panamensis Nisperillo Carapa Carapa guianensis Crabwood Carapa guianensis/procera Andiroba Carapa guianensis/procera Andiroba Carapa slateri/guianensis Bateo Cariniana brasiliensis Jequitiba Cariniana domesticata Cachimbo Cariniana pyriformis Abarco Caryocar coccineum Almendro Almendro Caryocar spp. Piquia Caryocar villosum Piquia Cassia moschata Canafistola Cassia multijuga San Feo Mari-mari Cassia scleroxylon Muirapixuna Cassia spp. Canafistula Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina

25 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Catostemma commune Baraman Catostemma commune Baromalli Catostemma spp. Cavanillesia plantanifolia Quipo Cecropia peltata Yagrumo hembra Cecropia peltata Yagrumo Cedrela angustifolia Cedro rojo Cedrela mexicana Cedro real Cedrela odorata Cedar Cedrela odorata Cedro Cedrela odorata Cedro hembra Cedrela odorata Cedro Cedrelinga catenaeformis Tornillo Cedrelinga catenaeformis Tornillo Ceiba pentandra Ceiba Ceiba pentandra Ceiba Ceiba pentandra Ceiba Ceiba pentandra Bango Ceiba pentandra Sumauma Ceiba pentranda Ceiba Ceiba samauma Huimba Centrolobium paraense Centrolobium spp. Arariba Centrolobium yavizanum Amarillo guayaquil Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus Cache Chimarrhis microcarpa Carutillo Chlorophora tinctoria Mora Chlorophora tinctoria Mora amarilla Chlorophora tinctoria Moral Choristia integrifolia Lupuna blanca Chrysophyllum caracasanum Caimito Chrysophyllum spp. Platano Chrysophyllum spp. Caimito morado Citharexylon poeppigi * Santa rosa Clarisia racemosa Mashonaste Clarisia racemosa Cajiman Clarisia racemosa Guariuba Clarisia racemosa Guariuba Clusia rosea Cupey Cochlospermum orinocensis Bototo Copaifera aromatica Cabimo blanco Copaifera officinalis Copaiba Copaifera officinalis Currucay Copaifera officinalis Cabimo, palo de aceite Copaifera reticulata Copaifera spp. Copaiba Cordia alliodora Capa prieto Cordia alliodora Laurel Cordia alliodora Pardillo Cordia alliodora Bojon Cordia alliodora Laurel blanco Cordia apurensis Pardillo negro Cordia bicolor Candilero Cordia collococca Candelera Cordia dodecandra Siricote Cordia exaltata Alatrique blanco Cordia fallax Alatrique negro Cordia goeldiana Freijo Cordia goeldiana Freijo Cordia spp. Laurel. Cordia trichotoma Cornus disciflora Mato hombre Couepia spp. Lengua de picon

26 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Couratari multiflora Tampipio Couratari oblongifolia Tauari Couratari panamensis Congolo-garapelo Couratari pulchra Capa de tabaco Couratari pulchra Tauary Couratari spp. Tauari guianensis Taparo de chuco Couroupita guianensis Coco de mono Croton panamensis Sangredrago Croton xanthochloros Canelon Cupania spp. Cacho de chivo Cyrilla racemiflora Palo colorado Dacryodes excelsa Tabonuco Dacryodes excelsa Gommier Dacryodes spp. Gommier Dalbergia retusa Nambar Dalbergia spp. Ciruelo Dendropanax arboreus Nagua blance Dendropanax arboreus Quesito Dialium guianense Comenegro Dialium guianense Hauso Dialium guianense Jutai-pororoca Dialyanthera spp. Cuangara, Dicorynia guianensis Angelique Dicorynia guianensis/paraensis Basralocus Dicorynia paraensis Angelique Didymopanax morototoni Guarumo macho Didymopanax morototoni Morototo Didymopanax morototoni Yagrumo macho Didymopanax morototoni Morototo Didymopanax morototoni Sunsun Didymopanax morototoni Cafetero Didymopanax morototoni Tinajero Didymopanax morototoni Sunsun Dinizia excelsa Angelim vermelho Dinizia excelsa Angelim vermelho Diospyros spp. Flo de guinea Dipholis salicifolia Bustic Diploon venezuelana Abiurana seca Diplotropis martiusii Chontaguiro Diplotropis purpurea Congrio Diplotropis purpurea Tatabu Diplotropis purpurea Sapupira Tonka Dipteryx odorata Cumaru Dipteryx odorata Sarrapia Dipteryx oleifera * Almendro Dipteryx oleifera/odorata * Almendro Dipteryx spp. Cumaru Drypetes variabilis Kerosen blanco Drypetes variabilis Pau branco Dussia spp. Bolador/sangrillo Ecclinusa guianensis Endlicheria cocuirey Endopleura uchi Uchi liso/uchi Guanacaste Enterolobium cyclocarpum Earpod Enterolobium maximum Fava tamboril/tamboril Enterolobium schomburgkii Timbauba Enterolobium schomburgkii Fava de rosca Enterolobium schomburgkii Menudito Enterolobium schomburgkii Harino Enterolobium schomburgkii Curarina 27 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Enterolobium schomburgkii Batibatra Enterolobium spp. Tamboril Enterolobium spp. Caracaro Enterolobium spp. Sierra de iguana Enterolobium spp. Eperua falcata Wallaba Eperua spp. Wallaba Eperua spp. Wallaba Erblichia odorata Pino blanco Eriotheca spp. Cedro dulce Erisma uncinatum Quarubarana/cedrinho Erisma uncinatum Mureillo Erisma uncinatum/Erisma spp. Jaboty Erythrina spp. Bucare Eschweilera amara Matamata vermelho Eschweilera corrugata Guacharaco Eschweilera grata Eschweilera hologyne Tinajito Eschweilera odora Mata-mata Eschweilera sagotiana Black kakeralli Eschweilera spp. Guasca/oxito Eschweilera spp. Matamata-ci Eschweilera spp. Eschweilera spp. Machimango blanco Eschweilera subglandulosa Manbarklak Eschweilera subglandulosa Majaguillo Eschweilera subglandulosa Manbarklak Eschweilera tenax Coco de mono Eschweilera trinitensis Tampipio Eucalyptus globulus Eucalipto Eucalyptus robusta Eucalipto Eugenia compta Guayabito blanco Eugenia pseudopsidium Eugenia spp. Guayabo de montana Eugenia stahlii Guayabota Euxylophora paraensis Pau amarelo Ficus aff, insipida Higueron Ficus laevigata Jaguey blanco Ficus spp. Caxinguba Ficus spp. Higueron Genipa americana Caruto montanero Genipa americana Jagua Genipa spp. Caruto Gliricidium sepium Madero negro Glycydendron amazonicum Glycydendron amazonicum Glicia Goethalsia meiantha Guacimo blanco Goupia glabra Kopie Goupia glabra Cupiuba Goupia glabra Cupiuba Goupia glabra Congrio blanco Goupia glabra Cupiuba Guarea excelsa Cramtree Guarea excelsa Tololo Guarea glabra Cedrillo Guarea kunthiana Requia Guarea trichilioides Trompillo Guarea trichilioides Pica del oro Guarea trichilioides Guaraguao Guatteria spp. Ramo de plaze Guatteria decurrens Carahuasca Guatteria olivacea Envira preta Guatteria procera Envira preta

28 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Guazuma ulmifolia Guacimo Guettarda laevis Cucubano Gustavia spp. Oreja de burro Gyrocarpus americanus Talalate Haenianthus salicifolius Palo de hueso Hasseltia floribunda Heisteria spp. Yutubanco Helicostylis tomentosa Charo Hernandia sonora Mago Hevea spp. Shiringa Himatanthus articulatus Mapolo Himathantus articulatus Leon Hirtella davisii Ceniza negra Homalium racemosum Caracolillo Humiria balsamifera Bois rouge Humiria balsamifera Tauroniro Humiria spp. Corosilio almendro Humiriastrum spp. Chanul Hura crepitans Acacu Hura crepitans Hura Hura crepitans Catahua amarilla Hura crepitans Ceiba Hura crepitans Possumwood Hura polyandra Habillo Hyeronima alchorneoides * Pantano Hyeronima laxiflora * Aguacatillo Hyeronima laxiflora * Carne asada Hyeronima laxiflora * Suradanni Hyeronima spp. * Coca de mono Hyeronima spp. Suradan courbaril Algarrobo Courbaril Hymenaea courbaril Algarrobo Hymenaea courbaril Jutai-acu/jatoba Hymenaea courbaril Cuapinol Hymenaea courbaril Algarrobo Hymenaea courbaril Courbaril Hymenaea courbaril Guapinol Hymenaea courbaril West Indian locust Hymenaea davisii Hymenaea oblongifolia Hymenaea palustris Azucar huayo Hymenaea parvifolia Jutai-mirim/jatoba Hymenaea spp. Jatoba Hymenolobium excelsum Angelim Hymenolobium modestrum Angelim pedra Hymenolobium spp. Angelim Hymenolobium spp. Alcornoco llex hondurensis Areno blanco lnga aff. coruscans Caramacate lnga alba Guamo colorado lnga alba lnga lnga floribunda Guamo liso lnga ingoides Guamo rabo de mono lnga laurina Guama lnga paraensis Ingarana/inga lnga spp. Guabo lnga spp. lnga lnga spp. Guamo lnga spp. Guamo hierrito lnga spp. Guamo negro lnga vera Guaba lryanthera bostmanni Kirikowa

29 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP lryanthera lancifolia Kirikawa lryanthera sagotiana Marakaipo Jacaranda copaia Siamruba Jacaranda copaia Gualandai Jacaranda copaia Copaia Jacaranda spp. Para-para Jacaranda spp. Gualanday Jacaranda superba Flor azul Juglans olanchanum Nogal Juglans spp. Nogal Laetia procera Jobo macho Laetia spp. Alcarreto Lafoensia punicifolia Amarillo pepita Laplacea brenesii Canamo Lecythis davisii Tina jito Lecythis jarana * Jarana Lecythis paraensis Sapucaia Lecythis pisonis Sapucaia Lecythis spp. Sapucaia Lecythis tuyrana Coco Licania alba Hierro Licania apetala Gateado Licania arborea Paragua Licania buxifolia Marish Licania buxifolia Marishiballi Licania densiflora Hierrito Licania hypoleuca Hierillo Licania hypoleuca Rasca Licania macrophylla Anauera Licania macrophylla Marish Licania octandra Caraipe Licania parviflora Merecure de montana Licania platypus Sapote Licania spp. Carbonero/tuquesa Licania spp. Varazon Licaria cayennensis Kaneelhart Licaria rigida Louro amarelo/louro Licaria spp. Sigue canelo Lindackeria spp. Curo montanero Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidambar Lonchocarpus spp. Zapato cache Lonchocarpus castilloi Machiche Lonchocarpus castilloi Black cabbage Lonchocarpus latifolius Tocorito Lonchocarpus sericeus Jebe Lonchocarpus spp. Murcielago Lonchocarpus spp. Marajagua Lonchocarpus stramineus Guaimaro Loxopterygium sagotii Hububalli Loxopterygium sagotii Picaton Lucuma grongrijpii * Abiurana branca Lucuma spp. Quina quina Luehea cymulosa Guacimo cimarron Lueheopsis duckeana Acoita cavalo Lysiloma kellerrnanii Quebracho Lysiloma bahamensis T'zalam Mabea piriri Pata de pauji Machaerium capote Siete cueros Maclura tinctoria Mora amarilla Macoubea guianensis Rokoroko sororum Vaco Magnolia splendens Laurel sabino Malouetia duckei Sorva

30 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Mammea americana Mamey Mangifera indica Mango Manilkara amazonica Maparajuba/macaranduba Manilkara bidentata Quinilla colorada Manilkara bidentata Purgo morado Manilkara bidentata Balata Manilkara bidentata Ausubo Manilkara bidentata Bulletwood Manilkara huberi Manilkara spp. Macaranduba Manilkara zapota Chicozapote Maquira coriacea Berg. Muiratinga Marmaroxylon racemosum Angelim rajado Matayba domingensis Negra lora Matisia bicolor Machin zapote Matisia cordata Zapote Maytenus ficiformis Meliosma herbetii Aguacatillo Mezilaurus itauba ltauba Mezilaurus spp. ltauba Miconia ibaquensis Manglillo de montana Miconia argentea Capirote Micropholis chrysophylloides Caimitillo Micropholis garciniaefolia Caimitillo verde Micropholis guyanensis Konoko Micropholis venulosa Rosadinho Minquartia guianensis Manwood Minquartia guianensis Camaroncillo Mora excelsa Mora Mora excelsa Mora Mora excelsa Mora Mora gonggrijpii Mora Mora oleifera Alcornoque Mora spp. Mora Mouriri guyanensis Perhuetamo Mouriri huberi Guara taro Mouriri sideroxylon Guara taro Myrcia paivae Myrciaria floribunda Guaya billo Myroxylon balsamum Balsamo Myroxylon balsamum/toluiferum Balsamo Myroxylon peruiferum Estorague Myroxylon spp. Gateado amarillo Naucleopsis spp. * Tamamuri Nectandra concinna Angelino/aceituno Nectandra coriacea Laurel avispillo Nectandra membranacea Laurel prieto Nectandra rigida Laurel amarillo Nectandra sintenisii Laurel amarillo Nectandra spp. Sigua/sigua amarillo Nectandra spp./Ocotea spp. Louro Nectandra spp. Laurel macano Nectandra spp. Laurel macano Nectandra spp. Canelo Nectandra spp. Moena negra Nemaluma anomala Rosadinho Ochroma lagopus/pyramidale Balsa Ochroma pyramidale Guano Ochroma pyramidale Balso Ocotea austinii Bambito rosada Ocotea leucoxylon Laurel geo Ocotea moschata Nuez moscada Ocotea neesiana Louro canela/louro 31 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP (Phoebe porosa) lmbuia Ocotea rodiaei Greenheart Ocotea rodiaei Greenheart Ocotea rodiaei Greenheart Ocotea rodiaei Greenheart Ocotea rubra Louro vermelho Ocotea rubra Determa Ocotea rubra Determa Ocotea schomburgkiana Yekoro Ocotea spathulata Nemoca Ocotea spp. Siguaton/bambito amarillo Ocotea spp. Louro canela/louro Ocotea spp. Casho moena Onychopetalum amazonicum Envira preta Ormosia coccinea Huairuro Ormosia krugii Palo de matos Ormosia ligni-valvis Peonio Ormosia lignivalvis Peonio Ormosia paraensis Tento Ormosia schunkei Huairuro Ormosia spp. Tento Ormosia spp. Amargo blanco Ormosia paraensis Osteophloeum platyspermum Ouratea spp. Sierra de picon Oxandra spp. Yaya Parahancornia amapa Amapa Parinari campestris/excelsa Buradala/omoradan Parinari excelsa Merecurillo Parinari pachyphyllum Merecure Parinari rodolphi Parinari Parinari rodolphi Merecure montanero Parkia oppositifolia Caro montanero Parkia paraensis Fava arara tucupi Parkia pendula Cascaron Parkia pendula Faveira bolota Parkia spp. Faveira Paulsenia armata Yanchama mexicana Nazareno Peltogyne paniculata Paloconcha Peltogyne porphyrocardia Zapatero Peltogyne pubescens Purpleheart Peltogyne spp. Amarante Peltogyne spp. Purpleheart Peltogyne venosa Purpleheart Peltogyne venosa Purpleheart Clavellino Pera glabrata Pilon rosado Pera schomburgkiana Amarillo Persea caerulea Aguacate chico Persea veraguasensis Sigua carano Petitia domingensis Capa blanco Pinus caribaea Pine Pinus caribaea Pino costeno Pinus douglasiana Pino blanco Pinus lawsoni Pino ortiguilo Pinus leiophylla Pino chino Pinus michoacana Pino lacio Pinus oocarpa Pino ocote Piptadenia psilostachya Yiguire Piptadenia spp. Carabali Piptadenia spp. Palo blanco Piptadenia suaveolens Fava folha fina 32 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Piranhea longepedunculata Caramacate Piscidia communis Jabin Pisonia cuspidata * Casabe Pisonia spp. * Masamorro Pisonia spp. Peronil Pithecellobium guachapele Uvero macho Pithecellobium jupunba Saman montanero Pithecellobium pedicellare Hueso de pascado Pithecellobium saman Saman Pithecellobium saman Saman Planchonella pachycarpa Goiabao Planchonella pachycarpa Goiabao insignis Mart. Bacuri Platymiscium pinnatum Granadillo Platymiscium pinnatum Roble Platymiscium pinnatum Roble Platymiscium trinitatis Podocarpus oleifolius Diablo fuerte Poeppigia procera Frijolillo Pouteria caimito Abiurana Pouteria campechiana Kaniste Pouteria carabobensis Chupon Pouteria egregia Purguillo Pouteria eugeniifolia Chile rosado Pouteria multiflora Jacana Pouteria pomifera Capure Pouteria spp. Nispero mono Pouteria spp. Maranoncillo Pouteria spp. Nispero cuascudo Pouteria spp. Rosetto blanco Pouteria spp. Mamey de montana Pouteria spp. Chupon blanco Pouteria spp. Chupon blanco Pouteria spp. Chupon Pouteria spp. Caimito Prioria copaifera Cativo blanco/negro Prioria copaifera Cativo Prioria copaifera Cativo crenatum Anime blanco Protium decandrum Kurokai Protium decandrum Kurokai Protium decandrum Azucarito Protium neglectum Carano blanco Protium sagoitianum Carano Protium schomburgkianum Kurokai Protium schomburgkianum Azucarito Protium spp. Breu Protium spp. Breu manga Protium spp. Chutra Protium tenuifolium Breu preto Protium tenuifolium Anime rosado spp. Mamey colorado Pseudobombax ellipticum Amapola cedreada Pseudobombax septenatum Barrigon Pseudolmedia laevis Chimicua Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria Mamba Pseudolmedia spp Mariabe Pterocarpus officinalis Cacu Pterocarpus officinalis Sangre de gallo Pterocarpus rohrii Sangrito Pterocarpus spp. Palosangre amarillo Pterocarpus spp. Sangron Pterccarpus spp. Palisangre 33 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Pterocarpus spp. Palosangre negro Pterocarpus spp. Sangron Pterocarpus spp. Sangregao Pterocarpus vernalis Sangre de drago Pterocarpus vernalis Sangre Pterygota spp. Paujil ruro Qualea albiflora Mandioqueira lisa Qualea albiflora Gronfoeloe Qualea albiflora/Q. spp Gronfoeloe/wiswiskwalie Qualea brevipedicellata Mandioqueira aspera Qualea cymulosa Gorgojo Qualea dinizii Guarapo Qualea rosea Mountain gronfoeloe Qualea rosea Gronfoeloe Qualea spp. Mandioqueira Quercus barvinervis Encino Quercus spp. Mamecillo Quercus spp. Roble Rheedia madruno Madrono Rheedia spp. Charichuelo Rhizophora mangle Mangle colorado Rollinia exsucca Anoncillo Rollinia exsucca Envira Rollinia spp. Anoncillo de monte Rollinia spp. Anon Roupala montana Faeira/louro faia Roupala spp. Piel de lagarto Ruprechtia aff. ramiflora Palo de agua Saccoglottis cydonioides Ponsigue montanero Sandwithiodoxa egregia Abiu pitomba Sapium biglandulosum Lechero Sapium biglandulosum Lechero Sapium cf. jenmanni Cancho blanco Sapium laurocerasus Tabaiba Sapium marmieri Caucho masha Sapium spp. Olivo Sapium spp. Caucho Sapium spp. Lechoso Sapium spp. Lechero Schizolobium parahybum Tinecu Sclelorobium spp. Ucshacuiro blanco Sclerolobium chrysophyllum Tachi pitomba Sclerolobium guianensis Guamillo Sclerolobium melinonii Jawaledan Sclerolobium paniculatum Guamillo rojo Sclerolobium paraense Tachi branco Sclerolobium poeppigianum Tachi pitomba Scleronema spp. Cardeiro Sickingia spp. Huacamayo caspi Sideroxylon tempisque Tempisque Simaba multiflora Congrillo Simaba multiflora Simarudo Simaba multiflora Hueso de pescado Simarouba spp. Marupa Simarouba amara Simarouba Simarouba amara Pasaak Simarouba amara Simaruba Simarouba amara Marupa Simarouba amara Cedroblanco Simarouba glauca Aceituno Simarouba spp. Lagarto Simarouba spp. Coralillo Sloanea berteriana Motillo

34 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Sloanea grandiflora Cebeza de araguato Sloanea guianensis Cebeza de araguato Slioanea lauriflora Cebeza de araguato Sloanea terniflora Picopico Spondias mombin Jobo corronchoso Spondias mombin Ubos Spondias mombin Jobo Spondias mombin Jobo corronchoso Spondias mombin Jobo Spondias mombin Jobo Spondias mombin Jobo Sterculia apetala Bellota Sterculia apetala Sterculia apetala Camoruco Sterculia pruriens Sterculia Sterculia pruriens Majagua Sterculia speciosa Chicha Sterculia spp. Chicha Stryphnodendron polystachum Araguaney Swartzia bannia Bannia Swartzia leiocalycina Wamara Swartzia leiocalycina Wamara Swartzia loptopetala Orura barrialera Swartzia spp. Coracao de Negro Sweetia spp. Cocobolo Swietenia humilis Caoba Swietenia macrophylla Caoba Swietenia macrophylla Caoba Swietenia macrophylla Caoba Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani Swietenia macrophylla Mogno Swietenia macrophylla Caoba Swietenia macrophylla Mahogany Swietenia mahogani Mahogani Symphonia globulifera Manni Symphonia globulifera Manil Symphonia globulifera Waike chewstick Symphonia globulifera Chewstick Symphonia globulifera Anani Symphonia globulifera Cerillo Symplocos spp. Mangle blanco de montana Syzygiopsis oppositifolia Abiu branco Tabebuia chrysantha Cortez Tabebuia donnell-smithii Primavera Tabebuia donnell-smithii * Primavera Tabebuia guayacan Guayacan Tabebuia guayacan Guayacan Tabebuia guayacan/beterotricha Guayacan Tabebuia heterophylla Roble blanco Tabebuia heterophylla Roble Tabebuia heterotricha Guayacan Tabebuia insignis Tabebuia Tabebuia pentaphylla Roble blanco Tabebuia rosea Roble Tabebuia rosea Apamate Tabebuia serratifolia Tahuari Tabebuia serratifolia Bethabara Tabebuia serratifolia Tabebuia serratifolia Bethabara Tabebuia serratifolia Flor amarillo Tabebuia spp. Ipe Tabebuia stenocalyx Purguillo blanco Tachigali cf. myrmecophila * Tachi preto/tachi 35 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP Talauma dodecapetala Magnolia Talisia spp. Carne asada Tapirira guianensis Fruta de paloma Tectona grandis Teca Tectona grandis (plantation) Teak Terminalia aff. obovata Pardillo amarillo Terminalia aff. lucida Amarillo Terminalia amazonia Pata de danto Terminalia amazonia Nargusta Terminalia amazonia Guabillo Terminalia amazonia Canshan Terminalia amazonia Amarillo carabazuelo Terminalia amazonia Nargusta Terminalia catappa Almendra Terminalia spp. Guayabon Terminalia guianensis Pata de danto Terminalia guyanensis Guayabo de Monte Terminalia oblonga Yacushapana Terminalia oblonga Guayabon Terminalia spp. Criollo Terminalia spp. Amarillo de pena altissima Azucarito blanco Tetragastris altissima Breu manga Tetragastris balsamifera Masa Tetragastris balsamifera Masa Tetragastris panamensis Maramo Tetragastris panamensis Breu preto Tetragastris spp. Sali Tetragastris spp. Ciruelo Tetragastris spp. Secuadra Tetragastris stevonsonii kerosine Toulicia pulvinata Carapo blanco Trattinickia cf. burseraefolia Breu/amescla Trattinickia rhoifolia Carano Trattinickia rhoifolia Carano Trattinickia spp. Amesclao Trattinickia spp. Carano Trema intergerrima Mochocho blanco Trichilia lecointei Pracuuba da terra firme Trichilia spp. Uchumullaca Trichilia propingua Bizcochuelo amarillo Triplaris caracasana Vara de maria Triplaris guayaquilensis Fernansanchez Triplaris surinamensis Santa maria Trophis spp. Sachavaca micuna Trophis spp. Charo negro Trophis spp. Charo cuero de sapo Ulmus mexicana Cenizo Vantanea parviflora Uchirana Vatairea paraensis Faveira amargosa Vatairea paraensis Fava amargosa Vatairea sericea Faveira bolacha Vatairea spp. Amargo amargo Vatairea spp. Mora Virola koschnyi Virola, light Virola koschnyi Banak Virola koschnyi Banak Virola melinonii Hill dalli Virola spp Mollejo Virola spp. Virola Virola spp. Miguelarillo Virola spp. Cumala blanca Virola spp Tartago

36 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DRYING Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Mg% Mg% DTI GROUP

Virola surinamensis Cuajo Baboen Virola surinamensis Banak Vitex cooperi/kuylenii Rajate bien/flor azul Vitex divaricata Higuerillo Vitex gaumeri Fiddlewood Vitex gaumeri Ya'axnik Vitex giganteum Cuajado Vitex orinocensis Guarataro negro Vitex orinocensis Guarataro Vitex orinocensis Vitex spp. Guarataro blanco Vitex stahelii Totumillo Vochysia ferruginea Zopilote Vochysia ferruginea/hondurensis Corosillo Vochysia ferruginea/hondurensis Pegle Vochysia guianensis Quaruba rosa/quaruba Vochysia guianensis Kwarie Vochysia guianensis/hondurensis Quaruba Vochysia hondurensis Palo de agua Vochysia hondurensis Quaruba Vochysia hondurensis Macablanca Vochysia hondurensis Yemeri Vochysia lanceolata Quillo sisa Vochysia lehmanii Canelito Vochysia maxima Quaruba verdadeira Vochysia melinonii Quaruba rosa/quaruba Vochysia obidensis Quaruba rosa/quaruba Vochysia spp. Quaruba Vochysia spp. Quaruba Vochysia spp. Aguacate montanero Vochysia tetraphylla Lorjenna Vocysia spp. Mangalarga Vouacapoua americana Acapu Vouacapoua americana Wacapou Vouacapoua americana Wacapou Xylopia nitida Envira beanca Xylosma spp. Rosetto Zanthoxylum martinicense Espino rubial Zanthoxylum aff, martinicense * Mapurite Zanthoxylum aff, rhoifolia * Mapurite blanco Zanthoxylum spp. Hualaja Zanthoxylum spp. * Mapurite blanco Zanthoxylum spp. * Mapurite negro Zanthoxylum spp. * Mapurite amarillo Zuelania guidonia Plomo

Older scientific name Newer scientific name Coumarouna spp. Dipteryx spp. Cytharexylum spp. Citharexylon spp. Fagara spp. Zanthoxylum spp. Franchetella spp. Lucuma spp. Hieronima spp. Hyeronima spp. Holopyxidium spp. Lecythis spp. Ogcodeia spp. Naucleopsis spp. Pseudosamanea spp. Albizia spp. Roseodendron spp. Tabebuia spp. Samanea spp. Albizia spp. Tachigalia spp. Tachigali spp. Torrubia spp. Pisonia spp.

37 Table 4–Kiln schedule for estimating drying time and drying time index

Table 5–Regression coefficients for the Equation (3) relationship between basic specific gravity and green moisture contenta

38 Table 6–Statistical tests for differences in regression coefficients a to d of Equation (3)

Table 7–Drying time groups for ranges of drying time index (DTI)

39 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994-546-037/00007