DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded from Brill.Com09/29/2021 09:58:02PM Via Free Access 102 IAWA Journal, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded from Brill.Com09/29/2021 09:58:02PM Via Free Access 102 IAWA Journal, Vol IAWA Journal, Vol. 23 (2), 2002: 101–119 FORMATION OF INCREMENT ZONES AND INTRAANNUAL GROWTH DYNAMICS IN THE XYLEM OF SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA, CARAPA GUIANENSIS, AND CEDRELA ODORATA (MELIACEAE)* by Oliver Dünisch1, 2, Josef Bauch1 & Luadir Gasparotto2 SUMMARY The pattern of growth increment zones, the cambial growth dynamics and the structural variation in wood formation of Swietenia macrophylla King, Carapa guianensis Aubl., and Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) were in- vestigated in order to understand the relationship of site conditions and sustainable growth in Central Amazonian plantations. Trees were avail- able from 8-, 17-, 23-, and 57-year-old plantations, and from primary for- ests in Manaus (Amazônia), Santarem (Pará), and Aripuanã (Mato Grosso). The wood anatomical structure and the annual increments of 61 Swietenia, 94 Carapa, and 89 Cedrela trees were studied for different tree heights. The curves of annual increments were cross-dated and tested for synchro- nisation. The cambial growth dynamics of up to 52 trees per species were dated by means of dendrometer measurements, monthly labelling by pin- markers, and extracted cambium samples investigated using a microscope. The intraannual course of the growth and structural variation was com- pared with the water supply of the soil and insect attacks (Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lep.). In Swietenia and Carapa parenchyma and vessel bands as well as bands of resin canals were observed. Within the xylem of Cedrela, alternating bands of fibres and vessels surrounded by paratracheal parenchyma were found; bands of resin canals were only occasional. In the juvenile wood of Swietenia and Carapa no synchronization of the increment curves was possible, whereas the increment curves obtained in the juvenile wood of Cedrela showed parallel run in growth. The increment curves obtained in adult wood of Swietenia and Cedrela indicate an annual formation of in- crement zones, whereas the number of increment zones in the xylem of Carapa was approximately 50% higher than the tree age (years) indicat- ing that the growth increments of Carapa also were not annual during the adult phase of growth. *) Dedicated to Prof. Dr. R.W. Kennedy on occasion of his 70th birthday. 1) Institute of Wood Biology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany. 2) EMBRAPA Amazonia Ocidental, AM 010, km 29, 69048-970 Manaus, AM, Brazil. Corresponding address: Prof. Dr. Josef Bauch, Dr. Oliver Dünisch, Institute of Wood Biology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany [[email protected]; [email protected]]. Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 09:58:02PM via free access 102 IAWA Journal, Vol. 23 (2), 2002 The study of the intraannual growth dynamics of the trees showed that the formation of parenchyma bands in Swietenia is induced by dry periods before a cambial dormancy. The formation of parenchyma bands of Carapa was induced by extremely dry and extremely wet periods before a cambial dormancy, whereas fibre bands in Cedrela were induced by dry periods before a cambial dormancy and the formation of vessel bands embedded in paratracheal parenchyma was induced by wet periods after a cambial dormancy. In addition, insect attack (Hypsipyla grandella) induced lo- cally restricted formation of parenchyma bands and bands of resin canals in Swietenia, Carapa and Cedrela. Key words: Wood formation, increment zones, intraannual growth dynam- ics, water supply, Swietenia macrophylla King, Carapa guianensis Aubl., Cedrela odorata L., Meliaceae. INTRODUCTION In the Central Amazon the demand for wood for the local market and for export is satisfied exclusively from primary forests, which leads to strong exploitation, espe- cially of high quality species such as those of the Meliaceae (comp. Loureiro et al. 1979; Dahms 1989; Mayhew & Newton 1998; Wagenführ 2000). In Brazil, logging of the mahogany species Swietenia macrophylla King is prohibited. Resources of Carapa guianensis Aubl. and Cedrela odorata L. are also seriously declining. In ad- dition, logging in primary forest is often associated with serious negative effects on the ecosystem and a degradation of the area (Lamprecht 1986; Brünig1996). In order to counteract these negative effects special attention is given to cultivating native tree species for high quality timber (Lamprecht 1986; Whitmore 1995; Brünig 1996; Bauch et al. 1999). Particularly on the “terra firme” of the Amazon basin mixed plantations are promising for sustainable growth and the production of fruits and wood (Sanchez 1976; Lieberei & Gasparotto 1998; Dünisch 2001). Successful establishment of plantations needs information on the relationship of site conditions and growth characteristics of the planted trees. Information on growth dynamics and the influence of exogenous impact on the wood formation of most of the native timber tree species of the Amazon is still limited (Baas & Vetter 1989; Jacoby 1989). Investigations on the periodicity of cambial growth and the formation of incre- ment zones of tropical trees revealed different patterns of structural variation in wood formation (e.g. Coster 1927, 1928; Mariaux 1969; Worbes 1988, 1989, 1999; Détienne 1989). Dendroecological studies showed that on the one hand the structural variation in wood formation of tropical trees could be annual and correlated with exogenous input such as water supply and inundation (Worbes 1988, 1999; Pumijumnong et al. 1995). On the other hand wood formation of tropical trees often was not annual and not correlated with exogenous input (Jacoby 1989; Breitspecher & Bethel 1990). With regard to exogenous input the seasonal variation of the water supply is of main importance in the Central Amazon (Dünisch et al. 1999b). The water supply is significant for the turgor of differentiating xylem cells (Larson 1969; Dünisch & Bauch Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 09:58:02PM via free access Dünisch, Bauch & Gasparotto — Formation of increment zones 103 Fig. 1. Study sites for sample collection of 8-, 17-, 23-, and 57-year-old (%) plantation grown and ($) primary forest grown (N) Swietenia macrophylla (Sw), Carapa guianensis (Ca), and Cedrela odorata (Ce) near Manaus-Amazônas, Santarem-Pará, and Aripuanã-Mato Grosso. 1994), the biosynthesis of carbohydrates (Langenfeld-Heyser 1987), and the trans- port of mineral elements (Kramer 1985; Kozlowski et al. 1991). The growth of Meliaceae is often affected by the attack of the insect Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) Lep., which causes severe damage of the primary meristems of the trees (Whitmore 1976; Newton et al. 1993). According to the concept for the com- partmentalization of wounds proposed by Shigo (1984), wounding of the primary meristem caused by Hypsipyla grandella might also influence wood formation at the cambium. The main objective of this study is to elucidate the relationship of exogenous input and the intraannual cambial growth dynamics of Swietenia macrophylla, Carapa guianensis and Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) with regard to sustainable growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study sites and tree selection For this study we used 61 trees of Swietenia macrophylla King, 94 trees of Carapa guianensis Aubl. and 89 trees of Cedrela odorata L. grown in plantations of known age, and in primary forests (Fig. 1). Samples were collected in the region of Manaus, Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 09:58:02PM via free access 104 IAWA Journal, Vol. 23 (2), 2002 Amazônia (03° 08' S, 59° 52' W), the region of Santarem, Pará (02° 52' S, 54° 45' W), and the region of Aripuanã, Mato Grosso (10° 09' S, 59° 26' W). Manaus region: Samples of 8-year-old plantation grown Swietenia, Carapa, and Cedrela, as well as three primary forest grown Carapa trees were collected on the research station of the EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental, 24 km from Manaus. The area is located at approximately 50 m above sea-level with an annual precipitation of about 2,500 mm (min. 110 mm (August), max. 295 mm (February)), a mean air tem- perature of 26.4 °C, and a mean air humidity of 87%. The soil is a poor ferralitic soil (FAO 1990) with a low cation exchange capacity. This study site has been used for interdisciplinary research projects within the Brazilian-German cooperation program “SHIFT” since 1992 (Lieberei & Gasparotto 1998; Bauch et al. 1999). In addition, two 17-year-old Carapa trees were collected from a plantation of the National Re- search Institute of Amazonas (INPA) located 45 km north of Manaus with corre- sponding climatic and soil conditions (Bauch & Dünisch 2000). Santarem region: Samples of eight 57-year-old plantation grown Swietenia, Carapa, and Cedrela were collected from the research station of the EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental in Belterra, 35 km south of the city of Santarem. In addition, samples of three primary forest grown Carapa trees were collected at the “Floresta Nacional de Tapajos” located approximately 55 km south of Santarem. Climatic and soil condi- tions correspond to the Manaus region, but soil analyses (Dünisch 2001) showed a higher K and Mg content of the soil in the Santarem region compared to the Manaus region (Schroth et al. 2000). Aripuanã region: In the neighbourhood of the city of Aripuanã xylem samples were collected from two 23-year-old plantation grown Swietenia trees planted by small land owners. In addition, eight primary forest grown Swietenia and Cedrela trees were collected from the “Reserva Rio Branco” 50 km west of the city (comp. Loureiro & Lisboa 1979). The experimental area is located approximately 190 m above sea-level with an annual precipitation of approximately 3,000 mm (wettest months February and March, driest months September and October) and a mean tem- perature of 24.9°C. Soil analyses (Dünisch 2001) showed a higher soil fertility of this site compared to the Manaus and the Santarem sites (Lisboa et al. 1976). Microscopical characteristics and width of increment zones Selected microscopical characteristics and the width of increment zones of all trees were analyzed on discs or samples collected with an increment borer in the four car- dinal directions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SC69 Doc. 69.1
    Original language: English SC69 Doc. 69.1 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Sixty-ninth meeting of the Standing Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 27 November – 1 December 2017 Species specific matters Maintenance of the Appendices Annotations ESTABLISHMENT OF A WORKING GROUP ON ANNOTATIONS 1. This document has been submitted by Canada, on behalf of Namibia and Canada as joint leads for the Standing Committee on the issue of Annotations.* Background 2. At the 17th meeting, (CoP17; Johannesburg, 2016) the Conference of the Parties adopted Decision 16.162 (Rev. CoP17) which directs the Standing Committee to re-establish the working group on annotations, in close collaboration with the Animals and Plants Committees. At its 68th meeting (Johannesburg, 2016), the Standing Committee agreed that Canada and Namibia would lead on the issue of annotations. 4. After discussion with the Chair of the Standing Committee in February 2017 and consultation between Canada and Namibia, it was agreed to engage members of the previous Standing Committee Annotations Working Group in advance of the 69th meeting of the Standing Committee (November 2017; SC69), to continue discussions relating to the work included in the working group terms of reference contained in Decision 16.162 (Rev. CoP17). In April 2017, in response to concerns raised by the Secretariat in advance of CoP17 regarding a lack of regional diversity in the working group in its discussions during the CoP16/CoP17 intersessional period, the Chair of the CITES Plants Committee confirmed that ten members or alternate members of the Plants Committee had expressed interest in participating in the Standing Committee’s work on annotations.
    [Show full text]
  • TREE RING CHARACTERISTICS of 30-YEAR-OLD SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA PLANTATION TREES Cheng-Jung Lin* Chih-Hsin Chung Chih-Lung Cho Te
    TREE RING CHARACTERISTICS OF 30-YEAR-OLD SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA PLANTATION TREES Cheng-Jung Lin* Associate Researcher Department of Forest Utilization Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Chih-Hsin Chung Assistant Researcher Department of Forest Management Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Chih-Lung Cho Professor Department of Natural Resources National I-Lan University Ilan, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Te-Hsin Yang Assistant Professor Department of Forestry College of Nature Resource and Agriculture National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] (Received October 2011) Abstract. Ring characteristics of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla K.) plantation trees grown in Taiwan were explored. Significant differences in average ring width (RW) and ring density (RD) occurred among three tree-diameter classes and three radial stages of ring numbers. RW in the radial direction decreased from the pith outward to the bark and followed a distinctive three-stage variation pattern (juvenile, transition, and mature zones). RD in the radial direction increased slowly from the pith outward to the bark. Wider tree rings and lower density are associated with juvenile wood close to the pith, whereas narrower tree rings and higher density are typical for mature wood outward toward the bark. RD in overtopped trees was higher than that in dominant trees. However, RW in dominant trees was wider than that in intermediate and overtopped trees. Earlywood density, latewood density, maximum density, and minimum density were the most important factors determining overall RD. There was a weak relationship between RW and RD, indicating that it is unlikely for growth rates of mahogany plantation trees to have a significant impact on wood density.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Feeding Ecology of the Common Flicker on Grand Cayman Island
    Condor, 81:370375 @I The Cooper Ornithological Society 1979 OCCURRENCE AND FEEDING ECOLOGY OF THE COMMON FLICKER ON GRAND CAYMAN ISLAND ALEXANDER CRUZ AND DAVID W. JOHNSTON The Common Flicker (CoZaptes auratus) is with mangrove and buttonwood swamps. In wetter and widely distributed in the western hemi- more saline places, especially around North Sound (Fig. l), red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) predomi- sphere from Alaska to Nicaragua and to the nates, but farther inland at seasonally drier sites white West Indies (Cuba and Grand Cayman). Al- mangrove (Lagunculariu rucemosa), black mangrove though mainland populations have been (Auicenniu nitida), and buttonwood (Conocarpus er- well studied (e.g., Noble 1936, Bent 1939, ecta) combine to form a thick forest. Near North Sound Short 1965a, 1967, Bock 1971), details on these mangrove-buttonwood swamps are best devel- oped and the trees often reach heights of 18-20 m. the abundance, life history, ecology, and Open pastures. In places, the limestone forest has behavior of Colaptes aurutus on Cuba (C. been cleared for pasture. Important introduced grasses a. chrysocudosus) and Grand Cayman (C. of these pastures are Guinea grass (Punicum maximum) a. gundluchi) have not been reported. Short and Seymour grass (Andropogon metusus), with scat- tered shrubs such as Comocladia dentata and trees (196513) discussed the variation, taxonomy, such as Bursera simaruba, Roystonea sp., and Man- and evolution of West Indian flickers, John- gifera indica. ston (1970, 1975) summarized some aspects Scrub woodland. Abandoned pastures and other of the ecology of the Grand Cayman Flicker, cleared areas revert to woods consisting of species such and Cruz (1974) examined the probable as maiden plum (Comocladia pinnatifolia), red birch (Burseru simaruba), and logwood (Huematoxylum evolution and fossil record of West Indian cumpechianum).
    [Show full text]
  • The Wood Cross Sections of Hermann Nördlinger (1818–1897)
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 29 (4), 2008: 439–457 THE WOOD CROSS SECTIONS OF HERMANN NÖRDLINGER (1818–1897) Ben Bubner Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e.V., Institut für Landschaftsstoffdynamik, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany [E-mail: [email protected]] SUMMARY Hermann Nördlinger (1818–1897), forestry professor in Hohenheim, Germany, published a series of wood cross sections in the years 1852 to 1888 that are introduced here to the modern wood anatomist. The sec- tions, which vary from 50 to 100 μm in thickness, are mounted on sheets of paper and their quality is high enough to observe microscopic details. Their technical perfection is as remarkable as the mode of distribution: sections of 100 wood species were presented in a box together with a booklet containing wood anatomical descriptions. These boxes were dis- tributed as books by the publisher Cotta, from Stuttgart, Germany, with a maximum circulation of 500 per volume. Eleven volumes comprise 1100 wood species from all over the world. These include not only conifers and broadleaved trees but also shrubs, ferns and palms representing a wide variety of woody structures. Excerpts of this collection were also pub- lished in Russian, English and French. Today, volumes of Nördlingerʼs cross sections are found in libraries throughout Europe and the United States. Thus, they are relatively easily accessible to wood anatomists who are interested in historic wood sections. A checklist with the content of each volume is appended. Key words: Cross section, wood collection, wood anatomy, history. INTRODUCTION Wood scientists who want to distinguish wood species anatomically rely on thin sec- tions mounted on glass slides and descriptions in books that are illustrated with micro- photographs.
    [Show full text]
  • Carapa Guianensis Aublet Meliaceae Crabwood, Bastard Mahogany, Andiroba
    Carapa guianensis Aublet Meliaceae crabwood, bastard mahogany, andiroba LOCAL NAMES English (bastard mahogany,crabwood,carapa); French (cabirma de Guinea,bois rouge,carapa,andiroba); Spanish (andiroba,caobilla,najesi,cedro macho,masábalo,cabrima de guiana); Trade name (bastard mahogany,crabwood,andiroba) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Carapa guianensis is a deciduous or semi-evergreen, monoecious, medium-sized to large trees up to 35 (max. 55) m tall; bole straight and cylindrical; branchless up to 20 (max. 30) m; up to 100 (max. 200) cm in diameter, sometimes fluted, with short buttresses up to 2 m high. Bark surface flaking into squarish scales or in horizontal strips, light grey to greyish brown or dark brown, sometimes reddish; inner bark fibrous, red or pinkish brown. Young plants produce taproots but the trees tend to become surface rooted. Leaves alternate, paripinnate with a dormant glandular leaflet at the apex, exstipulate; leaflets opposite, entire. Shows gigantic leaves in the monocaulous juvenile stage, decreasing in size when branching is initiated. Flowers small, white, borne in a large, axillary or subterminal thyrse; unisexual but with well-developed vestiges of the opposite sex; tetramerous to pentamerous (max. sextamerous); calyx lobed almost to the base; petals slightly contorted. Fruit dehiscent, 4-lobed, pendulous, subglobose, woody capsule containing 2-4 seeds in each lobe. Seeds smooth, pale brown, angular, with woody sarcotesta. BIOLOGY Flowering period depends heavily on the climate but is usually concentrated in 1 short period per year. Pollination is probably by insects; trees are often found swarming with ants visiting extrafloral nectaries at shoot apices and leaflet tips. Usually only 1-2 fruits in an inflorescence mature in 8-12 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Andiroba (Carapa Guianensis)
    Literature Cited - Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) A00835 THE EFFECT OF WATER-SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVES FROM THE HEARTWOOD OF TROPICAL AMERICAN WOODS ON THE GROWTH OF TWO WOOD-DECAY FUNGI. WATERMAN, AM: TROP WOODS 1946 88: 1- (1946) (NO ADDRESS GIVEN) A01890 PHYTOCHEMICAL SURVEY OF MALAYSIAN PLANTS. PRELIMINARY CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING. NAKANISHI, K: SASAKI,SI: KIANG,AK: GOH,J: KAKISAWA,H: OHASHI,M: GOTO,M: WATANABE,JM: YOKOTANI,H: MATSUMURA,C: TOGASHI,M: CHEM PHARM BULL 13 7: 882-890 (1965) (DEPT CHEM TOHOKU UNIV SENDAI JAPAN) A06820 INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF MAMEY AND OTHER PLANTS IN PUERTO RICO. PLANK,HK: J ECON ENTOMOL 37 : 737- (1944) (FEDERAL EXP STA ARS USDA MAYAGUEZ PUERTO RICO) J08008 TETRANORTRITERPENOIDS FROM THE HEARTWOOD OF CARAPA GUIANENSIS. MARCELLE, GB: MOOTOO,BS: PHYTOCHEMISTRY 14 : 2717-2718 (1975) (DEPT CHEM UNIV WEST INDIES ST AUGUSTINE TRINIDAD/TOBAGO) K07977 ANTIMALARIAL EXPERIMENTAL CHEMOTHERAPY USING NATURAL PRODUCTS. BRANDAO, M: BOTELHO,M: KRETTLI,E: CIENC CULT 37 7: 1152-1163 (1985) ( DEPT PARASITOL INST CIEN BIOL BRAZIL) K16262 DE PLANTIS TOXICARIIS E MUNDO NOVO TROPICALE COMMENTATIONES XXXIX. FEBRIFUGES OF NORTHWEST AMAZONIA. SCHULTES, RE: RAFFAUF,RF: HARVARD PAP IN BOT 1994 5: 50-68 (1994) ( BOTANICAL MUSEUM HARVARD UNIV CAMBRIDGE MA 02138 USA) K20709 TAPPING AN AMAZONIAN PLETHORA: FOUR MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MARAJO ISLAND, PARA (BRAZIL). HAMMER, MLA: JOHNS,EA: J ETHNOPHARMACOL 40 1: 53-75 (1993) ( CHRIST CHURCH OXFORD OX1 1DP ENGLAND) K27070 ETHNOBOTANY OF THE GARIFUNA OF EASTERN NICARAGUA. COEE, FG: ANDERSON,GJ: ECON BOT 50 1: 71-107 (1996) ( SCH PHARM UNIV CONNECTICUT STORRS CT 06268 USA) L04137 AMAZONIAN ETHNOBOTANICAL DICTIONARY.
    [Show full text]
  • (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Cedrela Odorata. Available From
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Cedrela odorata Cedrela odorata System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Sapindales Meliaceae Common name Barbados cedar (English), sita hina (English, Tonga), cedro cubano (Spanish, Galapagos Is.), Spanish cedar (English), cigar box cedar (English), West Indian cedar (English), Mexican cedar (English), cedro (Portuguese, Brazil), cèdre acajou (French), cèdre des barbares (French) Synonym Similar species Summary Cedrela odorata is a native of the West Indies and from Central America to South America, including the Brazilian Atlantic and Amazon Rain Forest. It has been introduced to many Pacific Islands and South Africa. This fast growing timber tree has become invasive in some areas, especially those disturbed by cutting. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Cedrela odorata is a \"tree up to 40m high with a diameter larger than 2m; leaves up to 80cm long, with (5-) 6-7 (-14) pairs of leaflets with a heavy odor of onions or garlic; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute to rounded at base, acute, acuminate or obtuse at tip, 8-20cm long, 2.5-5.5 (-8)cm broad, generally glabrous; flowers in clusters at the extremes of the branches, with a heavy malty odour, 6-9mm long; petals greenish-cream in bud, opeining white; fruit 2.5-4.5cm lolng, septicidally 5-valved; seeds flat, chestnut-brown, about 25mm long and 6-7mm broad.\" (Adams, 1972, in PIER, 2003; CATIE, 1997) Notes Introduced as a possible timber tree to Yap and possibly other islands in Micronesia. Introduced as a timber tree to Tonga - should be monitored for possible spread (PIER, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Disease Resistant Ornamental Trees
    HOME GROUNDS FACT SHEET Horticulture Center Cornell University Demonstration & Community Gardens at East Meadow Farm Cooperative Extension 832 Merrick Avenue East Meadow, NY 11554 Nassau County Phone: 516-565-5265 Disease-Resistant Ornamental Trees and Those Relatively Free of Disease Some trees show resistance to certain of the more Flowering crabapples serious tree diseases. Others are relatively free from * Malus ‘Adams’ o major disease problems under growing conditions found Malus baccata var. himalaica in the Northeast. Many of these latter types are used Malus ‘Cardinal’ All unmarked crab- only occasionally in shade and ornamental plantings, a * Malus ‘Centurion’ o apples are resistant to Malus ‘David’ cedar apple rust, fire fact that may account for the general absence of dis- Malus ‘Donald Wyman’ blight, powdery mildew and scab. eases. However, with the increased limitations on the * Malus floribunda o use of effective fungicides for the control of tree dis- Malus ‘Henry Kohankie’ o Crabapples suscep- tible to one or more eases, it would be advisable to check the lists below Malus ‘Inglis’ of the mentioned dis- and substitute one of these trees for a tree that is Malus ‘Professor Sprenger’ eases, but still worth susceptible to diseases. * Malus ‘Profusion’ planting. Malus ‘Robinson’ * Indicates varieties * Malus sargentii o commonly available on Long Island. Resistant to Dutch elm disease: * Malus ‘Sugar Tyme’ o Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm) Ulmus glabra 'camperdownii' (Scotch elm) Junipers resistant to twig blight caused by Resistant to chestnut blight, but Phomopsis juniperovara: susceptible to twig blight and canker: Juniperus chinensis Castanea mollissima (Chinese chestnut) ‘Foemina’ ++ Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut) ‘Iowa’ ‘Keteleeri’ ++ Resistant to witch’s broom: * ‘Robusta green' Celtis sinensis (Chinese hackberry) * var.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Kiln Operator's Manual
    United States Department of Agriculture Dry Kiln Forest Service Operator's Forest Products Laboratory Manual Madison, Wisconsin Agriculture Handbook No. 188 Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual Edited by William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory 1 Madison, Wisconsin Revised August 1991 Agriculture Handbook 188 1The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION, Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides aand pesticide containers. Preface Acknowledgments The purpose of this manual is to describe both the ba- Many people helped in the revision. We visited many sic and practical aspects of kiln drying lumber. The mills to make sure we understood current and develop- manual is intended for several types of audiences. ing kiln-drying technology as practiced in industry, and First and foremost, it is a practical guide for the kiln we thank all the people who allowed us to visit. Pro- operator-a reference manual to turn to when questions fessor John L. Hill of the University of New Hampshire arise. It is also intended for mill managers, so that they provided the background for the section of chapter 6 can see the importance and complexity of lumber dry- on the statistical basis for kiln samples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species July 2013 Annual Repo Rt 2012 1 Wwf/Gftn Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species
    A GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES JULY 2013 ANNUAL REPO RT 2012 1 WWF/GFTN GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES BACKGROUND: BACKGROUND: The heavy exploitation of a few commercially valuable timber species such as Harvesting and sourcing a wider portfolio of species, including LKTS would help Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata), Ramin (Gonostylus relieve pressure on the traditionally harvested and heavily exploited species. spp.), Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.), due in major part The use of LKTS, in combination with both FSC certification, and access to high to the insatiable demand from consumer markets, has meant that many species value export markets, could help make sustainable forest management a more are now threatened with extinction. This has led to many of the tropical forests viable alternative in many of WWF’s priority places. being plundered for these highly prized species. Even in forests where there are good levels of forest management, there is a risk of a shift in species composition Markets are hard to change, as buyers from consumer countries often aren’t in natural forest stands. This over-exploitation can also dissuade many forest willing to switch from purchasing the traditional species which they know do managers from obtaining Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for the job for the products that they are used in, and for which there is already their concessions, as many of these high value species are rarely available in a healthy market. To enable the market for LKTS, there is an urgent need to sufficient quantity to cover all of the associated costs of certification.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Australian Red Cedar and Other Meliaceae Species in Plantation
    G row i n g Australian Red Cedar and other Meliaceae species in plantation A report published by the RIRDC/Land & Water Australia/FWPRDC/MDBC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program RIRDC publication number 04/135 “All living things are interrelated. Whatever happens to the earth will happen to all children of the earth”. Jefe Seattle 1785-1866 “It merely requires interest and effort, so that one day there will be avenues, small forests and garden cedars across the length and breadth of the country; and if they do take one hundred years to mature, we can be sure that future generations will be very pleased with us, for ‘Toona australis’ is the most beautiful of all cedars.” John Vader (1987) in: Red Cedar, The Tree of Australia’s History © 2005 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 043 0 ISSN 1440 6845 Publication number: 04/135 Growing Australian Red Cedar and Other Meliaceae Species in Plantation The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable industries. The information should not be relied upon for the purpose of a particular matter. Specialist and/or appropriate legal advice should be obtained before any action or decision is taken on the basis of any material in this document. The Commonwealth of Australia, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, the authors or contributors do not assume liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from any person’s use or reliance upon the content of this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3--Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood
    Chapter 3 Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood William Simpson and Anton TenWolde he versatility of wood is demonstrated by a wide Contents variety of products. This variety is a result of a Appearance 3–1 spectrum of desirable physical characteristics or properties among the many species of wood. In many cases, Grain and Texture 3–1 more than one property of wood is important to the end Plainsawn and Quartersawn 3–2 product. For example, to select a wood species for a product, the value of appearance-type properties, such as texture, grain Decorative Features 3–2 pattern, or color, may be evaluated against the influence of Moisture Content 3–5 characteristics such as machinability, dimensional stability, Green Wood and Fiber Saturation Point 3–5 or decay resistance. Equilibrium Moisture Content 3–5 Wood exchanges moisture with air; the amount and direction of the exchange (gain or loss) depend on the relative humid- Sorption Hysteresis 3–7 ity and temperature of the air and the current amount of water Shrinkage 3–7 in the wood. This moisture relationship has an important Transverse and Volumetric 3–7 influence on wood properties and performance. This chapter discusses the physical properties of most interest in the Longitudinal 3–8 design of wood products. Moisture–Shrinkage Relationship 3–8 Some physical properties discussed and tabulated are influ- Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity 3–11 enced by species as well as variables like moisture content; Working Qualities 3–15 other properties tend to be independent of species. The thor- oughness of sampling and the degree of variability influence Decay Resistance 3–15 the confidence with which species-dependent properties are Thermal Properties 3–15 known.
    [Show full text]