Art, Space and the City

ART, SPACE AND THE CITY

Pclblic art and arban fcltclres

MALCOLM MILES CONTENTS

List ofjgures vi Acknowledgements ix Introdaction 1 1 THE CITY 19 2 SPACE, REPRESENTATION AND GENDER 39 3 THE MONUMENT 58 4 THE CONTRADICTIONS OF PUBLIC ART 84 5 ART IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT 104 6 ART AND METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT 132 7 ART IN HEALTH SERVICES 150 o ART AS A SOCIAL PROCESS 164 9 CONVIVIAL CITIES 188 Notes 209 Further reading 239 Bibliography 245 Index 259 FIGURES

1 Jonathon Borofsky, Hammering Man, Seattle 2 Antony Gormley, one of three cast-iron, double-sided figures on the walls of Derry 3 Rachel Whiteread, House, East London (detail) 4 Richard Haas, mural at the Architecture Centre, Boston 5 Tess Jaray, paving and street furniture, Centenary Square, Birmingham 6 Constantin Brancusi, Gate of the Kiss, Tirgu Jiu, Romania 7 Joyce Scott, You Don't Even Know Me, computer animation, Times Square, New 'York 8 Schoolchildren and students from the Kent Institute of Art and Design painting a playground mural 9 Trafalgar Square 10 Villiers Street, London 11 Manhattan seen from Battery Park City 12 The utopia of new Bucharest 13 The Winter Gardens at Battery Park City 14 A notice at Battery Park City 15 A corporate atrium in Manhattan I6 Jim Dine's bronzes referencing Venus 17 The Guerrilla Girls, poster commissioned by Public Art Fund, New York 18 Tourists looking at a bronze Roman Emperor, London 19 US Custom House, New York - Africa 20 US Custom House, New York - America 21 The feet of the colossus of Rameses I1 on which Shelley's poem Ozymandias is based ?2 Charles Sargeant Jagger's Artillery Memorial in Hyde Park, London (detail) FIGURES

23 The face of a policeman covered by his helmet, Cable Street Mural 24 Raymond Mason's Forward in Centenary Square, Birmingham r25 Kevin Atherton, Platfarms Piece, Brixton Station, London 26 Kevin Atherton, Pla~omzsPiece (detail) 27 Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, DC 28 The East Coast Memorial, Battery Park City E ; 29 Isamu Noguchi, Red Cube, New York i I 30 Richard Serra, Fulcrum, Broadgate, London (detail) 31 Richard Serra, Tilted Arc, New York 32 Antony Gorrnley, Virion, Victoria Square, Birmingham i 33 John Clinch, The Great Blondinis, Swindon 1 34 Battery Park City - a waterside landscape and a viewing platform designed by Mary Miss ' 35 Children at The Red House, Sunderland 36 The Red House, Sunderland ' 37 A relief depicting Edward II by children in Swansea 38 Valerie Jaudon, Long Division; railings designed for the New York Subway 39 Eduardo Paolozzi, mosaics for Tottenham Court Road Underground station 40 Art from the National Gallery in the London Underground 41 Art from the National Gallery in the London Underground (detail) 42 Tom Otterness, figures sawing a column, for 14th Street Station, New York 148 43 A poster against the MI1 on House 149 44 The interior of the new Outpatient Dept at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, with Sea Piece by Mike Davis and Kate Watkinson 156 45 An uplighter, with Sea Piece, beyond 157 46 Christine Constant, tile mural of Carlisle at the Cumberland Infirmary 158 47 'We Got It' - a candy bar designed by production workers, Sculpture in Action, Chicago 168 48 Wood-carving in The Art Studio, Sunderland 170 49 Detail of exhibition space, with work by artists of The Art Studio, Sunderland, 1996 171 50 Gran Fury, bus shelter installations, New York 175 51 Edgar Heap of Birds, installation in Pioneer Square, Seattle 181 52 Peter Randall-Page, shell form on a footpath in Dorset for Common Ground 183 53 Somewhere between graffiti and art, on a boarded-up doorway in Seattle 195 ' 54 Paley Park, New York 196 viii FIGURES

55 Greenacre Park, New York 56 Zoning regulations ensure trees but not sociation - spaces remain too regulated and sterile 57 Siah Armajani, text in railings at Battery Park City 58 Gordon Young, Fish Pavement, Hull 59 Gordon Young, Fish Pavement, Hull 60 House, shortly before demolition INDEX

Note: page numbers in italics refer to illustrations where these are separated from their textual reference.

abjection 50, 132, 161, 164, 173, 189, Atherton, Kevin 8, 79, 77, 145, 219-20 223 (n6) (n22) Adorno, Theodore 80 Australia, indigenous culture 181 advertising 12, 54, 222 (n3) Avalos, David 176 advocacy 3, 95-7, 1044, 108-12, 191 AIDS, art 16, 168-9, 172-6, 205 Baghdad, Victory Arch 7 1, 73 al-Khalil, Samir 67, 71 Balch, Clifton 25 Albert Memorial 76 Baratloo, Mojideh 25 Alberti, Leon Battista 23, 33, 47 Barcelona 205 Alexander, Christopher 191 Barthes, Roland 39, 42-3 alienation 27, 62 Bartholdi, Frkderic-Auguste 71, 73 allegory 69-7 3 Battery Park City 119-24; conflict 225 Allen, Jerry 97 (1130); critics 94, 1224; East Coast Ambrose, Peter 107, 124 Memorial 82, 83; feeding prohibitions Anaximander fragment 30, 213 (n22) 34, 3j; homeless 106; playground use Anderson, N. 25 236 (n9); railings 202; Winter Andors, Rhoda 135 Gardens 26 Andrews, Richard 94 Batty, Dora 142 anti-monuments 8, 80-3 Baudelaire, Charles 17, 25, 34 Apgar, Garry 205 Baudrillard, J. 186 Appleyard, Donald 190, 192 Beardsley, John 75, 82, 97, 122 architecture 43, 87-90, 112, 153 Becker, Carol 101 Arcosanti, Arizona 192 Beleschenko, Alexander 145 Armajani, Siah 202, 203 Benjamin, Andrew 47-8, 48 art: see public art Benjamin, Walter 34, 63 Art for Architecture (DOE) 95-6 Bentley, Ian 205 The Art of Change 178-9 Berman, Marshall 13, 25, 32, 43 Art in a City (Willett) 91-3 Beuys, Joseph 8, 183, 205 art history 53-4, 55 Bigelow, Kathryn 27 Art Studios 169-72 Bird, Jon 43, 67, 68, 106, 124 Art Within Rearh (Townsend) 934 Birmingham, public art 115-17 artists: and architects 153; in commu- Blackthorn Medical Centre, Kent 163 nity 207; complicity/criticism 147-8, Blais, Jean-Charles 148 151; gender 53-4; in residency 127; Bloch, Ernst 190 socialist countries 86, 209 (nl) body, representations 30, 56, 61 Artists Agency 126-7, 169, 172 Bookchin, Murray 194, 201, 237 (nl91 Arts Council 5, 88, 95, 96, 108-9, 111, Border Art Workshop 176 210 (n18) Borenius, Tancred 76 asylum 32 Borofsk~,Jonathan 5, G Athens 30-1, 212 (n19) Boston 184-5, 191 INDEX

Botero, Fernand 53, 119 city types: archaic 29-3 1, 2 12 (n 13, Bottle of Notes (Oldenburg and van n19), 213 (1121, n23); ideal 23; Bruggen) 98-9, 104 medieval 28-9, 46; modern 25, boundaries 29, 31 29-30, 189 bourgeois society 62, 145 civil society 29, 67, 68 Bradley, Laura 135, 203 civitas 28, 87 Brancusi, Constantin 8, 12 Clinch, John 119, 120 Brenson, Michael 167 Coles, Peter 153 de Brerteville, Sheila 178 commodification 62, 75, 164 Brighton, Andrew 85, 88-9, 94 communications theory 37 British Rail 77 community 178-9, 201; alternative 192, Broadgate development, London 53, 89, 212 (n10); artists 207; as context 93; 104, 110, 119 general public 99-100; involvement Brozgold, Lee 135, 146 199; local perceptions 214 (n39); Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 147 ownership of art 135; transport Bryson, Norman 42 systems 137; urban planning 191, Bucharest 23, 24 20 1 Buck-Morss, Susan 63 confinement, exclusion 32-4, 2 13 Burgess, E. W. 35-6, 106, 118, 199 (n27) Burnham, Linda F. 169 Constant, Christine 155, 158 Burton, Richard 110 Contini, Anita 94 Burton, Scott 8, 123, 203 Coombes, Annie 63 Byatt, Lucy 160 Cooper, Robert 138 Coppinger, Siobhan 1 15 Cable Street Mural 8, 71, 72, 219 (1114) Cork, Richard 98-9, 153, 203 Calder, Alexander 5 corporate fortress 119, 193 Calvino, Italo 42 corporate greed, and social good 111 capitalism 62, 200 Covent Garden, London 107 Carde, Margaret 183 craftwork 202-5 Cardiff Bay 1 12-14 Creative Time 167-8 Carr, Stephen 196 Cressey, P. G. 25 Cartesian dualism 45, 48, 56, 100-1 Cruikshank 95-6, 97 166-7, 207 cultural industries 108 Castells, Manuel 123, 177, 200 culture: affirmative 62-3; diversity Ceaucescu, Nicolae 23, 24 176-9; domination 85-6; exclusion de Certeau, Michel 19, 22, 27, 36, 41-2 zone 51-4; heritage 74, 75, 88, 106, Cheere, John 60 143; identity 58, 73-4; indigenous Chicago School of Sociology 25, 34-6, 181; popular 14, 25-8, 143, 202 236 (n8) Czech Republic, public space 199 Chin, Me1 176, 182, 185 Cincinnatz Gateway 74-5, 106 Dallas 114 citizenship 201 Darke, Jo 60-1, 77 city: alienation 27; as artefact 31; blood Davidoff, Paul 190-1, 200-1 circulation metaphor 32; boundaries Davidson, Gordon 188, 192, 208 29; concept and form 19, 23; Davis, Mike 17, 25, 1-55, 156, I57 constructionldestruction 43; exclu- death 151, 160-1, 220 (n23), 232 (1144, sionlconfinement 32-4, 213 (1-127); 1145) future/past 28-9; gendered deconstrucrion 165-6 conceptslspaces 43; identity through Delacroix, F. V. E. 70 art 117, images 25-9; legibility 193; Denny, Robyn 138 liveableness 17, 202-3; popular Denver, Catherine 143 culture 25-8; resistance 123; signifiers Derkert, Siri 147 41; social reality 193, 194-9; social Descartes, Rene 45, 48, 56, 100-1, value 25-9; sustainability 192; views 207 20-4; weaving metaphor 30-1, 213 destruction 25, 43 (n24); see also urban development; Deutsche, Rosalyn 29, 90, 94, 97, 100, urban planning 106, 122-4 INDEX

DHSS 153 Gablik, Suzi: connectedness 56, 188; difference 57, 63, 176-9 ecological art 182; new genre public Diggs, Peggy 15, 100, 102, 167-8. art 172; The Reenchantment of Art 169, 184, 207 100-1, 102, 164-5, 183, 207-8; on digital imaging 179 Serra 53, 89-90; simulation/reality Dine, Jim 49 186-7 disorder 57, 127, 190, 213 (n29) Gare, Aaren 201-2 Domartic Violence Milk Carton gaze: masculine 44, 50, 54-5; medical 167-8 37-8, 161, 163, 232 (n43); planning domination, cultural 85-6 37-8; su~eillance21, 197; tourist 74 Dormer, Peter 15, 138 gendering: artists 53-4; body heat 50; Doss, Erica 75 conceptlspace 1-2, 30, 43, 44, 45, Douglas, Michael 138 47, 50-1; difference 56-7; gaze 44, Dring, Lilian 142 50, 54-5; representation 47 Drumrnond, Alan 144 Gentleman, David 138 Duncan, James 36, 43 gentrification 107-8 Dunn, Peter 178-9 geography, women 5 34 George Washington sculpture 66 East Coast Memorial 82, 83 Gertz, Jochem 8, 80 Eco, Umberto 89 Ghirardo, Diane 43, 100 ecological factors, barrage 113 di Giorgio, Francesco 41 ecological healing 182-6 Girardet, Herbert 28, 191 Edward 11, Swansea 130 Glaser, Milton 135 electronic technology 28, 179 Glasgow, European City of Culture 96 Elsen, Albert 77 Goldsworthy, Andy 182 empowerment 43, 188; hospital staff Gomila, Francis 97, 104, 222 (nl) 159; participation 103, 188; patient Goody, Joan 191 162-3; performance art 100; urban Gormley, Antony 5, 7, 87, 115, 116, dwellers 43, 188, 199-202; workers 224 (n24) 76-7 Gott, -Ted 174 Epstein, Jacob 91 Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Jos6 de 71 exclusion 32-4, 48-54, 213 (n27) graffiti 134, 195, 206 exclusivity 124 Grarnsci, Antonio 66, 68, 123, 200 Gran Fury 173, 174, 175 Fanny Adams group 53 Greek city 29, 237 (n19); see also Athens Fanon, Frantz 66-7 Green, Lynne 115, 117 fantasy 62-3, 88 Green, Oliver 134, 142 Featherstone, Mike 101, 109 Greenberg, Clement 43 Felshin, Nina 55, 100, 102 Greene, Lesley 147-8 feminine 44, 56-7, 70 Grey, Annabei 138, 143 feminist cultural criticism 88 grid planning 30-1, 42, 211 (n3) feminist writers 534 Griffin, David Ray 167 Feuer, Wendy 134, 135 Grimshaw, Nicholas 145 Findhorn Community 192 Griswald, Charles 81-2 Fisher, Mark 105 Guilbaut, Serge 86 Fishman, Robert 25 Guimard, Hector 133, 227 (nll) Forester, John 3 7 Forward (Mason) 77, 78, 119 Haacke, Hans 98 Foster, Hal 102 Haas, Richard 5, 10 Foucault, Michel 19, 32, 37-8, Habermas, Jurgen 37 161 Haha group 174, 176 Four Contznents (French) 63-5 Halbreich, Kathy 94 French, Daniel Chester 63-5 Hall, Peter 199 Freshman, Phil 81, 169 Hamilton, David 138, 143 Frohnmayer, John 185 Harris, Stacey Paleologos 91, 94 Fuller, Peter 97-8 Harrison, Helen and Newton 182 Furuta, Hideo 118 Harvey, David 29-30, 101, 194, 200 262 INDEX

Harvey, William 32, 48 Jackson, J. B. 25, 28-9, 41 Hasleden, Ron 115 Jackson, Peter 182 Haussmann, George Eugene 23, 32, 37, Jacob, Mary Jane 8, 100, 167, 176, 205 63, 213 (1126) Jacobs, Allan 190, 192 Hayden, Dolores 80, 101, 176, 177, Jacobs, Jane 34, 111, 133, 193, 197 193, 198 Jacobs, Jane M. 181-2 health care, role of art 160-3; see also Jagger, Charles Sergeant 69 National Health Service Jaray,Tess 5, 8, 11, 115, 203, 205 Heap of Birds, Edgar 102, 177, 179, Jaudon, Valerie 135, 136, 203 180, 181 Jencks, Charles 87, 934 Heartney, Eleanor 165, 179, 182, 186 John, Saint 27 Heath, Jane 96 Johnson, Edward 134 hegemony 66-7, 68, 123, 128-31, 220 (n4) Kaiser, Leland 160 Henri, Adrian 91 Kaprow, Alan 102 heritage culture 74, 75, 88, 106, 143 Karavan, Dany 8 Hernandez, Esther 173 Kastner, Jeffrey 8 Herrick, F. C. 143 Kauffer, E. McKnight 142-1 Hewison, Robert 74 Keep, P. 159 history and art 63-73, 81 Kings Fund 160 Hock, Louis 176 Kluge, Alexander 123 Hogarth, William 151 Korza 95-6, 97 Hoheisel, Horst 80 Kruger, Barbara 8, 55, 177-8 Holden, Charles 142 Holohan, Charles 15 1 La Trobe-Bateman, Richard 203 Holt , Nancy 135 Laboulaye, Edouard de 71, 73 Holtzer, Jenny 8, 80 Laclau, Ernesto 75 Holub, Renate 66-7 Lacy, Suzanne: Crystal Qtrilt 8, 100; homelessness: Battery Park City 106; intervention 205; new genre public London Underground 144; Los art 55-6, 101-2, 164, 183, 184; Angeles 169; New York 122; as performances 167, 200; public art pollution 105; railway stations framework 97; social healing 169 145 Laenen, Jean-Paul 147 hooks, bell 176, 177, 217-18 (n39) Lang, Fritz 25, 27 Horace Greelq sculpture 65-6 Lang, Peter 17, 25 Horne, David 74 Le Corbusier 27 House (Whiteread) 5, 9, 101, 148, 149, Leeson, Loraine 178-9 206 Lefebvre, Henri 39, 41, 44-6, 61, Hughes, Graham 77 122-3, 177, 198, 200 Husain, Saddam 71 LeGates, Richard 190, 192, 199, 200, Hutchinson, Fiona 153 20 1 Huxley, Paul 138 legitimacy 67-9, 87-8 Huysmans, Joris Karl 63 Leicester, Andrew 74-5, 135 hydroponics 174, 176 Levitas, Ruth 101 liberty, allegory 70, 71, 73 identity 58, 59-61, 73-4, 117, 218 (n2) Liberty, Statue of 7 1, 7 34, 2 19 (n16) Illich, Ivan 33, 49, 151, 161, 169, 200, Lin, Maya 15, 81, 81, 135 208 Lippard, Lucy 165, 167, 177 individualism in art 15, 205 Liverpool 91-3 institutions 15, 85-6, 152-3, 209-10 local authorities, public art 96 (n13), 221 (n13) local people, public art 119, 124, integration, public art 203, 205 126-8, 226 (n34) interiority 44, 47-54 Loftman, Patrick 118 internet 8, 209 (n10) Lomax, Tom 115, 203 interventionist art 56, 205-8 London: Alht Memorial 76; Ash Wall investment art 110, 220 (1-141 205; Broadgate development 5 3, 89, Irigaray, Luce 39, 54-5, 57, 217 (1135) 104, 110, 119; Coin Street 191; INDEX

Covent Garden 107; Docklands 105, modernist art 13, 867, 100-1, 106, 107-8, 124-5, 178; Holly Street 165-7 191-2; Nelson's Column 76; Trafalgar modernity: city 25, 29-30, 189; Square 20, 76; Villiers Street 21 exclusion1confinement 33; function- London Underground: 'Changing alism 133; nostalgia 142-4 Stations' 136-42; Johnson's sans-serif Moffat, Donald 173 typeface 134; modernity 142-3; Molyneu, John 74 nostalgia 143-4 monument 73-6; anti-monuments 8, 58, Los Angeles 42, 43, 169, 177 80-3; colonialism 2 18 (n 1); cultural Lowe, Nicholas 174 identity 58, 73-4; democratised Lynch, Kevin 38, 193 76-83; historylhegemony 63-73; national identity 58, 59-61 McCarty, Marlene 173 Monument Guide (Darke) 60-1, 73 McEwen, Indra Kagis 30, 4L Moore, Henry 5, 16, 89, 97 McEwen, John 93 Moscow metro 133, 227 (1112) McInnes, Shona 153 Moses, Robert 25 Mackay, David 205 mother+hild image 54, 55, 57 Mackie, Jack 146 Mouffe, Chantal 190, 205, 235 (n4) McLaughlin, Corinne 188, 192, 208 Mozingo, Louise 50-1, 198 McLean, Bruce 125 Mumford, Lewis 19, 28, 29, 212 McMillan, Michael 174 (n13) Magnus, Dieter 205 Munro, Nicholas 138 Maine, John 203 murals 8, 135 Malpede, John 169 Myerscough, John 96, 108, 118 Manglano-Ovalle, Inigo 172 Manhattan 22, 40 Nairne, Sandy 88 Mapp~ngthe Futures 101 National Health Service: empowerment, Mapping the Terrain 101-2 patientststaff 159, 162-3; institutional Marcuse, Herbert 58, 61, 62-3 art 152-3; national demonstration marginalisation 31, 34, 49-50, 105 projects 154-60; patients' abjection masculine 56-7; see also gaze, masculine 161; public art 150; visual surround- Mason, Biddy 177 ingslrecovery 153, 158-60, 23 1 (1136) Mason, Raymond 77, 78, 115 native peoples, art 177, 179-82 Massey, Doreen 101; gendered space 39, naturalism 66, 70 45, 50, 51; masculine view 54; Negt, Oskar 123 spaceltime 75-6; universals 88; visual Nelson's Column 76 sense 111 Nevin, Brendan 118 Mazeaud, Dominique 8, 182, 1834, new genre public art 8, 55-6, 102-3, 235 (1129) 164, 172, 183, 184 meaning, production 67 New York: City Hall Park sculpture 66; medical science 56 Custom House monuments 63-5; mega-cities 189 ecologylart 185; Greenacre Park 1 1 1, men: as artists 53; gaze 44, 50, 54-5; 196, 197; homelessness 122; Paley masculine principle 56-7; see also Park 1 1 1, 194-6; subway 134-6; gendering zoning regulations 193, 198; see also metro stations, public art 133-6, 147-8, Battery Park City; Manhattan 227 (nl 1); see also London Ngo, Viet 185-6, 187 Underground NHSE 163, 200 Metropolis (Lang) 25, 27 Nochlin, Linda 53 Meyer, Richard 173, 174 Noguchi, Isamu 86, 87 Miles, Malcolm 119 nostalgia 106, 128, 142J Miners' Memwial, Frostburg 74 Miss, Mary 121 Oldenburg, Claes 98-9 M~stry,Dhruva 115, 117 originality 15, 205 Mitchell, Juliet 34 otherness 176; see also difference Mitchell, W. J. T. 73 Otterness, Tom 147, 148 Mitchell, William 61 Owens, Craig 54 ownership: landlspace 2 14-1 5 (n4); public art 1, 5-12; activism 84; public art 135, 205 advocacy 3, 95-7, 104-6, 108-12, Ozymandias (Shelley) 67, 68 191; criticism 3, 97-102; funding 5, 96, 115-28; health 150, 151-2, Pantheon, Rome 67-8 154-60, 161, 162-3, 231 (1136); Paolozzi, Eduardo 138, 139 histories 101-2; integration 203, 205; Papanek, Victor 208 interventionist 56, 205-8; as invest- Paris: Baudelaire 25; crime 28; ment 110, 220 (n4); literature 3-4, Haussmann 23, 32, 63; sexualised 91-4; local authorities 96; and local 215 (nl5) people 119, 124, 126-8, 226 (1-134); Paris Metro 133, 148, 227 (nll) monument 61; new genre 8, 55-6, Park, Robert 35, 37 102-3, 164, 183; participation 97, participation 97, 103, 166, 188 103, 166, 188; problematised 85-90; Partners for Livable Places 190 public reception 12-15, 92, 238 patients: abjection 161; empowerment (n35); social comment 147; as social 162-3; recovery 153, 158-60, 231 good 16, 111, 132; in streets 59; (n36) ;ourism 113; transport systems patriarchy 44 13249; urban decay 17; see also Patten, David 115 institutions Patterson, Ian 160 public realm 100, 164, 207 people of colour 176 Public School, USA 135, 146 Percent for Art 5, 104, 110-11, 135, public space 1-2, 40, 184, 193-202 146-7, 164 public transport 132-3, 13643, 144-9 performance art 100, 108 purification, abjection 50, 223 (n6) perspective 23, 46 Pym, William 128 Petersheld, equestrian statue 60-1 railways 145, 147; see also metro stations Randall-Page, Peter 182, 183 Phaophanit, Vong 205 Raven, Arlene 85, 100, 165, 167 Philbin, Ann 173 reality/simulation 186-7 Phillips, Patricia 14-1 5, 99-100, 102, Reason, David 113, 225 (1125) 164, 167-8, 184, 207 reason, interiority 47-54 photography, by women 55 reclamation 56-7 Picasso, Pablo 45, 61 Red House 126, 128, 129 Pick, Frank 134, 136, 142, 227 (nl6, The Reenchantment of Art (Gablik) 100-1, 1-119) 102, 165, 183, 207-8 Piper, Adrian 176 regeneration 112-1 3 place 74, 75; see also space Reiter, Wellington 138, 142, 147 Planetree community health organisation representation: gendered 47; problem 161, 162-3 41-3; space 39, 44-7, 56, 59 planning: see urban planning resistance 123; accepting difference 176; Platforms Piece 77, 79, 80, 219-20 city 123; digital imaging 179; (1-122) monument democratised 76-83; Plunz, Richard 17 posters 125, 148; strategies 54-7; polis 29, 237 (1119) through vandalism ?05 Pollock, Griselda 53, 55 Rigler, Malcolm 163 pollution 105-6 Rilke, Rainer Maria 25, 211 (n7) poor, marginalised 31, 34 Ringgold, Faith 146 popular culture 14, 25-8, 143, 202 Rittner, Luke 108 posters: AIDS 16, 173, 175; Guerrilla ritual 184 Girls 52, 53; resistance 125, 148; road-building protests 148 transport 135-6, 142-3, 148, 228 Roberts, Marion Salter 96 (1119) Roberts, William 143 postmodernism 17, 165 Rodgers, Peter 108 The Power of Place, Los Angeles 101, Rodin, Auguste 76 177-8 Rogers, Alan 143 psychiatric patients, art studios 170-1 Rogers, Richard 105 INDEX

Rollins, Tim 172 sociation 36, 112, 14P9, 172 Rome, Pantheon 67-8 Soleri, Paolo 192 Rose, Barbara 53-4 Sonfist, Alan 185 Rose, Gillian 50, 56 Sontag, Susan 161 Rosler, Martha 101, 102, 107, 123, 169 Sorkin, Michael 191, 193-4 Ross, Nick 159 space: conceptions 46; gendered 30, 43, Roth, Moira 167 44, 45, 47, 50-1; ideological 122-3; Rowland, Jon 201 internet 8, 209 (n10); ownership ruin value theory 67 2 14-1 5 (n4); production 44-5; Russia, public sculpture 59 public/corporate 1-2, 40, 184, R~kwert,Joseph 29-30 193-202; representational 39, 59; R~sbrack,Michael 61 representations 39, 447, 56, 59; time 44-5, 75-6 Salter, Miffa 193, 198 Speer, Albert 67 Sandle, Michael 68 splitting 33-4, 166-7 Sassen, Saskia 106, 110, 114, 118 Spretnak, Charlene 165, 166, 187 Savage, Mike 36, 37 St Louis, rail system 147 Savitch, H. V. 107, 119 stained glass 152-3 Scott, Gilbert 152 statues 60-1, 71, 73-4, 77, 81; see also Scott, Giles Gilbert 76 sculpture Scott, Joyce 8, 13 Stockholm Metro 147 sculpture 8, 16, 59, 112 Stout, Frederic 190, 192, 199, 200, 201 Seattle 1467, 179-80, 195 Strange Days 191 Selwood, Sara 91, 96-7, 105, 110, 115, street furniture 203 118, 182 street life 194-9 Sennett, Richard: circulation of city 32; street plans 41-2 disorder 57, 127, 190; exclusion 33, stress, visual surroundings 158-60 192; Flesh and Stone 30, 50; graffiti suburbia 25 134; interiority 44; legitimacy 68; Subvmsive Imagination 101 medieval city 28, 31, 191; public subways: see metro stations transport 133; urban diversity 17, 18 Sunderland 125-8 sense impressions 47-8, 216 (n24) surveillance 21, 197 Serra, Richard 5, 53, 87, 89-90, 205, sustainability 105, 188, 192-3, 208 207-8 Shalev-Gertz, Esther 8, 80 Swindon, public art 118-19 Sharnash, Diane 180 Sztaray, Susan 178 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 67, 68 Sherman, Cindy 55 tapestry 153 Shields, Rob 25, 39, 41 taste 16, 92, 97, 111, 152 Short, John Rennie 38, 194 Tebby, Susan 153 Sibley, David: car adverts 222 (n3); Tele-VecinLrio project 172 Cardiff Bay 113; city boundaries 29, Thamesdown Borough Council 118-1 9 31; gaze 54; pollutionlpurity 105-6, tiling 138, 152 223 (n6); purificationlabjection Tilted Arc 89, 90, 165 49-50; zoning 35 time, space 44-5, 75-6 Sierhuis, Jan 148 Tipping, Chris 138, 143, 144 signifiers 39, 41, 215 (nll) tourism 74, 113, 143, 179, 181-2 Simmel, Georg 34 Townsend, Peter 91, 93-4 simulations, and reality 186-7 toxic waste 185 Sisco, Elizabeth 176 Trafalgar Square 20, 76 slum-clearance 27-8 Smith, Adam 32 Ukeles, Mierle Laderman 8, 102, 182, Smyth, Ned 121 183, 184, 200 social comment 147-8 Ulrich, Roger 159 social good 132, 189 underclass 27, 134 social healing 169-76 urban crisis 17, 194, 208 social life, urban space 194-9 Urban Design Group 192-3, 200-1 INDEX urban development 105-6; alternative Wates, Nick 201 discourse 190-3; case studies 115-28; Watkinson, Cate 155, 156, 157 future 189; hegemony 128-3 1; local Watney, Simon 173 people 107-8; regeneration 112-1 3 Weekes, John 153 urban dwellers 43, 188, 199-202 Weems, Carrie Mae 177 urban ethnography 34-5 Wehn, James 179 urban planning: action planning 201; Weinstein, Jeff 169, 174 Baroque to Enlightenment 23; White, John 47 community-centred 191, 201; grid Whireread, Rachel 5, 9, 101, 148, 149, system 30-1, 42, 21 1 (n3); mantism 206 200; public art 188; sociology 36; Whyte, W. H. 14, 51, 94, 111, 114, zoning 3 1-8 189; Street Life Project 194-7, 199 1 Urban Renaisjance (Arts Council) 108-9. Widgery, David 124-5 113 Wigley, Mark 27, 29, 33, 38, 42 Urry, John 74 Wilbourne, Colin 8 USA: art and participation 97; health Willett, John: allegory 70; Arts Council and art 152, 153, 154; public art 1 11; Liverpool 91-3; monument 61; 95-6; public transport 144-9; see also public art 85; St John's transformed individual cities city 27; taste 16, 95 Wilson, Elizabeth 23, 31, 38, 51 value structures 62, 67 Wilson, Larkin 159 i van Bruggen, Coosje 98-9 Winkel, Gary 151 Vance, Carol 168 Wirth, Louis 36-7 vandalism 128, 130, 205 Withymoor Village Surgery 163 Venice 31 Wodiczko, Krz~sztof8, 80, 81, 169 victory, allegory 7 1, 7 3 Wolff, Janet 5 1 \ Victory Ad, Baghdad 71, 73 women: art history 33-11; artists 100, Villiers Street, London 21 168; feminine principle 44, 56-7, 70, Vilmouth, Jean-Luc 145 marginalised 49-50; medical gaze 218 j violence 61, 169, 172, 208, 217 (1129) (n42); representations 2 17 (1129); visual art, privileged 111 urban space 50-1; see also gendering Visnal Dallas 114 Wood, F. Dement 69 visual surroundings, health 153, 158-60 Woodin, Mary 143 Vorticism 143 Woods, Lebbeus 25, 43

Wallis, Brian 100, 169 Young, Gordon 8, 203, 204 Walters, Ian 66 Young, James 80 war, idealised in art 68-9 war memorials 61 Zadkine, Ossip 92 Ward, Dick 153 zoning 31-4; Cartesian 45; as classifica- Ward, John 66 tion 38; concentric 35-6, 106, 118, Warde, Alan 36, 37 199; cultural exclusion 5 1-11; New Warner, Marina 70, 73-4 York 193, 198; social 105-6; by Washington metro 133-4 usage 34, 193 waste recycling 184 Zukin, Sharon 38, 59, 57, 110, 117