[Alpha]-Alkyl-Ortho

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[Alpha]-Alkyl-Ortho UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE FACULTE DES SCIENCES Département de chimie organique Professeur E.P. Kündig ___________________________________________________________________________ D-Alkyl-ortho-hydroxybenzylamines: Building Blocks for New Chiral Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis THESE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès Sciences, mention chimique par Thomas SEIDEL de Aarau (AG) Thèse n° 3826 GENEVE Atelier de Reproduction de la Section de Physique 2006 Meiner wundervollen Frau Natalie Remerciements Je remercie sincèrement Monsieur le Professeur E. Peter Kündig, mon directeur de thèse, pour m’avoir accueilli dans ses laboratoires entre 2002 et 2006. Par sa direction compétente et instructive j’ai pu achever les travaux présentés dans cette thèse dans un environnement scientifique motivant. Ma reconnaissance s’adresse aussi au Dr Jonathan Nitschke, Maître assistant de l’Université de Genève, ainsi qu’au Monsieur le Professeur René Peters de l’école polytechnique de Zürich qui ont accepté de juger cette thèse. Je remercie Madame le Professeur Giulia Licini pour la collaboration fructueuse dans le cadre du projet COST (Action D24). Je tiens aussi à remercier MM. André Pinto, Jean-Paul Saulnier et Dr Damien Jeannerat pour les analyses RMN, ainsi qu’au Dr Gérald Bernardinelli pour les déterminations de structures par diffraction des rayons-X. Mes remerciements vont également au groupe de spectrométrie de masse et au Dr Francine Dreier pour son aide concernant les recherches bibliographiques. Un grand merci à tous mes collèges de travail pour leur amitié, soutien et encouragement pendant tout ce travail. J’aimerais remercier spécialement Dr Madhushaw Reniguntala, Patrick Romanens, Dr Guillaume Godin et Maud Marot pour leur aide pratique au laboratoire. Je voudrais citer également Dr Hassim Ibrahim et Dr Simone Tortoioli et Laetitia Boissarie pour la relecture de ce manuscrit. Je suis en outre très reconnaissant au Dr Graham Cumming pour les nombreuses discussions scientifiques que nous avons eues. Enfin, pour leur soutien sans faille et permanent, je tiens à remercier de tout cœur ma famille, mes parents et frères et soeurs. Ce travail a reçu le soutien financier par une bourse COST (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technological research) ainsi qu’une bourse Givaudan et par le Département de l’Instruction Publique. Beginnen ist Stärke, vollenden ist Kraft. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Damit das Mögliche entsteht, muss immer wieder das Unmögliche versucht werden. Hermann Hesse Index ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................................I RESUME FRANCAIS ....................................................................................................................................... III I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 I.1. CONCEPT AND STRATEGY ..................................................................................................................... 1 I.1.1. Induction of Chiral Information ...................................................................................................... 1 I.1.2. General Considerations about ligand ”design”.............................................................................. 3 I.1.3. Privileged ligands............................................................................................................................ 3 I.1.4. Symmetry ......................................................................................................................................... 4 I.2. AMINOALCOHOLS ................................................................................................................................. 6 I.2.1. Natural abundance of aminoalcohols.............................................................................................. 6 I.3. CHIRAL 1,3-AMINOPHENOLS, SOURCE, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS ................................................ 7 I.3.1. 1-(2’-Alkoxyaryl)-alkylamines......................................................................................................... 7 I.3.2. Synthesis of 1-(2’-alkoxyaryl)-alkylamines...................................................................................... 7 I.4. LIGANDS BASED ON THE BUILDING BLOCK AMINOPHENOL .................................................................. 11 I.5. PROJECT OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................... 15 II. FROM 2-HYDROXYPHENYL-ETHYLAMINE TO NEW CHIRAL HELICAL ATRANE COMPLEXES...................................................................................................................................................... 17 II.1. ATRANES: AN INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 17 II.1.1. Definition of Atranes ..................................................................................................................... 18 II.1.2. Tris(2-hydroxybenzyl)amine derived atranes possess a helical structure. .................................... 20 II.1.3. Atranes in organic reactions ......................................................................................................... 21 II.2. INTEREST............................................................................................................................................. 25 II.3. ATTEMPTED SYNTHESIS OF TRIPOD LIGAND 8: RETROSYNTHETIC ANALYSIS....................................... 26 II.4. FIRST APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF THE TRISPHENOLAMINE LIGAND 3......................................... 28 II.4.1. Phenol protection .......................................................................................................................... 28 II.4.2. Introduction of the second stereogenic centre............................................................................... 28 II.4.3. Model reactions ............................................................................................................................. 29 II.4.4. Variation of the substituents .......................................................................................................... 30 II.4.5. Unsolved problems: isolation and stability ................................................................................... 33 II.4.6. Possible explanations .................................................................................................................... 33 II.4.7. Deprotection of the methoxy group of the mono methylated ligand. ............................................. 35 II.5. SECOND APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF THE C3-LIGAND ............................................................... 36 II.5.1. Synthetic analysis .......................................................................................................................... 36 II.5.2. Synthesis of benzoxazines .............................................................................................................. 37 II.6. SECOND APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF TRIPOD LIGANDS ............................................................. 38 II.6.1. Synthesis of the benzoxazine intermediate..................................................................................... 38 II.7. THIRD APPROACH: ATTEMPTED RACEMIC SYNTHESIS .......................................................................... 43 II.7.1. Attempted formation of Silatranes ................................................................................................. 44 II.8. COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF N-(HYDROXYPHENYLETHYL)-N,N-BIS-(HYDROXY-BENZYL)AMINE... 45 II.8.1. Synthesis of an Iron(III) complex exhibiting a helicity controlled by central chirality ................. 45 II.8.2. Formation of titanatranes.............................................................................................................. 46 II.9. SYNTHESIS OF A NEW AMINOPHENOL ................................................................................................. 48 II.9.1. Ortho-substitution: key for chiral induction.................................................................................. 48 II.9.2. Synthesis of a new aminophenol .................................................................................................... 49 II.10. FORMATION OF A TRIPOD LIGAND USING THE NEW AMINOPHENOL BUILDING BLOCK .......................... 51 II.11. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK .............................................................................................................. 52 III. SYNTHESIS OF NEW [N2O2]-TETRADENTATE LIGANDS........................................................ 53 III.1. SALEN-TYPE LIGAND, AN INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 53 III.2. COMBINATION OF JACOBSEN' S AND BOLM' S LIGAND: NEW [N2O2]-LIGAND....................................... 56 III.2.1. Structural comparison ................................................................................................................... 56 III.2.2. Basic discussion about ring-chain tautomerism of oxazines and benzoxazins. ............................. 57 III.3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................
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