Alpine Industrial Landscapes Transformation

Alpine Industrial Landscapes Transformation Project Handbook Partners and Pilot Sites trAILs PROJECT HANDBOOK ALPINE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPES TRANSFORMATION Contents 4 Introduction 6 Framework and approach 12 Pilots 30 Mapping 54 Assessment 104 Testing 124 Conclusions 132 Annex 1: Test designs 144 Annex 2: Learning module 150 Annex 3: Partner portraits 164 Picture credits Interpretations of the seemingly worthless PROF. DR. UDO WEILACHER " When you look at it, it looks like any other piece of land. The densely populated metropolitan areas. In Germany, the five- sun shines on it like on any other part of the earth. And it’s as square-kilometre Ruhr area, populated by approximately 5 though nothing had particularly changed in it. Like everything million people, is one of the best-known conversion projects, was the way it was thirty years ago. My father, rest his soul, and the 230 hectares Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord is a could look at it and not notice anything out of place at all. pioneering example of an innovative transformation of a Except maybe he’d ask why the plant’s smokestack was still. former steel mill. Was there a strike or something? Yellow ore piled up in cone- shaped mounds, blast furnaces gleaming in the sun, rails, rails, It seems that sufficient knowledge has now been gained to and more rails, a locomotive with flatcars on the rails. In other solve complex transformation problems in post-industrial words, an industry town. Only there were no people. Neither areas. However, this assumption is not quite right. Although living nor dead. “ each industrial production process, whether aluminium smelting, cement or steel production, is technically almost This excerpt from the science fiction novel “Roadside Picnic”, identical and requires the same infrastructure, the ecological, written in 1971 by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, describes economic and social context of industrialization varies a mysterious landscape of industrial ruins near Harmont, a greatly from site to site. Every landscape, with its topography, fictitious city in Canada. The legendary film “Stalker” (1979) by its specific soil, water and climate conditions, has a most Andrei Tarkovsky is based on this novel. The Stalker is a guide, decisive influence on industrial development. The Alps are helping foreigners to explore the strange brownfield site in characterized by very specific natural conditions that have a search of miraculous and unique objects. The inhabitants of direct and far-reaching impact on people’s lives. It is therefore Harmont not only profit from brownfield tourism, but gain obvious that industrial conversion in this rather sparsely fascinating knowledge from their exploration of the area. In populated high mountain region has to follow different this fifty-year-old novel a wrecked industrial zone has an rules than in the densely populated lowlands of European enormous potential for the future. metropolitan regions. For many decades, it was common to either neglect At first sight the Alps are often assumed to be a magnificent brownfield areas and let them rot down or to dismantle all landscape, shaped by the forces of nature, used in suitable remnants of industrial use and create almost faceless clean areas for agriculture and by tourists for various outdoor areas. These strategies have changed in the recent, and it is activities. Only the valleys seem to be partially characterized not by chance that “Stalker” is often cited when searching for by settlements, commercial areas, motorways, railways and new interpretations of the seemingly worthless. It remains so on. This simplistic perception ignores the fact that the a challenge today in planning and design to activate the Alpine region is one of the largest industrial regions in central largely hidden economical, ecological and social potential of Europe, a very powerful landscape with a long history of abandoned landscapes. Many of them are important reserves exploitation of its natural resources, and heavy industrial for development, especially against the background of globally activities. The Alps are a highly dynamic energy landscape, increasing land consumption. Around the world we find a not only continually shaped by enormous geological energies, variety of successful industrial transformation projects in but also characterized by a high level of relief energy, which : : 5 figure 1: Landscape park Duisburg-Nord, Germany Interpretations of the seemingly worthless figure 2: Brownfield in Leoben, Austria intensifies all natural processes, from climate to erosion strategies that can be used by local and regional actors in dynamics. Industries in the Alps had to take these energetic Alpine regions when converting former industrial locations landscape characteristics into account from early on when into good working and living environments. Such a complex constructing technical infrastructure and utilizing the natural task needs to take the local economic, ecological and social resources, especially the omnipresent power of water. It would context into account and cannot be mastered by a single be grossly negligent to underestimate these inherent energies expert alone. We are therefore very pleased that, when in the process of brownfield transformation, especially since initiating the project in 2017, we were joined by committed global climate change is currently boosting energy levels project partners in the regions and at renowned universities. and in so doing is significantly stimulating the dynamics of The result of this successful team collaboration is presented change in the Alpine landscape. in this publication, encouraging regional and local actors and stakeholders to get started and take the conversion trAILs is about the transformation of Alpine Industrial of brownfield sites into their own hands. We would like to Landscapes, AILS, striving to take the aforementioned specifics use this opportunity to thank all project partners, sponsors of a unique landscape as well as the Alpine way of life into and friends for their invaluable contributions and their account. We would like to introduce sustainable planning outstanding commitment over the years. Framework and approach MARCELLO MODICA, UDO WEILACHER Due to the global structural change in industry since the The closed down factories also pose an enormous problem to late 1970s, the transformation of industrial brownfield sites mountain regions from an environmental point of view. Due represents one of the major challenges for the sustainable to the specific characteristics of the mountain environment, development of urban regions worldwide. Aiming to namely the relevant topographic constraints, the prevalence tackle the unprecedented land use change caused by the of extensive semi-natural open spaces and scattered decline of traditional heavy industries, different planning urbanization, the decommissioning of industrial sites often strategies and tools have been developed and tested in generates extensive brownfield sites whose structural network recent decades. From the functional reconversion of vacant reaches far beyond the core productive facilities and includes buildings and production spaces, also known as adaptive the complex system of supporting infrastructures and reuse, to the ecology-led conversion of polluted wastelands related functional spaces. It is most remarkable, for example, in post-industrial landscape parks, the issue of brownfield that most of the typical mountain industries were tightly transformation has nowadays become an integral part connected to the complex local and regional water system. of urban development plans and programs1. By contrast, peripheral urban and rural regions are rarely examined as a From an economic point of view, a major problem of setting for brownfield redevelopment. These landscapes are brownfield recycling in such economically marginal contexts is characterized by scarce urbanization, long-lasting structural represented by the imbalance (real and perceived) between the development problems and in many cases by highly dynamic amount of investment required for the entire transformation natural change processes, driven by high relief energy and process and the uncertainty in terms of completion, recently reinforced by the effects of global climate change. achievements and returns. The high costs for the site preparation, including environmental remediation and built The mono-structure of mountain industry, attached to structures management (either demolition or preservation), specific locational factors and highly dependent on external are often burdening for small communities which lack conditions, is the main reason behind the continuous adequate financial and contractual capacities. At the same deindustrialisation over recent decades2. As soon as traditional time, the lack of vision and long-term strategies, or even the heavy and manufacturing industries in mountainous areas conflicts between these strategies and their feasibility, keep were hit by the growing independence from raw materials and any potential private investor away from such operations. A energy sources, and the global reorganization of industry, with further limitation is provided by the restricted range and scale the relocation of basic production chains in highly accessible of activities that can really be implemented on these sites, locations or in developing countries, their inherent lack of given the contextual conditions – low demand, few potential resilience was dramatically revealed. In mountain

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