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Report on the State of the Alps. Alpine Signals – Special Edition 1. Transport ALPINE CONVENTION Report on the State of the Alps Alpine Signals – Special edition 1 Transport and Mobility in the Alps Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention www.alpconv.org [email protected] Office: Herzog-Friedrich-Straße 15 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria Branche office: Drususallee 1 I-39100 Bozen Italy Imprint Editor: Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention Herzog-Friedrich-Straße 15 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria Responsible for the publication series: Dr. Igor Roblek, Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention Graphical design: Ingenhaeff-Beerenkamp, Absam (Austria) Ifuplan, Munich (Germany) Cover photo: Marco Onida © Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention, Innsbruck, 2007 (if not indicated different). ALPINE CONVENTION Report on the State of the Alps Alpine Signals – Special edition 1 Transport and Mobility in the Alps The present document has been established under the coordination of the Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention involving an “Integration Group” composed by experts from different Member Countries of the Alpine Convention. Based on discussions in this group, the different chapters have been drafted by different authors. The Working Group “RSA/SOIA” and the Working Group “Transport” have accompanied the drafting process. National delegations have provided extensive comments on previous drafts. The Permanent Secretariat thanks all persons involved for their intensive cooperation. The Integration Group was composed by: • Austria: Bernhard Schwarzl (UBA Wien), he was helped by several collaborators: a.o. A. Kurzweil, G. Banko, A. Bartel, C. Nagl, W. Spangl; Irene Brendt (Austrian Presidency), • Germany: Stefan Marzelli (ifuplan) and Konstanze Schönthaler (Bosch & Partner), involving also Claudia Schwarz and S. v. Andrian-Werburg, • Italy: Paolo Angelini (Ministero dell’Ambiente, della tutela del territorio e del Mare – DG RAS) who coordinated several authors, mainly Luca Cetara (EURAC-Bolzano), Flavio Ruffini (EURAC-Bolzano) and Massimo Santori (CSST-Roma), • Presidency of WG “Transport”: Marie-Line Meaux and Catherine Ferreol. The editing and the map layout was executed by ifuplan (Stefan Marzelli, Claudia Schwarz, Florian Lintzmeyer, Martin Kuhlmann and Sigrun Lange). An English proof read was carried out by Isabel Kirkwood, Great Britain. Data status: Only data delivered until May-July 2006 could be considered for this report due to the overall time schedule. In detail the data status is indicated in the according tables, figures and maps. Responsibilities Responsible Chapter authors Introduction Permanent Secretariat R. Schleicher-Tappeser A The Alpine Transport System Germany / Austria / Italy S. Marzelli, N. Ibesich and M. Santori A1 Transport Infrastructure Austria A. Kurzweil and N. Ibesich A2 Freight Transport Italy M. Santori A3 Passenger Transport Austria A. Kurzweil, N. Ibesich B Driving Forces of Mobility & Transport Italy F. Ruffini B1 Population in the Alps Italy F. Ruffini, Ch. Hoffmann, Th. Streifeneder, G. Zanolla B2 The Alpine and European Economy Italy F. Ruffini, Ch. Hoffmann, Th. Streifeneder, G. Zanolla, L. Cetara B3 The Change in Land Use Austria A. Bartel, G. Banko B4 Tourism and Transport Germany K. Schönthaler, S. v. Andrian-Werburg C Effects of Transport & Mobility in the Alps Permanent Secretariat R. Schleicher-Tappeser C1 Economic Effects Italy L. Cetara C2 Effects in the Social Sphere Italy F. Ruffini, Ch. Hoffmann, Th. Streifeneder, G. Zanolla C3.1 Air quality Austria / Germany K. Schönthaler, C. Nagl, W. Spangl C3.2 Noise – the health aspect Germany S. Marzelli, C. Schwarz D1-D8 Relevant Traffic Policies Working Group Transport M. Meaux, C. Ferreol for the Alps and the AC (France) E1 Conclusions and Synthesis Germany S. Marzelli based on contributions of K. Schönthaler, in View of Sustainable Mobility Italy S. v. Andrian-Werburg, F. Ruffini, Th. Streifeneder, Austria Ch. Hoffmann, G. Zanolla, L. Cetara, B. Schwarzl, A. Kurzweil, N. Ibesich, A. Banko, A.Bartel, C. Nagl, and W. Spangl E2 The Main Challenges for the Future Permanent Secretariat / R. Schleicher-Tappeser, M. Meaux Working Group Transport For the drafting of the Report the authors have used data provided by public and private institutions. A special thank goes to: Austria • Umweltbundesamt, • Statistik Austria, • Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, and • Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie. France • INSEE et Institut français de l‘environnement (IFEN), Jacques Moreau, • Ministère de l‘Ecologie, du Développement et de l‘Aménagement Durables (MEDAD): » Conseil Général des Ponts, Jean Lafont, » Direction des études économiques et de l‘évaluation environnementale, Armelle Giry, » CERTU, J.Salager, and • SETRA: CETE de LYON , Département Infrastructures et Transport, Groupe Transport Economie, Michael Potier. Germany • Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz: Karlheinz Weißgerber, • Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung: Blasius Schmidl, Roland Heitzer and Peter Dotzaue, • Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur, Verkehr und Technologie: Dr. Reinhold Koch, • Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt: Markus Meindl and Michael Gerke, • Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung: Dr. Ernst Albrecht Marburger, and • Autobahndirektion Südbayern: Herr F. Wolferstetter. Italy • Agenzia per la Protezione dell’Ambiente e i servizi tecnici (APAT): M. Cirillo, A. Franchi, A. Gaeta, S. Lucci, M. Pantaleoni, • Accademia Europea di Bolzano – EURAC Research: F.V. Ruffini, • Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) – Dip. per la produzione statistica e il coordinamento tecnico-scientifico: N. Mignolli, P. Leonardi, • Ministero delle infrastrutture e dei trasporti: R. Napolitano, and • Ministero dell’Ambiente, della tutela del territorio e del Mare – Ufficio statistico – DG RAS: C.Terzani. Liechtenstein • Amt für Wald, Natur und Landschaft: Hermann Schmuck, • Amt für Volkswirtschaft: Harry Winkler and • Stabstelle für Landesplanung: Remo Looser. Switzerland • Bundesamt für Umwelt: Klaus Kammer & Peter Böhler, • Bundesamt für Statistik: Geoinformation: Anton Beyeler; Sektion Bevölkerung und Migration: Marcel Heininger; Sektion Tourismus; Sektion Arealstatistik; Sektion Betriebszählungen and Sektion Landwirtschaftliche Betriebszählungen, • Bundesamt für Verkehr: Walter Züst, • ETH Zurich, Departement für Umweltwissenschaften: Prof. Jochen Jaeger, and • Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung: Mr. Davide Marconi and Kontrollstelle IKSS. Slovenia • Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Spatial Planning Directorate, • Ministry of Transport, • Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia and • The Statistical Office of the Republic Slovenia. Contents Figures IX Tables XI Maps XII Abbreviations XIII Preface XV Introduction 1 A The Alpine Transport System 5 A1 Transport Infrastructure 10 A1.1 Importance and role of transport infrastructure in the Alps 10 A1.2 Road infrastructure 11 A1.3 Rail infrastructure 15 A1.4 Bottlenecks 18 A2 Freight Transport 20 A2.1 Freight transport and modal split development 20 A2.2 Freight road transport 21 A2.3 Freight rail transport 24 A2.4 Main problems of road freight transport 24 A2.5 Main problems of rail freight transport 25 A3 Passenger Transport 27 A3.1 Importance and role of passenger transport in the Alps 27 A3.2 Some views on the modes of passenger transport 27 A3.3 Individual motorised transport 29 A3.4 Public transport 30 B Driving Forces of Mobility and Transport 35 B1 Population in the Alps 36 B1.1 Demographic development 36 B1.2 Population density and area of permanent settlement 41 B1.3 Migration 43 B2 The Alpine and European Economy 46 B2.1 Accessibility and economic development: a complex relationship 46 B2.2 The economic progress in the Alpine arc 47 B2.3 Disparities in economic development 49 B2.4 The situation of agriculture 54 B3 The Change in Land Use 57 B3.1 Spatial development processes in the Alps 57 B3.2 Development of areas for settlement and transport infrastructure at national level 58 B3.3 Regional differences in land-use development 59 B3.4 Land-use transformation to the detriment of agricultural area 62 B4 Tourism and Transport 64 B4.1 A driving force behind traffic 64 B4.2 Measuring tourism, traffic and their interrelations 64 B4.3 Tourism centres and transport infrastructures in the Alps 65 B4.4 Development of tourism demand 67 B4.5 Tourism and traffic volumes 68 VII C Effects of Transport and Mobility in the Alps 73 C1 Economic Effects 74 C1.1 Trends of inter-regional trade in the Alpine space 74 C1.2 Effects of transport enhancing development and economy 74 C1.3 Adverse economic effects 76 C1.4 Transport and development in the Alps: towards the identification of a trend for the Alpine countries? 77 C1.5 External costs of transport from an economic perspective 79 C2 Effects in the Social Sphere 83 C2.1 Accessibility and social equity 83 C2.2 The ageing population 84 C3 Environmental and Health Effects 90 C3.1 Air quality 90 C3.2 Noise – the health aspect 98 D Relevant Traffic Policies for the Alps and the Alpine Cooperation 107 D1 The Transport Agenda of the Alpine Convention 108 D2 The Framework for Action by the Alpine Countries: the Cooperating Bodies 109 D2.1 The Alpine Convention Transport Working Group 109 D2.2 The Zurich Declaration Monitoring Group 109 D2.3 The process of bi- or multi-lateral cooperation on specific projects 109 D3 EU-Directives Adopted or in the Process of Adoption 110 D4 National
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