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The ALPS in 25 MAPS Imprint The ALPS in 25 MAPS Imprint Editor: Coordination: Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention Marianna Elmi (Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention) Thomas Streifeneder (Institute for Regional Development, Eurac Research) Editing: Marianna Elmi Cartographic coordination: Elisa Ravazzoli (Institute for Regional Development, Eurac Research) Contributors: Marianna Elmi (Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention) Thomas Streifeneder, Elisa Ravazzoli, Peter Laner (Institute for Regional Development, Eurac Research) Marcello Petitta, Kathrin Renner (Institute for Earth Observation, Eurac Research) Giulia Garegnani, Valentina D’Alonzo (Institute for Renewable Energy, Eurac Research) Alice Brambilla, Bruno Bassano (Alpine Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park, IT) and Main office: Achaz von Hardenberg (Conservation Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, UK) Herzog-Friedrich-Straße 15 Dominik Cremer-Schulte, Maša Klemenčič (ALPARC) A-6020 Innsbruck Austria In cooperation with Branch office: English revision: iui – innsbruck university innovations Viale Druso - Drususallee 1 I-39100 Bolzano - Bozen Graphic design: De Poli e Cometto - Printing: Stampatori della Marca - Cover photo: Shutterstock Italy ISBN: 9788897500438 www.alpconv.org [email protected] Facebook: Alpine Convention © Permanent Secretariat Twitter: @alpconv of the Alpine Convention, 2018 ALPINE CONVENTION The ALPS in 25 MAPS Foreword The Alps belong to our collective imagination. It is virtually impossible to repercussions. Mapping these phenomena comes almost as a first instinct speak about the Alps without evoking specific memories of places, sounds and allows us to represent them in a simple, immediate way. It lets us and tastes in individuals with different experiences and perspectives. If interpret spatial impacts, sometimes down to a very fine level of detail. we took a look at these memories, we would probably find much more The various phenomena occurring in the Alps are complex. Moreover, than peaks, forests and glaciers, much more than what is typically – and environmental, social and economic conditions vary across the Alps. often stereotypically – associated with the Alps. Indeed, the Alps are much The use of maps permits us to see and interpret the spatial impacts of more: They are a living space at the heart of Europe for more than 14 different phenomena, giving us the possibility to represent this impressive million people and a recreational space for inhabitants and millions of complexity in just one image. tourists alike. In the Alps, outstanding natural and cultural heritage, a rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes coexist with lively urban areas, Behind every map there are many intertwined stories. With this economic activities, transportation routes, infrastructure and a dynamic publication, developed with the invaluable support and expertise of Eurac labour market. Research in Bolzano/Bozen, we invite you to browse through 25 maps, each one displaying one important aspect related to the Alps and the Representing and communicating this complexity is a challenge we life of their inhabitants, each one telling us a story. I hope you will enjoy experience every day at the Alpine Convention. We tackle this challenge this journey with us at the crossroads of Europe, from the rural to the with passion as we pursue our mission to communicate the many facets urban, from our forests to the protected areas, from the population to of the Alps in order to raise awareness of the importance of protecting this the economy, without forgetting to look at the main challenges – such as unique area and fostering its sustainable development. climate change – which await the Alps. Fortunately, we have powerful “allies” for doing this: maps. The majority Ambassador Markus Reiterer of phenomena and dynamics taking place in the Alps have spatial Secretary General of the Alpine Convention The ALPS in 25 MAPS 7 Table of contents List of maps 9 Introduction 10 The Alps at a glance 12 The people of the Alps 13 At the crossroads of Europe 19 Urban-rural relations 23 Alpine economy 27 The rich and vital Alpine heritage 33 The Alps in a changing climate 41 Methodological notes 48 Bibliography 50 8 The ALPS in 25 MAPS List of maps MAP 1 Perimeter of the Alpine Convention 11 MAP 23 Average of cumulated daily MAP 2 Population density 14 precipitation 1971 - 2008 45 MAP 3 Population ageing 15 MAP 24 Total energy consumption 46 MAP 4 Population change 1980-2010 16 MAP 25 Energy production from renewable sources 47 MAP 5 Population growth 17 MAP 6 Alpine territorial units 20 MAP 7 Transalpine freight transport 21 MAP 8 Alpine municipalities classified by size 24 MAP 9 Accessibility to urban centres 25 MAP 10 Travel-to-work areas 26 MAP 11 Changes in the number of farms 28 MAP 12 Changes in the number of farms and population 29 MAP 13 Tourism intensity 30 MAP 14 Average length of stay 31 MAP 15 Land cover 34 MAP 16 Forest types 35 MAP 17 Protected Areas 36 MAP 18 Ibex distribution 37 MAP 19 World Heritage Sites 38 MAP 20 Language groups 39 MAP 21 Projected temperature change 2021 - 2050 43 MAP 22 Average near-surface temperatures 44 The ALPS in 25 MAPS 9 Introduction The Alps are not only characterized by outstanding nature and landscapes, issues in the Alps and provide an understanding of the most pressing but are also a living and economic space as well as a major tourist challenges that the Alpine area is facing. The first chapter analyses the destination. demographic dynamics in the Alps, giving an insight on their most recent developments and on the current distribution of population. The second Diversity is a keyword for the Alpine area: from its administrative variety to chapter tackles the issue of the Alps as a territory at the heart of Europe, its rich biodiversity, from the different cultural and linguistic features to its crossed by administrative boundaries and characterized by traffic flows. landscapes. The natural and cultural capital of the Alps is at the basis of all The third chapter illustrates the complex relationship between urban and this and the Alpine Convention plays a key role in its protection as well as rural alpine areas, while the fourth chapter focuses on the Alpine economy, in the promotion of sustainable development in the Alps. The Convention, with a specific focus on agriculture and tourism. The fifth chapter provides signed in 1991, is an international treaty between the Alpine Countries insights on the rich cultural and natural capital in the Alps, tackling Alpine (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and biodiversity, languages and heritage. Finally, the sixth chapter looks at Switzerland) as well as the EU. Besides the Framework Convention, which climate change, one of the main challenges awaiting the Alps. lays down the principles of cooperation, the Alpine Convention has eight Protocols and three Ministerial declarations, tackling the most relevant issues linked to sustainable development in the Alpine area. More than 25 years have passed from the signing of the Alpine Convention; in this period of time, new solutions have been found, some already existing challenges have been exacerbated while new issues have emerged. The chapters in which this publication is structured aim at giving an overview of the current status and historical evolution of some relevant 10 The ALPS in 25 MAPS MAP 1 Perimeter of the Alpine Convention The map depicts the perimeter of application of the Alpine Convention, extending for approximately 190,700 km² on eight countries. The ALPS in 25 MAPS 11 The Alps at a glance More than More than 8 countries 5,700 14,000,000 municipalities inhabitants 75 14 190,700 average World Heritage km² surface inhabitants/km² Sites Almost 3 2°C average 13,000 days average plant species warming since the tourists’ stay late 19th century Sources: www.alpconv.org, Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention (2013), Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention (2015), Auer et al. (2014), Gobiet et al. (2014). 12 The ALPS in 25 MAPS The people of the Alps More than 14 million inhabitants live, learn, work and spend their leisure population density remains significantly lower (Map 2). Due to topographic time in the Alps. The distribution of the population on the Alpine territory conditions, there is limited settlement space available in the Alps. Under has varied in the course of the last centuries depending on factors such as the pressure of agglomeration processes, the areas that already see a economic activities and opportunities as well as accessibility. high concentration of population will likely attract more inhabitants also in the future, so the population density in these areas will continue to Past analyses of demographic development in the Alps have been increase. On the other hand, people are also moving to remote areas in influenced by a depopulation perspective, which focused on a decrease of the mountains: Entrepreneurs, digital workers, amenity migrants and other population that took place from the late 19th century due to, for instance, new highlanders will play a relevant role in shaping the future of the Alps, the progressive abandonment of the traditional mountain economic if not through their numbers, through their potential for innovative life and and living practices and the relocation of people to urban areas. More work styles. recent data show a more complex situation: Since the 1980s, the overall population of the Alps has been growing and is continuing to do so (Map Another tendency affecting the Alps is population ageing. With the 4). However, this growth is not homogeneous. While the most significant exception of Switzerland and France, the Alpine population is older than growth is observable in the peri-Alpine areas, in the most accessible valleys the national average, with peaks in the German and Italian Alps and the and in peri-urban areas, most of the more remote and least accessible areas Principality of Monaco, where more than one out of five inhabitants is older continue to witness a more or less significant loss of population (Map 5).
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