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Full Length Article:
Investigation of Habitat Characteristics and Phenology of Five Range Species in Highlands of Kashan, Iran
Seyyed Morteza AbtahiA and Ehsan Zandi EsfahanB
AAssistant Professor, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding Autor), Email: [email protected] BRangeland Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
Received on: 29/12/2013 Accepted on: 30/04/2014
Abstract. Knowledge on habitat characteristics and nature of regional vegetation in rangelands is a prerequisite for any planning and proper range management along with sustainable development of renewable natural resources. Rangelands in southern and western highlands of Kashan, Iran are of good vegetation diversity but unfortunately, palatable and desirable species are endangered in recent years. This research aims to investigate habitat characteristics and phenology of five range species including Prangos latiloba, Prangos uloptera, Ferula ovina, Astragalus eriopodus and Onobrychis melanotricha. Several field studies were conducted and the distribution of each species in highlands of Kashan was determined using topographic maps, land capability, and GPS. Ten key species were selected in each region to study their phenological stages including vegetative growth, flowering, seed maturity, and seed dormancy. In spring, summer and autumn, 15-day visits and a 3030--day visit in winter were performed. Finally, the distribution of each species and phenological stages were presented in maps and ggraphs. Our results showed that the dormancy period in most species started from early August and continued until late March. As temperatures rise in late March, vegetative growth starts and continues until mid-May. Flowering stage was in a period of mid-May and the end of June; afterwards, seedingArchive stage and seed dispersal have started.of SID
Key words: Phenology, Habitat characteristics, Kashan, Range species
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Introduction Ghasriani and Heidari sharifabadi (2000) According to the diversity of lands and studied the phenology of several distribution of desirable range species in important range species in the highlands thezhighlands of Kashan, the recognition of Kurdistan province, Iran. Results of factors related to habitat characteristics indicated that shrubs and grasses had a and the nature of existing vegetation is an longer growth period as compared to the introduction for any planning and proper other species. Azarnivand and range management as well as sustainable Dastmalchi (2000) studied the phenology development of renewable natural of four species including Astragalus resources. squarrosus Bunge, Smirnovia iranica P. latiloba and P. uloptera are from Sabetii, Zygophyllum eichwaldii and Prangos genus and Umbelliferae family. Stipagrostis plumosa. Anders in different This genus has 15 prennial species in Iran phenological stages of vegetative growth, with a considerable forage quality flowering and seeding. Results showed (Mozaffarian, 1998). The genus of Ferula that different temperatures were recorded from Umbelliferae family includes 30 during the growth stages of S. plumosa perennial species mainly distributed in (2.2 to 41.5 °C), A. squarrosus (-1.8 to mountains and sometimes deserts 42°C), S. iranica ( (--1.8 to 48°C) and Z. (Mozaffarian, 1998). Ferula ovina is one eichwaldii ((-2.2-2.2 to 41.50°C). of the species of this genus observed in Salehi and Hoveizeh (2001) the highlands of Kashan. investigated the phenology of native The genus of Asrtagalus from range species in semi-steppe and steppe Papilionaceae family in Iran contains 804 regions of Khuzestan province, Iran and annual and perennial herbaceous species concluded that the species belonging to (Maassoumi, 2003). The genus of the same family had close phonological Onobrychis from Papilionaceae family stages and the best time for livestock includes 56 annual andnd perennial entry to the rangeland was determined herbaceous species having an with regard to the phase difference of extraordinary forage value (Mozaffarian, different biological periods. Sadeghian et 1998). According to the definition al. (2004) studied the phenology of four provided by International Biological range species at Dehbid station of Fars Program (IBP), phenology investigates province, Iran. Results showed that the the time of biological events occuring due growth period of Stipa barbata, Bromus to biotic and abiotic factors (Lieth, 1974). tomentellus and Oryzopsis molinioides Phenology studies have a long history as was longer as compared to Onobrychis the earliest evidence on cherry trees had melanotricha and in autumn, if been published in Japan (Menzel et al., conditions were appropriate, all the 2006; Aono and Kazui,Archive 2008). The main studied of species SID had a fall regrowth. objective of phenology studies is to Najafi Tireh Shabankareh (2004) studied identify the occurance time of biological the phenology of Zygophyllum phenomena affected by climatic factors atriplicoides in different elevation zones and it is of particular importance in of Hormozgan province. He concluded grazing management (Levy, 1991; Tajali that the phenological stage of species is a and Sadeghi pour, 2010). Several studies function of climatic conditions of the have been conducted on the phenology of region so that vegetative growth has been plant species and their autecology. But no started when air temperature has studies have been conducted on the decreased and dormancy stage was mentioned species in mountainous concurrent with the heat intensity in dry rangelands of Kashan. seasons. Hosseini and Abarsaji (2005) studied the phenology of seven halophyte
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native range species in Incheh–Borun sieberi Besser in different steppe regions. Golestan, Iran. Their results showed that The comparison results of phenological the phenological stages of the species stages during the studied years showed belonging to different families occurred that the vegetative growth stage of in different time periods due to their Artemisia sieberi started from early biological nature, and the species March to early April and in the presence belonging to the same family showed a of moisture, it continued till June. greater adaptation to each other in terms Flowering stage started from early July of the occurrence of phenological till late November. Seed maturity stage phenomena. Jafari et al. (2010) studied started gradually from early October to the effects of phenological stages on yield the end of January. Winter dormancy and quality traits in 22 populations of tall started in late January to early March. wheatgrass Agropyron elongatum grown Azarnivand et al. (2012) studied the in Lorestan, Iran. Their results showed effects of Growth Degree Days (GDD) on the significant effects of phonological the phenology of Onobrychis stages, genotypes and melanotricha and concluded that growth genotypes×phonology interactions for all stages could be predicted using GDD. the traits except stem number. In the stem The main objective of this research was elongation and dough seed stages, the to identify habitat characteristics and the lowest and highest forage production nature of species of Kashan highlands in rates were obtained with the average order to achieve scientific information for values of 2.58 and 5.08 ton/ha, the rehabilitation and development of the respectively. plant species investigated in this resaerch. Mahall et al. (2010) investigated the phenology of Styrax officinalis and Materials and Methods Arctostaphylos glauca in Southern Characteristics of case study California, USA and concluded that The study area includes southern and Styrax officinalis showed higher western highlands and mountainous areas resistance and adaptation to climatic of Kashan with minimum and maximum changes. Mortazavi Jahromi and Zarandi altitudes of 1200 to 3600 m above sea (2012) studied the phenology of Ziziphus level (Fig. 1). The climate of the study genus in Fars province. Results indicated area was reviewed based on the that growth patterns of this species varied meteorological statistics of Meymeh with the fluctuations of drought and synoptic station (2005-1991) which is temperature; consequently, two distinct consistent with Kashan highlands in vegetative and reproductive seasons were terms of distance and altitude (1980 m). identified for a year. Keneshlo and Amiri Accordingly, the mean precipitation (2012) investigatedArchive the phenology of (160.5of mm) SID, average temperature Atriplex griffithii in the rangelands of (11.5°C), mean relative humidity (47%) Aftar, Semnan province in order to and number of freezing days (135 days a optimize the grazing management. The year) were recorded. Drought index was analysis of meteorological data and the calculated as 7.5 based on Demarton recorded dates of phenology showed that classification and the climate of the the growth of Atriplex griffithii varied region was dry cold. The ombrothermic with the drought and temperature changes diagram of this station shows a wet in different seasons and two quite distinct period of about 7 months (Fig. 2). It is seasons of vegetative growth and seed noteworthy to state that the soil of the production were observed during a year region has no specific horizons and it is concerning this species. Ehsani (2012) mainly rocky and gravel. compared the phenology of Artemisia
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Fig. 1. Location of the study area
Fig.Archive 2. Embrothermic diagram of the Meymeh of synoptic station SID (1976- 2006)
Methods vegetative conditions were marked and With numerous field surveys using GPS, information about biological phenomena altimeter, compass, topography and (phenology) were recorded in special geology maps, land resources, capabilities, forms. hipsometry and vegetation type maps, the According to the research objectives, distribution map of species was drawn. different growth stages including initial Also, in key areas, at least 10 relatively growth, vegetative growth, flowering, seed similar individuals of each species (10 maturity and dormancy were recorded. healthy and normal bases which were out Visits were performed in spring, summer of access of livestock and humans were and autumn for 15 days and in winter for selected) in terms of morphology and 30 days. In this study, to describe the
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vegetative characteristics and the nature of average canopy cover of 35% with the plant species, it was attempted to collect following species: information on geographical features and Acantholimon schahrudicum, important ecological indicators including Acantholimon talagonicum, land type, slope, the elevation range of Acanthophyllum squarrosum, Achillea vegetative unit, climate, mean annual tenuifolia, Astragalus gossypinus, precipitation as well as vegetation types. Verbascum cheiranthifolium, Cousinia cylindracea, Dorema ammoniacum, Results Ephedra procera, Eryngium bungei, Distribution of all species has shown in Ferula gumosa, Ferula ovina, Poa Fig. 3. Diagram of phenological stages of bulbosa, Gundelia tournefortii, Pennisetum five studied species is presented in Fig. 4. orientalis, Stipa arabica and Results of each individual species are as Astragalus iranicus. follows: The shrubs of this species is merely harvested in Javinan. The farmers of the Prangos uloptera mentioned region after cutting and mixing This plant is distributed in the mountainous the shrubs of this species with the other areas of Ghohrood, Ghazaanof Ghamsar, existing plants put them on each other as Barzok, Vishang, Niasar, Eshagh Abad, small masses. Often, a stone is put on each Javinan in an elevation range of 1800 - mass to prevent its transmission by wind. 2600 m above sea level. The distribution of After the shrubs lose an amount of this species includes mountainous land unit moisture through evaporation, they are with the slopes greater than 40%. It is stored in large masses to be used by distributed in semi-steppe regions with a livestock in winter. temperate desert climate and mean annual perciptation of 200 to 250 mm. Prangos latiloba This forage species is found as dense This range species is distributed in masses in the hills overlooking Javinan mountainousmountain land unit in Reza Abad, village and on the roadside of Ghamsar– Ghazaan mine road, Shahsavaran, Yahya Ghohrood having an area of 50 to 100 m2 Abad and Rahagh in an elevation range of with 30% vegetation cover. This plant has 2000 to 2800 m above sea level with the a short period of vegetative and slopes greater than 40%. This species is reproductive stage and a long dormancy observed under the stratum of trees of Reza period. Initial growth and vegetative Abad gardens and mine road of the region growth occurred in mid-April and in the as relatively dense vegetation cover. It is second half of April to the first half of distributed in semi-steppe regions with a May, respectively. Flowering stage temperate desert climate. occurred in the secondArchive half of May till ofInitial and SIDvegetative growths occured June. Seeding stage and seed dispersal in mid-April and in the second half of were observed in the first half of July and April to the first half of May, respectively. in the second half of July, respectively Flowering stage started from the second (Fig. 4). This species is not grazed by half of May until June. Seeding stage and livestock in the vegetative and seed dispersal were observed during the reproductive stages while it is grazed after first half of July and in the second half of drying. Prangos uloptera is mainly July, respectively. This species has a distributed in the vegetation types of prolonged dormancy period from August Artemisi aucheri –Astragalus sp. with a to the first decade of April (Fig. 4). In the canopy cover percentage of 30% and in the study area, Prangos latiloba is mainly vegetation types of Acantholimon scorpius distributed in the vegetation types of – Acanthophyllum microcephalum with an Artemisia aucheri – Astragalus sp. and
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Acantholimon scorpius–Acanthophyllum distributed in the vegetation types of microcephalum as well as gardens located Artemisia aucheri and Artemisia aucheri- at Ghazaan watershed with 10 to 20 % Astragalus sp. with the following species: vegetation cover with the following Acantholimon aspadanum, Acanthophyllum species: squarrosusm, Allium scabriscapum, Acantholimon aspadanum, Achillea Alyssum bracteatum, Astragaluss sp., tenuifolia, Astragalus glaucanthus, Bromus tomentellus, Cousinia Astragalus gossypinus, Bromus rhaphiocephala, Dracocephalum kotschyi, tomentellus, Cousinia cylindracea, Crambe Echinophora platyloba, Eremostachys orientalis, Eremopea persica, Eryngium macrophylla, Fibigia umbellata, Gundelia billardieri, Hedysarum wrightianum, tournefortii, Melica persica, Moriera Ferula ovina, Iris songarica, Marrubium spinosa, Prangos uloptera, Salvia vulgare, Verbascum reuterana, Stachys inflata, Stipa barbata cheiranthifolium, Melica persica and and Tanacetum polycephalumolycephalum. Stachys inflate. This species is propagated by seeds. If Astragalus eriopodus the seeds are placed in the soil (depth of This species is mainly distributed in upper 2.5 cm), they will germinate and start to terraces of Kamoo, Jovreh plain, Azaran, grow after the snow melts in the highlands. Ghohrood and Vishang with a 5-10% slope Based on the evaluations conducted in the in an elevation range of 2400-2800 m study area, shrubs of this species reach the above sea level. height of 10 to 20 cm in the first year. It is distributed in semi-steppe regions Because the species is Hemicryptophyte, with a temperate semi desert climate. the shoots are dried in the early summer Initial growth, vegetative growth, but the roots remain in the soil from which flowering, seed maturity and seed dispersal new plants arise in the following year. The occurred in mid-April, second half of April utilization of this species as a forage is not until first half of May, second half of May common in the study area. After drying the until June, first half of July, and second shoots, it is used by the livestock. half of July, respectively (Fig. 4). Astragalus eriopodus is observed 500 m Ferula ovina far from Kamoo as a vegetation type with a This species is distributed in the highlands limited area with the following species: of Ghazaan watershed and Vishang, Artemisia aucheri, Echinops cephalotes, Rahagh, Eshagh Abad, Maragh and Astragalus gossypinus, Centaurea virgata, Nashalg in mountain land unit. It is Cousinia cylindracea, Onobrychis distributed in an elevation range of 2000 to melanotricha, Eryngium billardieri, Iris 3000 m above sea level with the slopes songarica, Ixiolirion tataricum, Melica greater than 40% Archivewith a temperate desert persica, of Melilotus SID officinalis, Festuca climate. It is a hemicryptophyte species ovina, Nepeta persica, Phlomis orientalis, having short vegetative and reproductive Salvia nemorosa, Sanguisorba minor, stages and a long dormancy period. Stachys inflata, Tanacetum pinnatum, Initial growth and vegetative growth Teucrium polium. occured in mid-April, and in the second Onobrychis melanotricha half of April to the first half of May, It was observed in gravelly alluvial fans respectively. Flowering stage started from and highlands of Ghazaan, Ghamsar, the second half of May until June. Seeding Ghohrood, Kamoo, Niasar, Maragh and stage and seed dispersal were observed Azaran with an elevation range of 1800 to during the first half of July and in the 2600 m above sea level and 10 to 20% second half of July, respectively (Fig. 4). slopes. This valuable rangeland species is In the study area, Ferula ovina is mainly
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distributed in semi-steppe regions with a Artemisia aucheri and Artemisia aucheri- temperate desert climate. Astragalus sp. with the following species: Based on the evaluation, the initial Acanthophyllum bracteatum, Achillea growth of this species was first of March. tenuifolia, Astragalus gossypinus, Crambe Vegetative growth was observed during orientalis, Enneapogon persicus, Phlomis April and May until the first half of June. olivieri, Marrubium vulgare, Moriera Flowering, seed maturity and seed spinosa, Nepeta isphanica, Scariola dispersal were occurred in the second half orientalis, Nepeta gloeocephala, Gundelia of June, the first half of June and July, tournefortii, Salvia limbata, Salvia respectively (Fig. 4). In the study area, reuterana, Stachys inflata, Euphorbia Onobrychis melanotricha is mainly petiolata, Tanacetum polycephalum, distributed in the vegetation types of Teucrium polium, Echinophora platyloba, Ziziphora clinopodioides.clinopodioides
Fig. 3. Distribution of all species
Phenology Species name ArchiveApr May Jun July Augof Sep OctSID Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Prangos uloptera Prangos latiloba Ferula ovina Astragalus eriopodus Onobrychis melanotricha
Iinitial Vegetative Seed Seed dormancy Flowering growth growth maturity dispersal period
Fig. 4. Phenology of the studied species
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Discussion and Conclusion conducted by Hosseini and Abarsaji One of the major issues discussed in (2005) and Salehi and Hoveized (2001). range management is the time of However, although two other species livestock entry into the rangeland. This belong to Umbelliferae family, no time should be calculated on the basis of similarity was found in terms of the phenology of key species to be phenology. As stated by Azarnivand et applied by beneficiaries. No studies have al. (2012), our results also showed that been conducted on the phenological the phenological stages of Onobrychis stages of desirable and key species of the melanotricha were consistent with study area. Desirable species are temperature changes. considered not only in terms of Harvesting these species is palatability and forage quality but also recommended after the third year of life. their roles in the prevention of water It is recommended to harvest the plants erosion and soil degradation. Two factors having no flowers while they are still including overgrazing and early grazing green at the end of the vegetative growth ones have resulted in the degradation of stage. rangelands. For this reason in the current study, it was attempted to determine the Literature Cited phenological stages of native and key Aono, Y., and Kazui, K., 2008. Phenological data species of the study area as well as the series of cherry tree flowering in Kyoto, Japan, best grazing season. and its application to reconreconstruction of th The results showed that the dormancy springtime temperatures since the 9 century. period in most species started from early International Jour. Climatology, 28(7): 905-914 August until late March (Fig. 4). It is due Azarnivand, H. and Dastmalchi, H., 2000. The to two reasons: (1) the reduced soil phenology of four species of desert areas moisture and (2) the increased Kashan, Desert Jour., 5 (2): 15-26. (In Persian). temperature in summer and the reduced Azarnivand, H., Tarkesh Esfahani, M., Basiri, M., temperature in winter. As temperatures Zare Chahouki, M. A. and Saidfar, M., 2012. Effects of Growing Degree-Day on Phenology rise in late March, vegetative growth of Onobrychis melanotricha, Jour. Range and starts and continues until mid-May. Watershed Management, 65(1): 1-10. (In Flowering stage was in a period between Persian). mid-May and the end of June; afterwards, Ehsani, A., 2012. Comparison of phenology of seeding stage and seed dispersal started. Artemisia sieberi in different steppe regions of This timing was observed for all the Iran, Iranian Jour. Range and Desert Research, studied species except Onobrychis 19(4): 737-747. (In Persian). melanotricmelanotrichaha with minor changes. Ghasriani, F. and Heidari sharifabadi, H., 2000. Therefore, late June was determined as Studies of phenology of main range species in the best time forArchive livestock grazing and the ofmountains ofSID Kurdestan province, Research entry into the rangeland. The species of and Reconstruction, 13(2): 58-63. (In Persian). the family of Umbelliferae studied in this Hosseini, S. A. and Abarsaji, Gh. A., 2005. research, reached a height of 10 to 20 cm Phenology 7 range species endemic halophyte out Incheh-Borun Golestan Station, Research in the first year. Vegetative growth was and Reconstruction, 18(4): 87-92. (In Persian). short and occurred only in 2 months of the year (April and May). Flowering Jafari, A. A., Anvari, H., Nakhjavan, S. and Rahmani, E., 2010. Effects of Phenological stage, seeding and seed dispersal Stages on Yield and Quality Traits in 22 occurred in the second half of May till Populations of Tall Wheatgrass Agropyron July. P. uloptera, P. latiloba and F. elongatum Grown in Lorestan, Iran, Jour. ovina, belonging to Umbelliferae family Rangeland Science, 1(1): 9-16. were similar in terms of phenology. This Keneshlo, H. and Amiri, H., 2012. A Study on result is consistence with previous studies phenology of Atriplex griffithii for optimal management in the Aftar rangelands of Semnan, www.SID.ir
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تزرعی خصًصیات ريیؾگاَی ي فىًلًصی 5 گًوٍ مزتعی ارتفاعات کاؽان، ایزان
ػ٘ذ هشتضٖ اثغحٖالف، احؼبى صًذ ٕ اكفْبى ة ة
الف اػتبدٗبس پظؾٍّ هشوض تحم٘مبت وـبٍسصٕ ٍ هٌبثغ عجؼٖ٘ اكفْبى )ًگبسًذُ هؼئَل(، پؼت ا ىتشًٍ٘ه:ل [email protected] ة اػتبدٗبس پظؾٍّ هؼػَِ تحم٘مبت خٌگل ّب ٍ هشاتغ وـَس
چکیذٌ. ؿٌبخت خلَك٘بت سٍٗـگبّٖ ٍ ػشؿت ػٌبكش گ٘بّٖ ثَهٖ ّش هٌغمِ، پؾ٘ دسآهذ ّش ًَع ثشًبهِسٗضٕ ٍ هذٗشٗت اكَلٖ هشاتغ ٍ تؼػَِ پبٗذاس هٌبثغ عجؼٖ٘ تدذٗذ ؿًَذُ آى هٌغمِ هٖثبؿذ. هشاتغ استفبػبت خٌَثٖ ٍ غشثٖ وبؿبى اص خولِ هشاتغ غٌٖ ثِ لحبػ تٌَع پؾؿَ گ٘بّٖ هغلَة هٖثبؿذ وِ هتبػفبًِ دس ػبلّبٕ اخ٘ش هَسد ثٖهْشٕ لشاس گشفتِ ٍ چِ ثؼب گًَِ ّبٕ خؽَخَسان ٍ هشغَة آى دس حبل اًمشام هٖثبؿذ. ثٌبثشاٗي دس اٗي تحم٘ك ثش آى ؿذٗن وِ ضوي هؼشفٖ 5 گًَِٕ هغلَة، خلَك٘بت هحل اػتمشاس ٍ فٌَلَطٕ آى سا ث٘بى وٌ٘ن. اٗي 5 گًَِ ؿبهل: Ferula ovina ،Prangos uloptera ، Prangos latiloba، Onobrychis melanotricha ٍ Astragalus eriopodus هٖثبؿذ. دس اثتذا ثب اًدبم هغبلؼبت ه٘ذاًٖ هتؼذد ٍ ثب ثْشُ گ٘شٕ اص ًمـِّبٕ تَپَگشافٖ، لبثل٘ت اساضٖ، GPS پشاوؾٌ ّش گًَِ دس استفبػبت وبؿبى ثشسػٖ ٍ ثب هـخق وشدى 10 پبِٗ ول٘ذٕ دس ّش هٌغمِ، هشاحل فٌَلَطٗىٖ گ٘بُ اص لج٘ل آغبص سؿذ سٍٗـٖ، گلدّٖ، سػ٘ذى ثزس، سٗضؽ ثزس ٍ سوَد ٗب خَاة گ٘بّبى هغبلؼِ گشدٗذ. ثبصدٗذّب دس فلل ثْبس، تبثؼتبى ٍ پبئ٘ض 15 سٍصُ ٍ دس فلل صهؼتبى 30 سٍصُ اًدبم ؿذ. دس ًْبٗت پشاوؾٌ ّش گ٘بُ دس لبلت ًمـِ ٍ هشاحل فٌَلَطٕ ثِ كَست ًوَداس تِْ٘ گشدٗذ. ًتبٗح ًـبى داد وِ هشحلِ خَاة گ٘بُ دس اوثش گًَِ ّب اص اٍائل هشداد ؿشٍع ؿذُ ٍ تب اٍخش اػفٌذ هبُ اداهِ داسد. ثب افضاؾٗ دهب دس اٍاخش اػفٌذ، سؿذ سٍٗـٖ آغبص ٍ تب اٍاػظ اسدٗجْـت اداهِ داسد. صهبى گلذّٖ دس فبكلِ صهبًٖ اٍاػظ اسدٗجْـت تب پبٗبى خشداد هبُ ٍ دس ًْبٗت پغ اص آى گ٘بُ ٍاسد هشحلِ ثزس دّٖ ٍ سٗضؽ ثزس هؿَٖد.
:کلمات کلیذی فٌَلَطٕ، خلَك٘بت سٍٗـگبّٖ، وبؿبى، گًَِّبٕ هشتؼٖ
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