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Detrmination of Organophosphorus Pesticides (Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos) in Water Resources in Barzok, Kashan

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Detrmination of Organophosphorus Pesticides (Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos) in Water Resources in Barzok, Kashan Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences Journal homepage: www.zjrms.ir Detrmination of Organophosphorus Pesticides (Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos) in Water Resources in Barzok, Kashan 1 2 1 3 1 4 Rouhollah Dehghani,P P Mansoreh Shayeghi,P P Hadi Esalmi,*P P S. Gholamabbas Moosavi,P P Davar Khah Rabani,P P Davod Hossein ShahiP 1. Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 2. Department of Entomology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of General Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 4. Department of Environment Health, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Article information Abstract Article history: Background: The2T growing population and increasing needs to agricultural products Received: 23 Oct 2011 increased use of pesticides resulting in contamination of the environment, including water. Accepted: 23 Nov 2011 The purpose of this study was to determination2T 2T of pesticide2T residues 2T in agricultural water Available online: 24 Oct 2012 resources in Barzok city of Kashan in 2011. ZJRMS 2012; 14(10): 66-72 Materials and Methods: This2T study as a descriptive and cross-sectional study that was Keywords: Pesticides, conducted at spring season. That totals of 135 samples of the agricultural water resources Water Resources of Barzok were collected2T 2T randomly and mixtures from different stations. After extraction Diazinon and preparation of samples, the pesticide2T residues 2T were determined by using the HPTLC Chlorpyrifos (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) devices and CATS4 software. Finally, 2T 2T obtained data were analyzed by using ANOVA statistical methods. *Corresponding author at: Results: The2T results of this study showed that maximum amount of diazinon and Department of Environment chlorpyrifos has been 22.43 and 11.79 ppm respectively, and the 2T pesticide residues 2T have Health of Kashan University of declined gradually overtime of (p<0.001).Furthermore, after a month 95.9% of Medical Sciences Chlorpyrifos and 88.8% of diazinon is degraded. E-mail: Conclusion: Accordingly,2T the remaining of diazinon and chlorpyrifos after a month of [email protected] spraying was higher than determined limited standards. Because Chlorpyrifos is broken down rapidly more than diazinon, it is recommended that besides educating farmers on the proper use of pesticides, unnecessary contact with the water resources of this region must stop at least one month after spraying. Copyright © 2012 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. Introduction ater is the main component of life cycle. The of these waters and resulting in the unpleasant effects importance of quality, maintenance, and indirectly on agricultural products also9T either9T directly 2T development is increasing in the average. The affects on the health of people that living near these W 9T 9T origins of life are infected on the application of direct and sources by entering the food chain [6-9]. Water pollution indirect pollutant 9T [1]. One4T9T of4T these pollutants is pesticides. by pesticides is a global problem as well as environmental Their using in the agriculture has increased because the pollution [9T 10].9T Studies show that in the areas where growing population and the need to increase agricultural pesticides used to control for agricultural pest and rodents production and food [2,9T 3].9T From these pesticides we can also Birds and other animals are susceptible to to cite: the organophosphorus, organochlorine, carbamate contamination. Dead Bodies of Birds around the sprayed and pyrethroid 9T pesticides. Organophosphorus is9T the farms is witness to this claim [11]9T .9T Therefore, human largest and most diverse compounds of pesticides9T [4]. exposure either in advertent, accidental is the inevitable Organophosphorus4T9T pesticides,4T more than other result of the use of pesticides or pesticide residues in the compounds used by farmers due to the effect on a wider- environment such as air, water, soil, plants and animals angle of pests and also9T being9T more affordable than other and in animate objects occurs[12,9T 13].9T pesticides 9T [5]. Organophosphorus pesticides, due to the effect on the These4T pesticides4T widely used to increase agricultural cholinesterase enzyme and abnormalities in the central yields and also9T to9T control arthropod-borne diseases. nervous system (CNS) are considered as a serious However,9T because9T of lack of knowledge of most threading factor of human health; also according to the consumers with the harmful effects and correct using the universal statistic's most deaths from pesticides are related principles of this pesticide, this work will be partitioned to these poisons [2]9T .9T Adverse short-term effects resulting or irregular [6,9T 7].9T Pesticides used in agriculture can enter from exposure to pesticides are such as abdominal in to surface water resources through irrigation and cramps, vertigo, headaches, diplopia, nausea, ocular rainfall and diversion of streams and caused by pollution disturbances and dermatopathies, and Long term adverse 66 Surveying the organophosphorus pesticides in water Dehghani R et al. effects include increased likelihood of respiratory failures, of the other pesticides in this area. 7T Thus by measuring the recalling disturbance, depression, nervous defects, pesticide residues in agricultural water resources and prostate cancer, leukemia and infertility. The long-term compares them with standard values and determining effects are as a global public health problem [14, 15]. pollution of waters by these9T 4T9T pesticides,4T the risks of World Health Organization estimates that every year 3 pesticides are considered and it can be reduced costs of million worker of farms suffers from severe poisoning treatment and complications related and also can be from pesticides in developing countries, which 18 caused changes in policymaking and management of thousand people die from them. In addition, 21% of the health services. food products are contaminated with pesticides. Approximately, 2.5 million tons of pesticides are spent in Materials and Methods agriculture annually, that 50% of these chemical pesticides in to the soil, water and other resources [16]. This study as a descriptive and cross-sectional study that Therefore, water resources must be prevented from was conducted in three stages as follows: 1. Selection the contaminating by pesticides. According to that location of sampling and samples 2. Extraction or sample measurement of pesticide residues in waters is important preparation and 3. Detection9T and9T measurement. in the human health care and the environment controls. For the sampling and starting of study five stations 9Twere For this reason the first step in the control and selected9T in Zayandehroud9T spring9T and Saadabad river of management of pesticide residues in water resources is Barzok9T : 9T Station no.1: in the upstream of Zayandehroud9T ,9T the determination of the Concentrations of the pesticides station no. 2: 9T in the9T upstream of Saadabad river, Station with acceptable accuracy and comparing obtained values no. 3: In the middle of Zayandehroud,9T 9T Station No. 4: with the universal standards [13] Middle of SaadAbad9T r9T iver 9T and 9T Station no. 5: At the end of A review of the Great Plains of North America by each resources 7T (Figure 1). Donald and et al. shown that, there are 29 types of According7T to the Barzok agriculture organization pesticides in water, which two9T types9T are of pesticides and reports, and farmers, spraying were performed May of 9T 9T 9T 9T 27 types of those are herbicides [17]. Furthermore, a each year.7T Due7T to the time of the spraying sampling time study was conducted by Jaipieam et al. in 9T Thailand shown4T9T was selected as follows: Sampling times are as follows: 1. that4T the average concentration of Organophosphorus the first days of spraying. 2. A week after spraying 3. Two pesticides in the farming communities, in the dry seasons weeks after spraying 4. One month after spraying 5. Two of the year is 0.085 µg/l,9T 4T9T and in4T the wet season is 0.418 months after spraying [22]. From each station 5 samples µg/l. These concentrations in the communities without selected in different parts. In addition, a city as well as the farming were less and about 0.004 µg/l [18]9T .9T In9T a9T study control sample was taken at the end of each stage of conducted on pesticide residues on the surface waters of sampling (drinking water Barzok city),7T and7T also to ensure Santana in the California by Kenet and et al. shown that in the absence of pesticides before spraying on water a the 92% of the collected samples are found one or more sample taken from each station. Totally of 135 samples pesticides, which some samples the Diazinon pesticide were picked randomly and then collected samples 7T from 9T have been higher than the standard values [19]. each station 7Tmixed together at the end of each stage of In4T a4T study was conducted to determine pesticide residues sampling two one-liter samples were tested. Thus in in Raval and Simly lakes Pakistan by Shazia et al., the totally 60 7T samples were analyzed.7T According to the results shown 9Tthat 9Tthe pesticide organochlorine, Sampling standards (that) were performed from 10 to 25 organophosphorus and pyrethroid are in the studied cm depth. 9T 9T samples and one of these was the diazinon pesticide [20]. Samples7T address were recorded Station number of the In a measurement that was performed by 9Tshayeghi and et9T container, the location, date of sampling, temperature and al. on the remaining of azynfosmethyl and diazinon in pH. Then each sample was added 50 cc Methylen Qarasu river and Gorganrood, the results were shown that Chloride to prevent the breakdown of pesticides,7T it's7T a the highest amount of pesticide residues was in the little will shake and then the door of containers containing summer and the rate of this for azynfosmethyl in Qarasu the sample closed and sealed.
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