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Principles of Natural Ventilation in Vernacular Architecture of Arid Regions (A Case Study of Tabatabaei House in Kashan, Isfahan, Iran)

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Principles of Natural Ventilation in Vernacular Architecture of Arid Regions (A Case Study of Tabatabaei House in Kashan, Isfahan, Iran) Principles of Natural Ventilation in Vernacular Architecture of Arid Regions (A Case Study of Tabatabaei House in Kashan, Isfahan, Iran) Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Hosseini Bojd, Bahareh Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 01:04:05 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642008 PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL VENTILATION IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF ARID REGIONS (A CASE STUDY OF TABATABAEI HOUSE IN KASHAN, ISFAHAN, IRAN) By Bahareh Hosseini Bojd Copyright © Bahareh Hosseini Bojd 2020 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2020 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………….……… 11 CHAPTER ONE: 1.0 IRAN ………………………………………………………………………………….12 1.1. Geography ………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 1.2. Climate ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 1.3. Vernacular Architecture of Different Climate Regions of Iran ………………………………… 17 1.3.1. Thermal Comfort Strategies On The Coast Of The Caspian Sea …………………. 17 1.3.2. Thermal Comfort Strategies On The Southern Coast And South East …………….18 1.3.3. Thermal comfort strategies on the cold high mountains ………...…………………19 1.3.4. Thermal comfort strategies on the plateau …………………………………………19 CHAPTER TWO: 2.0 Thermal Comfort ………..…………………………………………………………. 22 2.1. Temperature ……………………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.2. Relative Humidity ……………………………………………………………………………… 22 2.3. Air Movement ………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 2.4. Mean Radiant Temperature …………………………………………………………………….. 23 2.5. Metabolism/ Activities (MET) …………………………………………………………………. 24 2.6. CLO (Clothing) ……………………………………………………………………………….... 27 CHAPTER THREE: 3.0 Natural Ventilation ………..……………………………………………………. 28 3.1. Importance of Air Ventilation …………………………………………………………………. 28 3.2. Benefits of Natural Ventilation ………………………………………………………………… 29 3.2.1. Energy Efficiency ……………………………………………………………………….. 29 3.2.2. Improved Indoor Environmental Quality ………………………………………………... 29 3.2.3. Health Benefits …………………………………………………………………………... 29 3.2.4. Reduced Capital Cost, Maintenance and Replacement Cost ……………………………. 29 3.2.5. Increased Range of Thermal Comfort …………………………………………………… 29 3.2.6. LEED Points ……………………………………………………………………………... 30 3.3. Challenges of Natural Ventilation ……………………………………………………………… 30 3 3.3.1. Naturally Ventilated Buildings Can Be More Difficult To Control …………...…….….. 30 3.3.2. Naturally Ventilated Buildings Are Subject To Higher Risks of Overheating In Summer And Cold Draughts in Winter ……………………………………………………………. 30 3.3.3. Naturally Ventilated Buildings Cannot Control Humidity ……………………………… 30 3.3.4. Naturally Ventilated Buildings Cannot Be Used As Easily In Noisy Environments …… 30 CHAPTER FOUR: Natural Ventilation in Vernacular Architecture of Iran ……………...……………. 31 CHAPTER FIVE: Statement of Problem ………………………………………………...………...……… 33 CHAPTER SIX: Methodology …………………………………………………………………………….... 34 CHAPTER SEVEN: Research Development ..…………………………………………………………….. 36 7.1. Research Case Identification .……………………………………………………………..……. 36 7.2. Variables ……………………..………………………………………………………………… 37 7.2.1. Climate ………….……………………………………………………………………….. 37 7.2.2. Geometry ………………………………………………………………………………… 38 7.2.3. Building’s Modifying Elements ………………………………………………………….. 41 7.2.3.1. Wind Catcher ……………………………………………………………………. 41 7.2.3.2. CentraL Courtyard ……………………………………………………………..... 45 7.2.3.3. Pool ……………………………………………………………………………..... 46 7.2.3.4. Eivan ……..……………………………………………………………………..... 49 7.2.3.5. Basement …...…………………………………………………………………..... 51 7.3. Air Flow Studies ……………………………………………………………………………... 53 7.3.1. Base Case ………………………………………………………………………………. 53 7.3.2. Iteration 1: Decreasing the area of the porch’s outlet ………………………………….. 63 7.3.3. Iteration 2: Removing the Wind Catcher ………………………………………………. 70 7.3.4. Iteration 3: Changing the ground level so the house is not earth integrated ………...… 77 7.3.5. Iteration 4: Moving the Courtyard to the Basement Level ……………………….……. 84 CHAPTER EIGHT: Conclusion ……………...…………………………………………………………….. 91 REFERENCES…………………………….…………………………………………………………………..92 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Psychometric Chart Of Rasht …………………………………………………...…… 12 Figure 2. Psychometric Chart Of Bandar Abbas …………………………………………...….. 14 Figure 3. Psychometric Chart Of Tabriz ………………………………………………………. 15 Figure 4. Psychometric Chart Of Yazd ………………..………………………………………. 16 Figure 5. Vernacular Architecture Of Caspian Sea Coast ……………………..……………… 17 Figure 6. Vernacular Architecture Of Southern Coast And Southeast ……………...………… 18 Figure 7. Mean Radiant Temperature ……………..………………….……………………...… 23 Figure 8. Actual Room ………………………………………………………………………… 24 Figure 9. Imaginary Room ……………………………………………………………………... 24 Figure 10. 0.7 MET For Sleeping …………………………………….………………………... 25 Figure 11. 1.0 MET For A Seated and Quiet Position ………………………………………… 25 Figure 12. 1.2 – 1.4 MET for Light Activities Standing ………………………………………. 25 Figure 13. 2.0 MET or more for Activities that Involve Movement, Walking, Lifting Heavy Loads or Operating Machinery ………………………………………………………………… 26 Figure 14. Shape of Body Affects the Level of Thermal Comfort …………………………….. 26 Figure 15. Natural Ventilation in Vernacular Architecture of the Coast of Caspian Sea ……… 31 Figure 16. Natural ventilation in vernacular architecture of the south coast ………………...… 32 Figure 17. Natural Ventilation in Vernacular Architecture of the Hot and Arid Region ……… 32 Figure 18. Tabatabaei House Site Plan ………………..……………………………………….. 36 Figure 19. Kashan wind rose ………………………………………….……………………….. 37 Figure 20. Underground Plan ………………………………………………………….………. 38 Figure 21. Ground Floor Plan …………………………………………………………………. 38 Figure 22. Second Floor Plan ………………………………………………………………….. 39 Figure 23. Raste, North-West, South-East Elongation ………………………………………… 40 Figure 24. Isfahani. North-East, South-West Elongation ……………………………………… 40 Figure 25. Kermani. East, West Elongation …………………………………………………… 40 Figure 26. Badgir (Wind Catcher) ……………………………………………………………... 41 5 Figure 27. Location of the wind catcher in the ground floor plan …………………………..... 44 Figure 28. Location of the wind catcher in the section ………………………..……………… 44 Figure 29. Tabatabai House courtyard ……………………………………………………...… 46 Figure 30. Location of the central courtyard in the ground floor plan ………….…………….. 47 Figure 31. Location of the central courtyard in section ………………………………………. 47 Figure 32. Location of the pools in the central courtyard in the ground floor plan …………… 48 Figure 33. Location of the pools in section …………………………………………………… 49 Figure 34. Eivan …………………………………………..…………………………………... 49 Figure 35. Location of Eivan in the ground floor plan ……………………………..…………. 50 Figure 36. Location of Eivan in Section ………………………………………………………. 50 Figure 37. Basement of Tabatabaei House ……………………………………………………. 51 Figure 38. Basement Plan ……………………………………………………………………… 52 Figure 39. Location of the Basement in Section ……………………………………………….. 52 Figure 40. Ground Floor Plan ………………………………………………………..………… 53 Figure 41. Section ……………………………………………………………………………… 53 Figure 42. My Speculation Of The Air Flow In The Base Case Section ……………………… 54 Figure 43. Inlet and Outlet of the Wind Catcher ………………………………………………. 55 Figure 44. Inlet and Outlet of the Basement ………………………………......………………. 55 Figure 45. Inlet and Outlet of the Porch ………………………………………………….……. 55 Figure 46. Inlet and Outlet of the Shahneshin …………………………………………………. 55 Figure 47. Higher simulation resolution to get more accurate results …………………………. 56 Figure 48. Estimating the Flow Speed …………………………………………………………. 56 Figure 49. Wind Tunnel Settings ………………………………………………………………. 57 Figure 50. 2D Simulation Mode …………………………………………………….…………. 57 Figure 51. Velocity Result …………………………………………………………..…………. 57 Figure 52. Flow Lines Visualization ………………………...…………………………………. 57 Figure 53. Lines Visualization …………………………………………………………………. 58 Figure 54. Flow Line Settings …………………………………………….……………………. 58 6 Figure 55. Side Slice Visualization …………………………………………………..………. 58 Figure 56. Air flow through the section of the base case …………………………………….. 59 Figure 57. Air flow speed …………………………………………………………………….. 59 Figure 58. Psychrometric chart for Kashan in July …………………………………………… 61 Figure 59. Psychrometric chart …………………………………………………..…………… 62 Figure 60. Ground Floor Plan …………………………………………………..…………..… 63 Figure 61. Changing The Size Of The Outlet Of Basement And Porch ……………………… 64 Figure 62. My Speculation Of How Shortening The Outlets Affects The Speed And Direction Of The Air Flow Through The Section …………………………………………………………… 64 Figure 63. Higher simulation resolution to get more accurate results …………………….…… 65 Figure 64. Estimating the Flow Speed …………………………………………………………. 65 Figure 65. Wind Tunnel Settings ………………………………………………………………. 66 Figure 66. 2D Simulation Mode ……………………………………………….……………….
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