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The Intricate Road to Development: Government Development Strategies in the Pastoral Areas of the Horn of Africa

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The Intricate Road to Development: Government Development Strategies in the Pastoral Areas of the Horn of Africa THE INTRICATE ROAD TO DEVELOPMENT: GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE PASTORAL AREAS OF THE HORN OF AFRICA Edited by: Yohannes Aberra and Mahmmud Abdulahi Institute For Peace And Security Studies (IPSS) Addis Ababa University THE INTRICATE ROAD TO DEVELOPMENT: GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE PASTORAL AREAS OF THE HORN OF AFRICA Edited by Yohannes Aberra and Mahmmud Abdulahi Institute For Peace And Security Studies (IPSS) Addis Ababa University Copyright © 2015 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University Cover picture © 2015 Richard Wainwright The cover picture is an image of a villagization project in Benishangul- Gumuz region of Ethiopia. Printed in Ethiopia First published: 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute. ISBN: 978-99944-962-7-3 Acknowledgements The Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS) of Addis Ababa University (AAU) is pleased to present its new research book on “The Intricate Road to Development: Government Development Strategies in Pastoral Areas”. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge organizations and people that have contributed immensely to the publication of this book. This research publication would have been impossible without the generous financial support of the Austrian Development Agency (ADA). I would like to express my gratitude for the assistance and encouragement that we received from ADA and its staff during the whole process of the publication of this book. I would also like to thank Dr Yohannes Gebremichael and Mercy Fekadu for their extra-ordinary effort in facilitating and coordinating the overall research and publication process of this book. Special thanks go to Mercy Fekadu who tirelessly committed herself for the successful completion of this research publication project. I would also like to acknowledge Dr Mesfin Gebremichael who coordinated the first phase of this project. The chapter contributors have worked tirelessly throughout the various phases of the project. Thank you for patiently walking with us through this, long yet worthy, process. I also deeply appreciate and thank the editors, Dr Yohannes Aberra and Dr Mahmmud Abdulahi, who turned the works of 13 contributors into a single book. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr Taye Regassa who thoroughly edited the language to make it presentable. Last but not least, I would like to recognize the contributions of the staff, management and academic committee of IPSS to the successful completion of this specific research publication project. Kidane Kiros Director, Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS) Addis Ababa University (AAU) Table of Contents Introduction: Government Development Strategies in Pastoral 1 Areas of the Horn of Africa PART-ONE: PASTORAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES 14 Chapter 1 Ethiopian Pastoralist Policy at the Crossroads: Further Marginalization or Revitalization? Lemessa Demie 16 Anbessa Chapter 2 The Ethiopian State and Pastoralism: Appraisal of Praxis of Pastoralist Policies in the Afar National Regional 72 State Firehiwot Sintayehu and Yonas Ashine Chapter 3 Implementation of Government Development Strategies on Afar Pastoralists in Ethiopia: Challenges and 106 Opportunities Endalew Addis Chapter 4 Opportunities and Challenges of Government Implementation Strategies in Pastoral Areas: Shinile District, 142 Somali Region, Ethiopia Yohannes G/michael Chapter 5 Government Development Strategies in the Borana Pastoral Lowland of Southern Ethiopia: Lessons Learned 182 Boru Shana Gufu Chapter 6 A Critical Appraisal of Government Development 214 Interventions in Karamoja Mwangu Alex Ronald PART-TWO: CONFLICT MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 242 INTERVENTIONS Chapter 7 Sedentarization and Drought Resilience: Government Strategies to Support Pastoralist Livelihoods in 244 Ethiopia Mohammed Yimer Chapter 8 Policies and Practices of Consultation with Pastoralist Communities in Ethiopia: The Case of Omo-Kuraz 274 Sugar Development Project Yidneckachew Ayele Chapter 9 Nexus between Villagization, Land Use Changes and Conflict Management in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional 298 State Mesfin G/Michael Chapter 10 Large-Scale Agriculture Developments, Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Conflicts in the Pastoral 324 Areas of Ethiopia Jacob Waiswa Buganga Chapter 11 Government Strategies as Contributing Factors for Resource Conflicts among Pastoralists and Farmers in 348 the Tana River County, Kenya Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen and Ndenyele Wilson Omalenge Chapter 12 The Viability of Pastoral Society in Post-Conflict 370 Settings: Evidence from Somaliland Nasir M. Ali Chapter 13 Transitioning Pastoralism towards a Green Economy: Key Lessons from Kenya’s Arid and Semi-Arid 396 Areas (ASALS) Caleb M. Wafula Conclusion 435 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Pastoral Way of Life, Role, and Challenges Pastoralism is a livelihood strategy and a system of mobile livestock production that makes wide-ranging use of grazing lands in arid and semi-arid environment that doesn’t uphold sustainable crop cultivation. The freedom of mobility over outsized land for seasonal pastures is indispensable to pastoralist production primarily in order to convert the pastures residues into human food. The people and livestock in pastoral communities may move to avoid various natural and/or social hazards, to avert competition with others, or to seek more favourable conditions. Shaped by both social and ecological factors of uncertainty and variability of precipitation (IPCC, 2014), extensive pastoralism is practiced on about 25% of the earth’s land area, mostly in the developing world, from the drylands of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the highlands of Asia and Latin America where intensive crop cultivation is physically not possible (FAO, 2001 cited in Dong et. al., 2011). According to some studies, pastoralism supports worldwide about 200 million households and herds nearly a billion head of animals including camel, cattle, and smaller livestock (FAO, 2001 cited in Dong et. al., 2011); and hence is important in its ecological, economic and social contributions to some of the world’s poorest regions (Nori and Davies, 2007). Pastoral livestock production systems are mostly found in Africa’s vast arid and semi-arid areas characterized by marked rainfall variability and associated uncertainties in the spatial and temporal distribution of pastures and water resources. African pastoral ecosystems are ancestral homeland to a substantial portion of the population for whom pastoralism is a traditional way of life capable of adapting to trends such as new economic opportunities and better access to modern means of communication (AU, 2010). Pastoralism contributes 10 to 44% to the GDP of African countries. An estimated 268 million African people (over a quarter of the total population) occupying about 43% of the continent’s total land mass (AU, 2010) are dependent on pastoralism for their livelihood. All countries of the Horn of Africa host a large population of pastoral communities. More than half of the population in Somalia/ Somaliland are pastoralists and at present pastoralism contributes up to 2 THE INTRICATE ROADTO DEVELOPMENT: GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE PASTORAL AREAS OF THE HORN OF AFRICA 65% of their GDP. Most of the arid and semi-arid land of Kenya hosts some 4 million (10% of the total population) pastoral people along its borders, sustaining almost a quarter of the livestock wealth of the nation and significantly contributing to the agricultural GDP of Kenya. In Ethiopia, arid and semi-arid pastoral areas comprise approximately 60% of its total land area, mainly peripheral, where no alternative production takes place (Homann et al, 2004). This way of life sustains the livelihood of some 14% of the population and makes the country first in Africa in its livestock populations. North-eastern Uganda (Karamoja) is the dominant pastoral region in the country with some 1.2 million agro- pastoral communities of less than 20% of the total population of the country. Thus, a large number of pastoralists inhabit substantial parts of the Horn of Africa, deriving their livelihood from pastoralism and agro- pastoralism. These people have survived many centuries in a difficult and harsh natural environment through mobility and efficient use of various and fluctuating resources in their environment applying the principles of flexibility, complementarity, multi-functionality, reciprocity and sustainable communal use (Abdulahi, 2007). State Development Policies and Strategies Numerous studies have identified the potential of the pastoral areas to the socio-economic development of countries of the Horn of Africa; and states in the region have made several attempts to design, adopt and implement policies and strategies they consider appropriate for these areas. Yet, pastoralists of the Horn of Africa have remained vulnerable, poor, and marginalized due to various factors including conflict, inappropriate government policies, government large scale projects, and climate change that exacerbates the intensity of droughts (PFE 2000; PFE 2002; PFE 2004; PCDP 2005a; PFE 2007). As Nori and Davies
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