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820588 Cavicchioli Tesi.PAGES ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Corso di Laurea Magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lingue e Civiltà dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea (LICAAM) Prova finale di Laurea Magistrale Voci di angoscia e voci di speranza Il Giappone di fronte al disastro dell’11 marzo 2011 ! Relatore Prof. Massimo Raveri ! Correlatore Prof. Giovanni Bulian ! Laureando Giulia Cavicchioli Matricola 820588 ! Anno Accademico 2012/ 2013 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ad Elisa ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !2 Indice Introduzione pag. 5 Il disastro nel Giappone nord-orientale 「東日本大震災 」 Premessa pag. 6 Venerdì 11 marzo 2011, ora locale 14:46. Capitolo primo: il disastro pag. 8 Cosa accadde in Giappone quell’11 marzo 2011: terremoto, tsunami e crisi nucleare Parte prima pag. 9 Definire cos’è un “disastro”: connotazioni socio-antropologiche di un disastro Parte seconda pag. 18 Resistenza all’urto: l’intervento dell’imperatore Akihito Parte terza pag. 22 Imparare a convivere con il pericolo Parte quarta pag. 26 Resistere al male fornendone una spiegazione: i miti giapponesi Parte quinta pag. 33 Il ruolo svolto dai mass-media nella gestione delle notizie Parte sesta pag. 41 Il Giappone non abbandona l’atomo Parte settima pag. 45 L’industria nucleare nel mondo dopo Fukushima Conclusioni al capitolo primo pag. 49 Capitolo secondo: voci di angoscia e voci di speranza pag. 52 Il Giappone di fronte al disastro dell’11 marzo 2011 Parte prima pag. 53 Le voci dei ragazzi di Fukushima Parte seconda" pag. 107 Analisi delle attuali condizioni di Fukushima: che futuro ci sarà per quest’area e per chi vi abita? La dichiarazione del governatore di Fukushima Yuhei Sato a un anno dal pag. 108 disastro Parte terza pag. 113 Le foto ritratto dei lavoratori della centrale: il lavoro di Kazuma Obara Parte quarta" pag. 115 Le discriminazioni cui è sottoposto chi viene dalla zona radioattiva Parte quinta pag. 124 I movimenti anti nucleare nel Giappone dopo Fukushima Conclusioni al capitolo secondo pag. 130 ! !3 Capitolo terzo: uno sguardo alla ricostruzione pag. 133 La rinascita del Tōhoku dopo l’11 marzo 2011 Parte prima pag. 134 I mezzi pubblici: l’esempio della compagnia Sanriku Tetsudō Parte seconda pag. 136 L’architettura post 11 marzo 2011 Parte terza pag. 138 Una «Casa per tutti» - Ito Toyo Parte quarta" pag. 140 La fotografia «Requiem» di Nobuko Oka Parte quinta pag. 142 Il progetto OECD Tōhoku School Parte sesta pag. 144 La foresta di protezione del villaggio di Otsuchi-chō Conclusioni al capitolo terzo pag. 145 Ringraziamenti pag. 148 Kenji Miyazawa - Ame ni mo makezu 「雨ニモマケズ」 pag. 149 Glossario pag. 153 Bibliografia pag. 156 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !4 Introduzione ! Il disastro nel Giappone nord-orientale ! 「東日本大震災」 ! ! !2011年3月11日の午後2時46分ごろ、東北地方で先例のない地震が発生した。 今回の地震の規模を示すマグニチュード(M)は9.0であり、世界的にも大変大 きなものであった。この地震は巨大津波を引き起こし、福島県の相馬港で7 メートル以上を観測するなど、全国の太平洋側のほぼ全域に襲来、最大で10 メートル以上に達したと見られる。この津波は大きな爪痕を残した。死者が数 千人に登っただけでなく、福島第一原子力発電所の放射能汚染をも引き起こし た。! このような悲惨な状況にもかかわらず、日本人は威厳を保ち、勇敢に逆境と 闘っていた。地震の直後にもかかわらず、けが人に応急手当をほどこすなど、 最善の方! 法で更なる被害の拡大を防いだ。 東日本大震災で大きな被害が出たことを受け、天皇陛下は16日、国民への メッセージをビデオで発表された。被災者や支援活動に携わる人たちを激励し たいという陛下のたっての希望であり、約5分間にわたって「状況の好転と復 興を心から願わずにはいられません」などと述べられ、この映像はテレビ各局 で放映された。災害に際し、陛下が映像で国民にメッセージを発表したのは今 回が初めてである。悲惨な被害に心を痛められ、原子力発電所の状況を深く案 じられており、「この大災害を生き抜き、被災者としての自らを励ましつつ、 これからの日々を生きようとしている人々の雄々しさに深く胸を打たれていま す」「決して希望を捨てることなく、身体を大切に、明日からの日々を生き抜 いてくれるよう心より願っています」などと述べられた。! 陛下が国民に向けてメッセージを発せられたのは終戦時の玉音放送以来であ る。国民が過酷な状況にあるとはいえ、陛下がメッセージを発せられた非常に 重要な出来事であることを意味している。復興作業は着実に進んではいるもの の、被災者は様々な助けを必要としている。その一方で未曾有の経験をした被 災者は自分の将来が気がかりでもある。! しかしながら、世界中に張り巡らされた電気通信網は正しい情報を伝えてく れると同時に、流言も放ってしまう。そのネットワークの中で流言飛語が一人 歩きしてしまったために、利用者の間で不安が募り、どんどん大きく なって いった。例えば、日本の食べ物は避けるべきだという噂には全く根拠がない。 そんなことを言えば、日本を支援するどころか、むしろ逆効果である。! 日本人は過去と同様に現在も勇敢に運命と闘っている。日本人は素早く模範 的な行動を取り、復興に向けてとても早く立ち上がる。欧米諸国もこのような 日本人の模範的な姿勢を見習うべきであると考えられる。! !5 Premessa ! ! Venerdì 11 marzo 2011, ora locale 14:46. !! Un terremoto di magnitudo 9.0 sulla scala Richter colpisce il nord-est del Giappone, con epicentro al largo di Sendai1 . Si tratta del sisma più potente mai registratosi nella storia del paese e la sua forza distruttrice genera giganteschi tsunami, che in alcuni punti raggiungono i dieci metri di altezza, devastando così una fascia costiera di circa 650 chilometri. Il bilancio ufficiale delle vittime sale con il passare dei giorni, fino alle stime ufficiali che vogliono tra 18.500 e 20.000 i morti e dispersi. La Croce Rossa Americana stima che 19,447 persone abbiano perso la vita quel giorno e che 299,692 case! siano state distrutte o pesantemente danneggiate2 . Il terremoto danneggia, inoltre, il sistema di raffreddamento della centrale nucleare di Fukushima Dai-ichi. A seguito dell’esplosione del reattore numero 1, il 12 marzo, il governo giapponese ordina alle duecentomila persone che vivono nei dintorni della centrale di abbandonare le loro abitazioni e a chi vive a un raggio di trenta chilometri di rimanere chiuso in casa. Vengono registrati livelli di radioattività nell’aria superiori !alla norma anche a Tokyo, che dista circa trecento chilometri dalla centrale. Il 13 marzo 2011, il primo ministro Naoto Kan dichiara che il paese dovrà ora affrontare «la sua crisi più grave dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale». Nei giorni successivi al disastro, le attività economiche del Giappone si fermano per le interruzioni alla rete elettrica nazionale. Il 15 marzo la borsa di Tokyo registra un ribasso record del 10,55 per cento. In un paese moderno e sviluppato come il Giappone, dove i sistemi antisismici sono tra i primi al mondo e la popolazione sembra nutrire completa fiducia nelle autorità che la governano, ciò che accade quell’undici marzo 2011 sconvolge gli equilibri, le convinzioni e le basi su cui si fondavano le !certezze di un’intera nazione. In questo elaborato di tesi, la mia analisi ha inizio con un’indagine sulle connotazioni antropologiche, politiche e sociali del termine stesso disastro. Senza dimenticare di definire la specificità dell’ambiente in cui questo particolare disastro ha avuto luogo, mi propongo di illustrarne gli effetti sulla società giapponese e sul resto del mondo. Cercherò, inoltre, di esaminare la situazione attuale nelle zone sinistrate, in particolare della città di Fukushima, attraverso le testimonianze dei lavoratori della centrale Fukushima Dai-ichi, la dichiarazione del governatore della regione di Fukushima e i testi scritti dai ragazzi della scuola media superiore di Futaba. Questi ultimi, in particolare, documentano le paure e le speranze di ragazzi costretti a prendere rifugio abbandonando per sempre l’ambiente in cui sono cresciuti e con esso la propria casa, la !propria scuola e i propri amici, senza sapere nemmeno se potranno mai farvi ritorno. Quale sarà il futuro di queste persone? Fino a che punto nel Giappone di oggi le loro condizioni di vita si conoscono e quali provvedimenti sono stati attuati per migliorarle? !Quali movimenti e associazioni stanno venendo in aiuto a queste persone? Provando a rispondere a simili quesiti, cercherò di dare una voce soprattutto alle persone - a volte purtroppo dimenticate - che hanno vissuto su pelle il disastro nel #1 Sendai è una città di circa un milione di abitanti, capoluogo della prefettura di Miyagi, nel nord est del Giappone. L'area urbana è pari a 788.09 km² e si estende dall’Oceano Pacifico fino alle montagne Ōu, che corrispondono ai confini della prefettura. La città venne fondata nel 1600 dal daimyō Date Masamune ed è conosciuta dai giapponesi con il soprannome di “città degli alberi”. Durante l’inverno infatti, nel mese di dicembre, gli alberi della città vengono decorati con migliaia di luci per un evento chiamato Hikari no pageant (“Corteo di luci”). 2# Stime ufficiali della Croce Rossa americana al link: http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/ m6340390_JapanEarthquakeTsunami_OneYear.pdf! ultimo accesso effettuato il 30 gennaio 2014. !6 Giappone nord-orientale. Se mi sarà possibile con ciò sensibilizzare l’opinione pubblica sui problemi che ancora sussistono nelle zone del disastro, allora potrò dire di avere raggiunto i risultati sperati per questo mio lavoro di ricerca. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !7 Capitolo primo: il disastro ! Cosa accadde in Giappone quell’11 marzo 2011: ! terremoto, tsunami e crisi nucleare Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011: depiction of the intensity of s…y the earthquake! of March 11, 2011 -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 14/01/14 12:14 Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011: depiction of the intensity of shaking on main island, Honshu, caused by the earthquake of March 11, 2011 http://www.britannica.com/media/print/154525 Pagina 1 di 2 Map of the northern part of Japan’s main island of Honshu depicting the intensity of shaking caused by the earthquake of March 11, 2011. ! Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !8 Parte prima ! ! Definire cos’è un “disastro”: connotazioni socio-antropologiche! di un disastro ! «Speriamo che questo funzioni - esclamò Dio creando il mondo e questa speranza che ha accompagnato tutta l’ulteriore storia del mondo e dell’umanità ha sottolineato fin dall’inizio come questa storia sia segnata col marchio della radicale incertezza.» André Neher , Vision du temps et de l’histoire dans la culture juive3 ! ! I disastri sembrano essere la prova più schiacciante dell’intrinseca precarietà delle società umane e della fragilità dei loro costrutti culturali. Come ricorda l’antropologo Gianluca Ligi4 , in genere non si ritiene che l’Antropologia possa occuparsi di disastri, poiché si tenderebbe a
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